溆浦县栏桥─景江砂锡矿床地质特征

溆浦砂锡矿床赋存在第四系冲积层中，锡石主要富集在底部砂砾石层。矿体呈层状，平均厚０．９２－１．６６ｍ，锡石平均品位６３２～１２２９ｇ／ｍ３。伴生锆石、独居石。本砂锡矿床与白马山花岗岩风化壳密切有关，矿床成因属第四系全新统冲积─堆积型细谷砂矿。     

东北寨金矿床发现新的矿化岩石—角砾状灰岩

东北寨金矿床的容矿岩石为砂板岩类的断层泥砾岩和千糜岩化碎粒岩，其层位属上三叠统；最近的研究，发现了角砾状灰岩中金矿化，金含量为１．１０×１０￣（－６），其层位属石炭—二叠系，因而拓宽矿区的找矿范围。     

通用挖桩模具的设计及卵砾石层人工挖桩施工工艺

通用挖桩模具的设计及卵砾石层人工挖桩施工工艺湖南省地矿厅４０２队陆自雄长沙市气象科技大楼桩基工程，共计１４７根桩，桩长为１７～２２ｍ，桩径分别为１．２、１．４、１．８、２．０、２．２和２．４ｍ六种。施工地层从上至下为杂填层（厚２～４ｍ）、亚粘土及亚砂...     

湖北蛇屋山金矿区风化型金矿床地质特征及成因浅析

湖北嘉鱼蛇屋山金矿区风化型金矿床，矿体赋在于松散粘土层中，含不等量砾砂的粘土为含矿寄主岩。矿体呈似层状，产状平缓呈平卧状态。矿床规模大，长约１３００ｍ，宽约３５０ｍ，面积达０．５ｋｍ￣２，矿体厚１．２～４１．２ｍ，Ａｕ品位（１．１～７．６）×１０￣（－６）。矿石氧化程度高，金主要呈游离态次显微金形式存在。成矿控制因素主要受基岩岩性、地质构造环境和松散层性质。成矿物质主要来源于矿化原岩及下伏或附近基岩中的原生金矿体、具金矿化或金异常的含金地质体。矿床形成是表生风（红土）化作用的结果，为风化残积成因红土型金矿床。     

藏北羌塘小盆湖-拉雄错砂金矿带地质特征

以小盆湖砂金矿床为典型的一系列砂金矿床。矿点在藏北羌 塘中部构成一个呈东西向的砂金矿带，笔者1999年首次将其命名为“藏北羌塘小盆湖-拉雄错砂金矿带”。通过对小盆湖砂金矿床基岩地质，地貌，第四纪地质，矿床类型，成因类型，矿体特征，砂金特征的全面介绍及与该带其它砂金矿床，矿点的对比，结合区域地质背景，认为前泥盆系阿木岗群和石炭系中的火山岩层位是主要矿源层，此后若干不同时期的沉积不整合界面，都表征着其下古风化壳，其上底部碎屑岩的含金物聚源区可以直接或经改造就近形成金矿矿床，羌塘中央隆起带及其两侧和东西方向石炭系分布区具有广阔的金矿找矿前景。     

五台山康家沟金矿成矿地质特征

五台绿岩带柏枝岩组火山喷气岩由基－中酸性火山岩及其凝灰岩和含电气石，金云母的石英大理岩组成，其中赋存有金矿床。康家沟金矿区已发现金矿体８个，呈透镜状，长５０－２００ｍ，厚０．２８－４．４ｍ，延深１０－２００ｍ。矿石类型可分为赤铁矿－石英型和碳酸盐两种。／     

定向爆破拆除烟囱

定向爆破拆除水塔湖北地矿局第四地质大队方齐元某单位需拆除一座高度为９．５ｍ的水塔。水塔为圆筒式，底部４．５ｍ×４．５ｍ。底部０．５ｍ为第四系残坡积粘士，０．５～３ｍ为水泥砂浆与硅质岩块砌筑体，外径３．６ｍ，壁厚０．６ｍ。上部３～９．５ｍ为水泥砂浆红砖...     

反循环钻进桩基孔

反循环钻进桩基孔反循环钻进具有排渣效率高、孔壁稳定、钻进效率高等特点，适用于粘性土、砂性土、淤泥、砂夹卵石和风化岩石层。我队在郑州紫荆山立交桥桩基工程中，应用反循环钻进，取得了较好的效果。该工程地质条件为：０～３０ｍ粉砂、细砂层，３０～５０ｍ为中砂层...     

若尔盖高原及其周围山地的冻土和环境

若尔盖高原内部年平均气温０．６～３．３℃，气温年较差１９．１～２１．２℃，已不具备多年冻土形成和保存的气候条件。据１９９２年７月间试坑和钻孔测温，在１．０～２．２ｍ深处地温为５～８．４℃，浅层地下水温６．０～７．８℃，由此判断不存在多年冻土，季节冻结深度为１．０～２．０ｍ。据冻土现象和试坑资料判断，周围山地海拔４１５０～４２００ｍ以上发育山地岛状多年冻土。区内沼泽演化表明，部分沼泽已疏干或向疏干趋势发展，草场退化和草原沙化已成为本区生态环境的重要问题，并已影响畜牧业发展     

新疆北山地区金矿床（点）石英的标型特征研究

本文研究了新疆北山地区金矿床（点）石英的稀土元素、包裹体特征及测温、微量元素、红外吸收光谱、晶胞参数等方面的矿物学特征，总结出有参考价值的成因信息和找矿标志。认为北山金矿床主要系浅成中低温热液成因。有一定铝碱质量分数（０．０３２％～０．２７７％）、晶胞参数Ｖ＞０．１１３１８ｎｍ３、红外光谱向低频方向移动等特征是北山金矿床的重要找矿矿物学标志。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。