若干典型巨型钢框架结构的罕遇地震反应分析

针对若干有代表性的巨型钢框架结构进行了在强震作用下考虑几何非线性的弹塑性时程反应分析，得到了结构的位移、速度、加速度时程响应，给出了结构各层位移包络值、层问位移包络值和塑性铰出现的位置，并讨论了巨型梁柱、地震波等因素对巨型钢框架结构抗震性能的影响。     

预应力拱架结构地震响应的动力时程分析

以预应力拱架结构为研究对象,运用反应谱法和时程分析法计算了结构在地震作用下的响应,并与相应的静内力作了比较。结果表明,在预应力拱架结构的抗震研究中,需同时考虑水平和竖向地震作用。总结了结构地震响应的规律,为抗震设计提供有利依据。     

Numbers of scaled and matched accelerograms required for inelastic dynamic analyses

Selecting, scaling and matching accelerograms are critically important to engineering design and assessment, enabling structural response to be determined with greater confidence and through fewer analyses than if unscaled accelerograms are employed. This paper considers the response of an 8‐storey multiple‐degree‐of‐freedom reinforced concrete structure to accelerograms selected, linearly scaled or spectrally matched using five different techniques. The first method consists of selecting real records on the basis of seismological characteristics, while the remaining methods make an initial selection on the basis of magnitude and spectral shape before (1) scaling to the target spectral acceleration at the initial period; (2) scaling to the target spectrum over a range of periods; (3) using wavelet adjustments to match the target spectrum and (4) using wavelet adjustments to match multiple target spectra for multiple damping ratios. The analyses indicate that the number of records required to obtain a stable estimate of the response decreases drastically as one moves through these methods. The exact number varies among damage measures and is related to the predictability of the damage measure. For measures such as peak roof and inter‐storey drift, member end rotation and the Park and Ang damage index, as few as one or two records are required to estimate the response to within ±5% (for a 64% confidence level) if matching to multiple damping ratios is conducted. Bias checks are made using predictive equations of the expected response derived from the results of 1656 nonlinear time‐domain analyses of the structure under the action of unscaled accelerograms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake response spectra taking account of number of response cycles

Proposed is a new definition of earthquake response spectra, which takes account of the number of response cycles N. The Nth largest amplitude of absolute acceleration response of a linear oscilator with natural period T and damping ratio h, which is subjected to ground motion at its base, is defined as S_A(T, h, N). By defining a reduction factor η(T, h, N) as S_A(T, h, N)/S_A(T, h, 1), characteristics of η(T, h, N) were investigated based on 394 components of strong motion records obtained in Japan. Two practical empirical formulae to assess the reduction factor η(T, h, N) are proposed.     

Local system identification analyses of the dynamic response of soil systems

The seismic behavior of massive geotechnical systems exhibits complex response patterns and mechanisms under severe loading conditions. Some of these mechanisms are localized in space, but nevertheless impact significantly the entire system response and ultimately its stability. A thorough monitoring and identification of the whole response of a distributed soil system commonly constitutes a significant challenge, and would generally be prohibitively expensive. This study presents a point-wise identification technique of soil-systems using the acceleration records provided by local instrument arrays. The newly developed identification algorithm consists of: (1) evaluation of strain tensor time histories using the motions recorded by a cluster of instruments (arranged in an appropriate multi-dimensional configuration), (2) estimation of the stress tensors corresponding to the evaluated strains utilizing a pre-selected class of constitutive models of soil response, (3) computation of accelerations associated with estimated stresses using the equations of motion, and (4) calibration and evaluation of an optimal model of soil response by minimizing discrepancies between recorded and computed accelerations. Computer simulations and analysis of centrifuge tests of a soil–quay wall system showed that the proposed technique provides an effective tool to identify local soil characteristics and properties.     

Inelastic response spectrum: Early history

Detailing the time period from, roughly, 1950 through 1980, this Historical Note documents the development of the initial concept of the inelastic response spectrum and how it evolved to become the basis for rational procedures for earthquake‐resistant design, which are used even today. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Brief history of computation of earthquake response spectra

The methods for computation of response spectrum amplitudes are reviewed for the period preceding the modern digital computer age. The mechanical and electrical analog methods that preceded the modern digital calculations were time consuming, inaccurate, and difficult to verify. Modern studies of response and of the nature of strong ground motion became possible after mid-1960 with accumulation of strong-motion records and with accurate digitization and digital data processing.     

大跨度张弦桁架竖向地震反应分析

在张弦桁架优化设计及约束条件影响分析基础上，建立了60m、80m、100m、125m、150m跨度模型，采用振型分解反应谱法和时程分析方法对竖向地震作用进行分析，得到了小震、大震作用下结构最大动内力系数及动内力分布规律，并对大震时结构挠度与拉索是否会松弛进行了分析，用反应谱法与时程法得到的结果基本一致。本计算结果可供张弦桁架设计参考。     

基于谱分析的谱峰数预测薄互层砂岩厚度

通过陷频分析,在讨论单层厚度地震谱特征基础上,针对利用多层地层的地震谱方法预测厚度这一难题,在研究各类多层模型的谱特征后,总结出砂岩厚度、岩性与地震谱谱极值大小变化规律,并以此分析方法为依据,研究了利用谱峰数预测砂岩厚度的方法.     

Determining the number of manual measurements required to improve peat thickness estimations by ground penetrating radar

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is often used for investigating peat thickness. The quality of GPR measurements depends on electromagnetic wave (EMW) velocity estimates. The objective of this study is to determine the number of manual measurements required to minimize EMW velocity error in peatlands. A total of 175 manually measured peat thicknesses are used with a depth‐to‐target method to assess EMW velocity in two southern Quebec peatlands. Mean measured EMW velocities are 0·040 and 0·039 m ns^–1 with standard deviations of 0·013 and 0·008 m ns^–1. Statistical analyses show that at least 30 calibration points are required to minimize the EMW velocity error, regardless of the geological setting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Damping formulation for nonlinear 1D site response analyses

Measurements and observations of ground shaking during large earthquakes have demonstrated the predominant role of site effects in the response of infrastructure during a seismic event. Despite significant efforts to model the hysteretic response and nonlinearity of soils due to medium and large ground motions, the most widely accepted nonlinear site response methods are not able to represent simultaneously the changes of stiffness and energy dissipation (damping) observed in both laboratory tests and during earthquake events. This paper presents two new soil damping formulations implemented in nonlinear one-dimensional site response analysis for small and large strains. The first formulation introduces an approach to construct a frequency-independent viscous damping matrix which reduces the over-damping at high frequencies, and therefore, the filtering at those frequencies. The second formulation introduces a reduction factor that modifies the extended Masing loading/unloading strain–stress relationship to match measured modulus reduction and damping curves simultaneously over a wide range of shear strains. A set of examples are introduced to illustrate the effect of using the two proposed formulations, separately and simultaneously, in nonlinear site response analyses.     

Seismic response of masonry-infilled steel frames via multi-scale finite-element analyses

Effects of masonry infills on the seismic vulnerability of steel frames is studied through multi-scale numerical modelling. First, a micro-modelling approach is utilized to define a homogenized masonry material, calibrated on experimental tests, which is used for modelling the nonlinear response of a one-story, single span, masonry-infilled portal under horizontal loads. Based on results of the micro-model, the constitutive behavior of a diagonal strut macro-element equivalent to the infill panel is calibrated. Then, the diagonal strut is used to model infill panels in the macro-scale analysis of a multi-span multi-story infilled moment-resisting (MR) steel frame. The seismic vulnerability of the MR frame is evaluated through a nonlinear static procedure. Numerical analyses highlight that infills may radically modify the seismic response and the failure mechanism of the frame, hence the importance of the infill correct modelling.     

On the time required for aerosols to reach electrical equilibrium

Summary Natural aerosols over the ocean are usually in electrical equilibrium. Aerosols in cities are hardly ever in electrical equilibrium. Aerosols over land are frequently not in equilibrium even though distant from any obvious source of contamination.Calculations are given of the time required to reach equilibrium which would lead one to expect the conditions encountered over the ocean and in cities. Some speculations are made on the lack of equilibrium over land.

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Zusammenfassung Natürliche Aerosole über dem Ozean sind gewöhnlich in elektrischem Gleichgewicht. Aerosole in Städten sink kaum jemals im elektrischen Gleichgewicht. Aerosole über Land sind häufig nicht im Gleichgewicht, selbst wenn sie weit weg von irgendwelchen offenkundigen Quellen der Verunreinigung sind.Es werden Berechnungen der Zeit, welche für die Erreichung des Gleichgewichtes erforderlich ist, gegeben. Einige überlegungen über das Nichtvorhandensein elektrischen Gleichgewichtes über Land werden mitgeteilt.

     

新型钢板剪力墙钢框架结构的地震响应分析

本文在单片带缝钢板剪力墙理论研究的基础上,提出带缝钢板剪力墙的等效计算模型,对钢板剪力墙钢框架结构工程实例结构进行自振特性分析、常遇地震作用下的动力响应分析以及结构在罕遇地震作用下的三维非线性时程响应分析,得到一些有意义的结果和结论。     

On the reoccurrence of site specific response

The period and amplitude variations of local peaks in the Fourier amplitude spectra of free-field strong ground motion recorded at five stations in San Fernando Valley of metropolitan Los Angeles, California, are described, searching for peaks that reoccur during different earthquakes. The data suggest that some local peaks reoccur (about 50% of the time), during shaking by small local earthquakes (peak ground velocities, v_max<10–20 cm/s). During large strong motion amplitudes (v_max>20 cm/s), these peaks are shifted towards longer periods (by nonlinear response of soils) or disappear. The data also suggest that densification and settlement of soil, minutes and hours following the strong shaking may contribute towards fluctuations in the effective stiffness of the shallow surface layers.     

大型支撑框筒结构的非线性地震反应分析

大型支撑框筒结构是巨型桁架体系的主要形式之一。本文对大型支撑框筒结构进行了罕遇地震下的弹塑性时程分析，结果表明，大型斜撑区段端部，即大型斜撑与角柱相交处是大型支撑框筒结构抗震的薄弱环节。总的来说，大型支撑框筒结构的抗震性能优越，是超高层建筑设计中应予优先考虑的一种高效巨型结构体系。     

非线性多自由度结构地震反应的共振特性与突变分析

由渐近解法，在主坐标中给出了非线性多自由度结构地震反应的渐近解，利用渐近解计算了共振区振幅-频率响应的一系列数值结果，进而分析了系统参数对共振区反应特性的影响及突变性质。地震反应中表现出来的突变性、共振畸变、“路径”效应等复杂的非线性特性，对结构系统的动力特性有重要影响。     

A framework for validation of seismic response analyses using seismometer array recordings

A framework for the validation of computational models used to predict seismic response based on observations from seismometer arrays is presented. The framework explicitly accounts for the epistemic uncertainty related to the unknown characteristics of the ‘site’ (i.e. the problem under consideration) and constitutive model parameters. A mathematical framework which makes use of multiple prediction–observation pairs is used to improve the statistical significance of inferences regarding the accuracy and precision of the computational methodology and constitutive model. The benefits of such a formal validation framework include: (i) development of consistent methods for determination of constitutive model parameters; (ii) rigorous, objective, and unbiased assessment of the validity of various constitutive models and computational methodologies for various problem types and ground motion intensities; and (iii) an improved understanding of the uncertainties in computational model assumptions, constitutive models and their parameters, relative to other seismic response uncertainties such as ground motion variability. Details regarding the implementation of such a framework to achieve the aforementioned benefits are also addressed.