内蒙古苏尼特左旗白音乌拉地区霓石碱性花岗岩地质特征及构造环境

白音乌拉地区位于二连-贺根山蛇绿岩带北侧,属于西伯利亚板块东南缘古生代增生带。该地区的霓石碱性花岗岩含霓石、钠闪石等特征性碱性暗色矿物;总体上具有高硅、高碱的特征,属过碱质高钾钙碱性系列;轻稀土分馏程度较高,重稀土分馏程度较低,强烈亏损元素Eu;微量元素具有A型花岗岩的特征;同位素测年获得273±4.4Ma(MSWD=1.4)、283.2±1.9 Ma(MSWD=2.4)两组锆石U-Pb年龄,确定其形成于早二叠世板块碰撞后的伸展环境,属于造山后A型花岗岩。     

青海省德令哈市东泽令沟花岗岩特征及锆石U-Pb年龄

泽令沟花岗岩位于柴北缘构造带欧龙布鲁克陆块的中段,主要岩性为二长花岗岩、石英闪长岩,其SiO_2含量在61～68%之间,属于中酸性岩,由钙碱性向碱性过渡,属A型花岗岩。岩体中稀土较富集,轻稀土含量更高,稀土、微量元素含量接近于火山岛弧型花岗岩。δEu1,Eu较强亏损型,岩浆分异程度较高。岩体锆石年龄为431±12 Ma,为早中志留世,具有后造山期花岗岩的特征,推测其应该为柴达木板块向欧龙布鲁克陆块碰撞期后的岩浆活动产物。     

新疆乌伦古河碱性花岗岩的地球化学及其构造意义

在新疆北部准噶尔板块与阿尔泰造山带的缝合带即阿尔曼泰-扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩带附近,沿乌伦古河南岸分布一条碱性花岗岩带。它们形成的时代为292-309Ma,是阿尔泰地区海西期继同碰撞s型花岗岩类、碰撞后抬升Ⅰ型花岗岩类之后的最后一次岩浆活动的产物。这些碱性花岗岩以出现霓石、钠铁闪石、高硅、高碱、低钙、低镁、富集高场强元素为特征,属于典型的A型花岗岩。碱性花岗岩是海西期岩浆旋回的最后产物,活动时间很短暂,在空间上与蛇绿岩带伴生,为后造山A型碱性花岗岩(PA型),是阿尔泰海西期造山运动结束的重要标志。     

埃塞俄比亚施瑞地区花岗岩地球化学特征及构造环境

埃塞俄比亚北部施瑞地区具有造山前、造山期和造山后3种花岗岩类型,全岩Sm-Nd等时线测年结果表明,造山前和造山后花岗岩成岩年龄分别为824.4±15.5Ma和517.9±5.8Ma.3类花岗岩主量元素和稀土微量元素成分存在明显差异,其中造山前花岗岩属于低钾过铝质花岗岩,稀土分配模式属轻稀土弱富集型,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损P和Ti高场强元素;造山期花岗岩为准铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩,稀土分配模式属轻稀土富集型,富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素;造山后花岗岩为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩,稀土分配模式具强烈铕亏损的海鸥型,富集大离子亲石元素,明显亏损P和Ti高场强元素.综合研究表明:造山前和造山期花岗岩均为I型幔源花岗岩,构造环境处于被动大陆边缘-火山岛弧环境;造山后花岗岩为A2型壳源主花岗岩,是在洋盆关闭和阿拉伯-努比亚地盾成熟后,由减薄的地壳部分熔融产生.     

福建沿海晚中生代花岗质岩石成因及其地质意义

福建白云山、鼓山和石牛山均位于福建沿海地带,该区域花岗岩类分布广泛。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,白云山、鼓山（魁歧）和石牛山地区花岗岩年龄分别为99.3Ma±1.8Ma、99.4Ma±2.3Ma和94.7Ma±1.4Ma,属晚白垩世早期的产物。花岗岩均具有富硅、富碱、贫钙镁、高分异指数等特点,属弱过铝到准铝质岩石。稀土元素具中-强Eu负异常,总体呈现轻稀土元素富集的右倾“V型”模式。微量元素Rb、U、Th、La等强烈富集,相对亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素。岩相学和地球化学特征分析表明,研究区花岗岩属典型的A型花岗岩,其中魁歧花岗岩为碱性A型花岗岩,其余地区为铝质A型花岗岩。研究表明,研究区A型花岗岩具有相似的源区组成;岩浆来源于地壳物质的部分熔融,并可能有部分地幔物质参与;碱性A型花岗岩较铝质A型花岗岩可能有更多的地幔物质加入。结合地球化学、野外地质、区域背景及年龄资料综合判定,中国东南沿海2类A型花岗岩为古太平洋板块俯冲体系中弧后伸展环境下的产物。     

北山辉铜山泥盆纪钾长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、 成因及构造意义

LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,北山柳园地区辉铜山钾长花岗岩的形成年龄为397±3Ma (MSWD=1.1).地球化学特征显示为高钾钙碱性的高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩到A型花岗岩过渡的特征.其全岩εNd(t)值为-1.3～ +1.2,Nd模式年龄(tDM)为960 ～ 1530Ma;锆石εHf(t)值为-1.0～ +5.8,两阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)为1024～1455Ma.地质背景、地球化学和同位素综合分析显示,辉铜山岩体为造山后伸展拉张背景下,幔源岩浆底侵导致上覆年轻地壳(可能为洋壳、岛弧建造或增生楔物质)部分熔融形成的钙碱性花岗闪长质岩浆经进一步演化及结晶分异形成.北山南带地区早-中泥盆世花岗岩显示出高分异钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩、I-A型花岗岩和A型花岗岩的组合特征.因此,在397Ma左右,北山地区古生代岩浆已经从Ⅰ型或S型转化为I-A型特征,构造环境转化为后造山或同造山晚期的伸展环境.     

埃塞俄比亚施瑞地区花岗岩地球化学特征及构造环境

埃塞俄比亚北部施瑞地区具有造山前、造山期和造山后3种花岗岩类型, 全岩Sm-Nd等时线测年结果表明, 造山前和造山后花岗岩成岩年龄分别为824.4±15.5 Ma和517.9±5.8 Ma.3类花岗岩主量元素和稀土微量元素成分存在明显差异, 其中造山前花岗岩属于低钾过铝质花岗岩, 稀土分配模式属轻稀土弱富集型, 富集大离子亲石元素, 亏损P和Ti高场强元素;造山期花岗岩为准铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩, 稀土分配模式属轻稀土富集型, 富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素;造山后花岗岩为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩, 稀土分配模式具强烈铕亏损的海鸥型, 富集大离子亲石元素, 明显亏损P和Ti高场强元素.综合研究表明: 造山前和造山期花岗岩均为I型幔源花岗岩, 构造环境处于被动大陆边缘-火山岛弧环境;造山后花岗岩为A2型壳源主花岗岩, 是在洋盆关闭和阿拉伯-努比亚地盾成熟后, 由减薄的地壳部分熔融产生.      

华北克拉通北缘中生代花岗岩：从碰撞后到非造山

根据岩石地球化学特征，可以将华北克拉通北缘的中生代花岗岩类划分为钙碱性和高钾钙碱笥花岗岩、强过铝质淡色花岗岩、高锶花岗岩、碱质A型花岗岩和碱性花岗岩五个类型。强过铝质淡色花岗岩起源于泥砂质变沉积岩在地壳加厚和隆升过程中的减压脱水熔融；高锶花岗岩起源于强烈加厚陆壳的下部或壳幔过渡带的中酸性或基性岩石脱水部分熔融；碱质A型花岗岩和碱性花岗岩均为岩石圈伸展背景下的岩浆作用产物，但后者明确指示区域岩石圈已处于板内裂谷状态。在区域地质演化总体框架下，中生代各类型花岗质岩浆活动的时间序列，明确反映出区域地球动力学背景从碰撞后到非造山的演化过程：钙碱性和高钾钙碱性花岗岩＋强过铝质淡色花岗岩＋高锶花岗岩＋碱质A型花岗岩构成碰撞后花岗岩套，而碱性花岗岩＋碱质A型花岗岩则构成板内非造山花岗岩套。区域花岗岩浆活动的演化表明，华北克拉通北缘地区中生代重大构造 转折应发生在160－150Ma之间。在160Ma以前的中生代早中期，区域岩石圈仍处于碰撞后前期的强烈加厚的过程之中，该时期以出现大量的高锶花岗岩和少量过铝质淡色花岗岩为特征；150－110Ma期间为碰撞后晚期的区域岩石圈强烈伸展时期，该时期则以高锶花岗岩侵位事件的急剧减少和碱质A型花岗岩大量出现为特征。在大约110Ma左右，区域岩石圈基本减薄到正常厚度（35－40km），并进入板内非造山的裂谷阶段，此时以出现碱性花岗岩为特征。研究认为，贯穿整个碰撞后阶段的钙碱性和高钾钙碱性花岗岩之所以具有消减带岩浆的地球化学特征，是因为它们继承了碰撞前西伯利亚板块向华北板块消减阶段及同碰撞阶段已经活化的源区（包括富集的地幔楔及下地壳）性质。     

华北克拉通北缘中段赤峰撰山子矿区石炭纪-二叠纪侵入岩年代学和地球化学:对古亚洲洋构造演化的制约SCIEI北大核心CSCD

本文对华北克拉通北缘中段赤峰撰山子矿区二长闪长岩、花岗(斑)岩等进行了岩相学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年以及Hf同位素研究,以期对古亚洲洋演化形成制约。锆石U-Pb定年显示,二长闪长岩和花岗岩形成于早石炭世(341.0±2.2Ma、324.1±4.3Ma),花岗斑岩形成于晚二叠世(252.8±3.2Ma、252.0±1.5Ma)。岩石地球化学及Hf同位素表明,二长闪长岩为高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,形成于火山弧环境,其源区可能是俯冲板片脱水交代的地幔楔部分熔融产生玄武质岩浆上涌,导致新生地壳物质的部分熔融,并有部分玄武质岩浆加入形成的产物;花岗岩及花岗斑岩均为高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩,花岗岩形成于火山弧环境,花岗斑岩形成于造山后伸展环境,二者皆为新生地壳部分熔融的产物。综合前人研究认为,早石炭世-晚二叠世,研究区经历了古亚洲洋俯冲、弧-陆碰撞以及造山后伸展等阶段。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格晚志留世——早泥盆世花岗岩:年代学、地球化学及形成环境

东昆仑祁漫塔格构造—岩浆岩带发育大量与加里东期造山有关的花岗岩,对其进行研究不仅能为祁漫塔格早古生代构造演化提供新信息,而且对探讨整个东昆仑造山带的动力学演化过程具有重要的意义。本文报道祁漫塔格东部那棱郭勒河东黑云母二长花岗岩及祁漫塔格乌兰乌珠尔钾长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学数据,并对研究区晚志留世—早泥盆世花岗岩成因及其构造意义进行探讨。本区的黑云母二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为420.6±2.6Ma、421.2±1.9Ma。祁漫塔格晚志留世—早泥盆世花岗岩类整体属高钾钙碱性准铝—过铝质花岗岩,稀土配分曲线为轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素相对平坦、中等负铕异常,微量元素表现为大离子亲石元素Rb、Th相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Sr、P、Ti亏损的特征;该时期为后碰撞构造环境,岩石成因类型以高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩为主,但同时出露同时期S型花岗岩,推测在同碰撞挤压造山作用向后碰撞区域拉伸构造体制(约420Ma)的转换时期,产生了具有A型花岗岩特征的花岗岩、高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩及过铝质花岗岩。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.