中国东南沿海中—新生代玄武岩微量元素和Nd—Sr—Pb同位素研究

本文对中国东南沿海不含幔源包体的中生代玄武岩和含幔源包体的新生代玄武岩进行了微量元素和Nd-Sr-Pb同位素对比研究。中生代玄武岩呈Ta,Nb和Hf负异常,低Ce/Pb,Nb/U比值和高La/Nb比值,与岛弧火山岩和陆壳岩石的微量元素特征相类似,说明在岩浆生成和上升过程中,幔源组分受到了陆壳组分的混染。新生代玄武岩呈Ta,Nb正异常和Pb负异常,高Ce/Pb,Nb/U比值和低La/Nb比值,与海岛玄武岩（OIB）相类似,Nd-Sr同位素成分与夏威夷玄武岩类似,因而它们未受明显的陆壳混染。^143Nd/^144Nd与^206Pb/^204Pb之间的负相关关系和^87Sr/^86Sr与^206Pb/^204Pb之间的正相关关系说明本区新生代玄武岩起源于中等亏损程度的软流圈地幔,并与EMII富集地幔组分发生了混合。     

黑龙江穆棱新生代玄武岩锆石巨晶的微量元素及Hf同位素研究

穆棱古近纪（第三纪）碱性玄武岩位于郯庐断裂东北段分支敦化～密山深大断裂带的中北部,与吉林敦化、汪清,黑龙江镜泊湖、牡丹江等新生代火山岩一起分布于兴蒙造山带和太平洋板块俯冲带结合带上;本文利用电子探针、激光剥蚀等离子质谱技术（LA-ICP-MS）及多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）分析了来自玄武岩风化冲积物中锆石巨晶的主、微量元素及其Hf同位素组成.这些锆石巨晶具有明显的熔蚀结构,锆石电子探针分析其Zr/Hf比最高可达217,平均150,是目前东部新生代玄武岩锆石巨晶的最高值.它们具有相似的微量元素特征,具有明显的Ce正异常,富集重稀土和HFSE元素,锆石Hf/Y比值大多小于10,Th/U均小于1（一个数据例外）,Yb/Sm为21～59.与岩浆锆石和变质锆石相比,显示过渡的特征;锆石^176Hf/^177Hf变化为0.283105～0.283151,εHf变化在＋11.8～＋13.4之间,显示亏损地幔来源,反映锆石形成时岩石圈地幔主体具有＂新生＂的特征,表明岩石圈减薄或置换事件在东北地区东北部穆棱地区也同样存在.穆棱新生代碱性玄武岩有关锆石巨晶的成因特征与中国东部海南文昌、福建明溪及山东昌乐等地新生代玄武岩的锆石巨晶相同,可能与有下地壳物质参与的近期岩石圈地幔的交代作用有关.     

山东临朐地区新生代玄武岩同位素钾-氩年龄研究

Isotopic determinations were made on basalts intercalated in the strata with abundant Upper Tertiary fossils. In order to satisfy the needs of K-Ar age determina.tions of younger basalts with lower potasium content, we have made some modifications on the China-made ZhT-1301 massspectrometer, Meanwhile, some improvements and refinements have been made as well on the mass-spectrometer and the argon-extraction system and argen-measureing technique. Our results are: 7.86---13.Sm.y. for the youngest basalts ; 20--24 m.y. for the Shanwang Group with abundant Miocene fossils;and: 44 m.y. for basalts from the lower part of the Shanwang Group. The chronological results are basically in agreement with the stratigraphic sequence.     

福建省新生代玄武岩成因:Sr、Nd、Pb、Hf同位素地球化学约束

作为研究洋壳俯冲和壳幔相互作用理想对象的新生代玄武岩在福建省从沿海至内陆均有分布,根据地理位置这些新生代玄武岩可分成闽西、闽中与闽东沿海三个区域。本文对这些玄武岩进行了系统的全岩主、微量元素以及Sr、Nd、Pb、Hf同位素研究。结果表明,这些新生代玄武岩主要为碱性玄武岩、碧玄岩和粗面玄武岩,结合前人研究资料,可见这些玄武岩自闽东向闽西具有年龄逐渐变小、碱性逐渐增加的趋势。Sr、Nd、Pb、Hf同位素揭示这些玄武岩具有亏损地幔(DMM)与EMⅡ型富集地幔组分混合的特征。闽东沿海玄武岩相较于闽西、闽中玄武岩具有更高的Sr、Pb含量,更低的¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd值和¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf值,更趋近于EMⅡ特征。从西至东富集组分EMⅡ的逐渐增多暗示陆源沉积物与俯冲效应有关,这些陆源沉积物极可能是由俯冲洋壳带入软流圈地幔的。整个新生代玄武岩的Zr、Hf、Ti负异常与Pb同位素组成特征指示俯冲沉积物中可能含有碳酸盐组分。闽中柳城地区玄武岩的喷发年龄与闽东沿海地区玄武岩的喷发年龄较为接近;闽中柳城地区玄武岩Sr、...     

中国东南沿海中生代成岩-成矿作用的独特性

本文概述了中国东南沿海中生代陆相火山-侵人杂岩的时空分布、岩石系列和组合、成因类型和矿床空间分带、成矿时代诸特征,指出中国东南沿海火山岩带或成矿带较之环太平洋火山岩带或成矿带其他组成部分,其岩浆作用、成矿作用具有明显的独特性,并进而指出该区成岩-成矿地质背景、板块作用方式的独特性。     

内蒙古新生代玄武岩年代学初步研究

对内蒙地区新生代玄武岩进行了系统的钾氩法年代学研究。其中赤峰岩区采样14个,集宁岩区15个,阿巴嗄岩区21个。年龄测定用MM1200B质谱计进行。^40Ar和^38Ar的测定误差为0．1－0．05％,^36Ar为1－5％。年龄测定误差一般为5－10％（1σ）。结果表明,该区新生代玄武岩活动在渐新世33－28Ma首先从赤峰和集宁两岩区开始,并逐步向西北方向依次扩展到阿巴嘎北部台地喷发结束。至于阿中巴嘎南部台地则一直延续至更新世0．33Ma左右喷发才告终。     

中国东南沿海中生代火山岩成因研究现状与展望

中国东南沿海大面积出露中生代钙碱性火山岩,构成沿海岸带分布的延伸长达２０００余ｋｍ、平均宽度约４００ｋｍ的巨型火山带,成为环太平洋火山带的重要组成部分。火山岩时代主要为侏罗纪和白垩纪,岩性以酸性火山岩（流纹质、英安流纹质）占绝对优势。基性中性火山岩...     

东南沿海晚中生代镁铁质岩的Re-Os同位素组成

从浙东、闽东南的早白垩世“双峰式火山岩”和“复合岩体”中选择了有代表性的玄武岩和角闪辉长岩,分离出钛-磁铁矿,进行Re—Os同位素分析。角闪辉长岩的γos（130Ma）为-83．7～ -47．1,其（^187 Os／^188 Os）。过低,为0．0667和0．0205。这低得不合理的（^187 Os／^188 Os）i表明成岩之后Re-Os体系可能受到扰动,某些地质过程导致外加Re的进入,使岩石的^187 Re／^188 Os比值偏高、（^187 Os／^188 Os）;及γOs（t）值偏低。玄武岩的γOs（130Ma）=21．4—267．8,其（^187 Os／^188 Os）。为0．1531～0．4639。Re—Os、Sm—Nd同位素及微量元素地球化学研究表明,早白垩世玄武岩浆不是来自富集地幔,而是来自亏损的地幔源区,在其演化过程中经受了地壳岩石和熔体的混染。晚中生代时期,东南沿海“大陆弧”下的地幔可能不是富集的岩石圈地幔,具有亏损特性,因而是软流圈地幔。     

吐鲁番盆地中生代、新生代沉积岩中微量元素的分布

Distributional characteristics of trace elements (V,Co,Ni, Cu,Pb,Cr,Sr,Ra) have been examined in sedimentary rocks of various ages in Turfan, an intermountainous basin in Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region, northwestern China. Two major cycles are generally recognizable with respect to the variation in trace element contents during the geologic history from the Mesozoic through the Cenozoic, Within the first cycle, the concentrations of many trace elements except Sr and Ba were relatively high in the Early and Middle Jurassic (J1 and J2^1-J2^2 ), which were characterized by moist climate and a large amount of organic matter. But an opposite trend was observed as the climate became drier and organic matter depleted in Late Jurassic Period (J3). Within the second cycle, Sr and Ba decreased as opposed to the increase in many other trace elements in the Early Cretaceous while the reverse was true for the Tertiary. The distribution pattern of thrace elements is thought to be the result of the interaction among a variety of factors, such as the mode of migration of the elements,palaeoclimatology, palaeogeography, conditions of the water-medium, and ete.     

东南沿海及南海新生代火山作用与南海的形成演化

中国东南沿海地区和南海海域新生代火山岩系列、类型和SrNd同位素特征十分相似,具有板内玄武岩的特征。根据南海扩张时代,将新生代的火山岩划分为扩张期前、扩张期和扩张期后3大阶段,并利用原生岩浆推导了软流圈岩石圈的一些深部作用特征。扩张期前（接近扩张期）和扩张期软流圈顶部埋深较浅。从扩张期前（接近扩张期）到扩张期软流圈顶部埋深变浅,隙间熔浆增加,原生岩浆的演化具有前进式裂谷火山作用的演化序列,岩石圈扩张速率变大。从扩张期到扩张期后（直至第四纪）,软流圈顶部埋深逐渐变深,隙间熔浆减少,原生岩浆的演化表现出后退式裂谷火山作用的序列,岩石圈扩张速率逐渐变慢。新生代火山作用显示出的深部作用特征与南海的扩张和闭合一致,这为我们提供了南海形成和演化的深部作用证据。     

Nature and origin of eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites

Eclogites from the Earth's mantle found in kimberlites provide important information on craton formation and ancient geodynamic processes because such eclogites are mostly Archean in age. They have equilibrated over a range of temperatures and pressures throughout the subcratonic mantle and some are diamond-bearing. Most mantle eclogites are bimineralic (omphacite and garnet) rarely with accessory rutiles. Contrary to their overall mineralogical simplicity, their broadly basaltic-picritic bulk compositions cover a large range and overlap with (but are not identical to) much younger lower grade eclogites from orogenic massifs. The majority of mantle eclogites have trace element geochemical features that require an origin from plagioclase-bearing protoliths and oxygen isotopic characteristics consistent with seawater alteration of oceanic crust. Therefore, most suites of eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites can be satisfactorily explained as samples of subducted oceanic crust. In contrast, eclogite xenoliths from Kuruman, South Africa and Koidu, Sierra Leone stem from protoliths that were picritic cumulates from intermediate pressures (1–2 Ga) and were subsequently transposed to higher pressures within the subcratonic mantle, consistent with craton growth via island arc collisions. None of the eclogite suites can be satisfactorily explained by an origin as high pressure cumulates from primary melts from garnet peridotite.     

The petrogenesis of carbonatite, melnoite and kimberlite from the Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Craton

We have obtained major and trace element data for a suite of rocks emplaced over an area of 45,000 km² in the Eastern Goldfields Province (EGP), Yilgarn Craton, that are petrographically and mineralogically described as kimberlites, melnoites and carbonatites. Kimberlites dominate the rock types found in the west whereas carbonatites and melnoites are common in the east. Compatible element data from the carbonatites and melnoites tend to lie along trends that imply silicate–carbonate fractionation. The kimberlites exhibit a much greater amount of compatible element scatter as a result of the variable contribution from continental lithospheric mantle (CLM). When compared to southern African kimberlites, the EGP kimberlites have consistently lower MgO and Os concentrations at comparable Ni concentrations. The opposite is true for Ti–Ni variation where the EGP kimberlites have higher Ti than the southern African kimberlites at comparable Ni concentrations. These data are interpreted to suggest that the CLM beneath the province was either melt metasomatised some time prior to kimberlite emplacement, or that the EGP CLM is less refractory (melt depleted) than the Kaaapvaal CLM.

In contrast, the incompatible element ratios and initial Nd values are constant throughout the entire rock suite. Carbonate C and O isotope data show a broad positive correlation, consistent with magmatic-hydrothermal trends found in many carbonatite complexes. These incompatible element and isotope data link all of the rocks within the province to the same mantle source that was similar to modern-day mantle plume sources.

Re–Os data for the various samples, including oxide minerals from all of the petrographic types, xenocryst-poor kimberlites and melnoites yield a precise Re–Os isochron of 2025±10 Ma and an initial γOs of 5.3±3.1 (MSWD=5.8). These data support the conclusion based on incompatible element, stable isotope and Sm–Nd isotope data that the rocks are comagmatic.

Initial Os isotopic compositions and Re/Os ratios for the xenocryst-rich kimberlites are also correlated. However, the correlation does not pass through the calculated initial γOs and Re/Os of the isochron. The Re–Os data show that the incompatible element-enriched melt exhibited very little control on the Re–Os variations of the xenocryst-rich kimberlites.

Correlations between deep mantle seismic velocities, petrology and whole-rock compatible element geochemistry suggest that the rheology and history of the EGP CLM played a significant role in determining the petrographic characteristics of the magmas that were ultimately emplaced into the EGP crust.     

全球新元古代冰期的记录和时限

化学沉淀碳酸盐矿物在沉积后很容易受到各种作用的影响,其中最重要的是其在成岩阶段所经历的成岩作用。碳酸盐沉积物在成岩过程中主要受大气降水、海水和埋藏过程中孔隙流体的控制,经历一系列压实、溶解、矿物的多相转变、重结晶、胶结等成岩作用,逐渐转变为固结的岩石。在成岩过程中,由于孔隙流体与沉积流体之间的异同以及温度的变化,碳酸盐沉积物的原始矿物成分、地球化学特征可能会很好的保存下来,但在许多情况下,也可能会改变,从而使我们无法准确反演碳酸盐沉积物在沉积时水体的特征。因此,我们在应用碳酸盐岩重建相关古环境和古气候变化的时候,必须要通过有效的方法来对碳酸盐岩是否受到成岩作用的影响进行鉴定。     

绿帘石记录俯冲带变质流体活动

俯冲带是连接地球表生圈层和深部圈层的关键纽带,深刻影响着地球内部的运行方式和人类宜居环境。俯冲板片脱水释放的高压-超高压变质流体控制着俯冲带诸多重要地质过程,如地幔楔交代和部分熔融、岛弧岩浆活动、中/深源地震以及地球内部的元素迁移和分异等等。深入了解这些流体的源区、运移、成分和物理化学条件是理解这些流体性质和行为的前提和关键。绿帘石是俯冲带变质岩中一个常见的含水造岩矿物,具有较宽广的稳定温压范围(绿片岩相-榴辉岩相)、较高的微量元素含量和缓慢的体扩散行为(如Sr、Pb、Th、U、Cr、V和LREE),能够指示俯冲带(多期)变质流体活动和地球化学效应。本文总结了近年来俯冲带变质绿帘石研究的主要进展及其在揭示俯冲带流体活动方面的重要应用,包括探究俯冲带流体的起源、成分特征、运移方式、氧逸度条件、交代效应和多期次结晶行为。这些研究表明绿帘石是一个极好的变质流体活动记录器,能够为理解俯冲带流体活动和深部元素迁移提供关键信息。     

碳酸盐沉积物的成岩作用

化学沉淀碳酸盐矿物在沉积后很容易受到各种作用的影响,其中最重要的是其在成岩阶段所经历的成岩作用.碳酸盐沉积物在成岩过程中主要受大气降水、海水和埋藏过程中孔隙流体的控制,经历一系列压实、溶解、矿物的多相转变、重结晶、胶结等成岩作用,逐渐转变为固结的岩石.在成岩过程中,由于孔隙流体与沉积流体之间的异同以及温度的变化,碳酸盐沉积物的原始矿物成分、地球化学特征可能会很好的保存下来,但在许多情况下,也可能会改变,从而使我们无法准确反演碳酸盐沉积物在沉积时水体的特征.因此,我们在应用碳酸盐岩重建相关古环境和古气候变化的时候,必须要通过有效的方法来对碳酸盐岩是否受到成岩作用的影响进行鉴定.     

中国东部中新生代盆地成因及其地球动力学

中国东部大兴安岭－太行山－武陵山重力梯度带一线以东至太平洋西岩，大陆连缘中新生代盆地系的形成，中生代岩浆活动，盆地基本特征同Ｍｏｈｏ、岩石圈和软流圈及上地幔基本特征的内在联系等都表明，它们在时空和成因上有一定联系，可以纳入同一地球动力学过程之中，这种动力学机制可能与岩石圈界，地壳底界的拆离作用有关。     

Post-collisional Variscan lamprophyres (Black Forest, Germany): Ar/Ar phlogopite dating, Nd, Pb, Sr isotope, and trace element characteristics

Subsequent to high-pressure and temperature metamorphism of the axial zone of the Variscan foldbelt in central Europe at ca. 340 to 330 Ma, formation of lamprophyre dikes during transtensional tectonics may be viewed as the beginning of the post-collisional stage of the orogeny. We report the results of ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar mica dating, major and trace element data, and isotope compositions for lamprophyre and rhyodacite samples from the southern Black Forest. The chemical compositions of these rocks shed light on the upper mantle and crust at the end of the Variscan orogeny. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages for four phlogopite–biotite separates from lamprophyres indicate emplacement at 332 to 314 Ma. This event coincides with melting of the crust as indicated by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite plateau ages of ca. 332 Ma for rhyodacite dikes which are probably related to coeval undeformed granites. Incompatible trace element patterns of the lamprophyre samples reveal the characteristics of evolved continental crust and are interpreted as evidence for melting of sediment in a subduction-modified mantle. Nd, Sr, and Pb isotope compositions indicate an enriched mantle source with _Nd-values of −1.5 to −6.8 which is similar to Variscan crust. Significant contamination of the lamprophyric melts by Variscan crust can be ruled out as mantle-derived phlogopite phenocrysts have similar _Nd-values as in the whole-rock samples. We propose that the isotope compositions and incompatible trace element characteristics of the lamprophyres were predominantly inherited from melted sediment. The isotope compositions of Variscan lamprophyres from western Europe suggest that enriched upper mantle was only partly delaminated when ascending hot mantle triggered melting of the lower crust, as has been invoked for the origin of post-collisional granites. The isotope compositions of Tertiary basalts and mantle xenoliths indicate a depleted upper mantle under western Europe, implying that the enriched Variscan material was efficiently removed and mixed into the convecting mantle.     

浙东南地区晚中生代“祝村组”的解体:相关火山岩形成时代及岩石成因

浙东南沿海小雄盆地中\"祝村组\"火山岩的年代学研究表明,其形成时代(128Ma)不仅老于其上覆的上火山岩系(110~88Ma),还老于本应在其下伏的九里坪组(122~120Ma)而与区域内西山头组时代相同(130~128Ma)。\"祝村组\"火山岩的锆石Hf同位素组成表现出富集的特征并具有古元古代的地壳模式年龄(εHf(t)=-16.4~-13.6,tDM2=2.01~2.09Ga),同样与磨石山群下部地层如西山头组相似。结合火山碎屑岩-流纹岩的岩石组合以及区域地质特征,本研究认为\"祝村组\"的建组理由不充分,建议将其解体。同时,\"祝村组\"火山岩富集的Hf同位素组成表明其源区为较为纯粹的古元古代地壳基底物质,进一步暗示相对内陆地区的下岩系早期火山岩形成过程中已有较明显的亏损幔源物质参与,这是以往研究中未明确识别出的。浙东南地区晚中生代火山岩岩石成因中底侵幔源物质贡献比例的升高和火山碎屑岩-流纹岩-双峰式火山岩岩石组合均暗示了逐渐增强的岩石圈伸展应力环境,这可能与古太平洋俯冲板片的后撤作用密切相关。