"02.6"陕南大暴雨的结构及成因分析

通过诊断分析发现:(1)“02.6”强降水与6月上旬越赤道气流和季风爆发密切相关,携带大量水汽的偏南气流与冷空气于6月8日交汇在西北地区东部,导致了这次强降水的发生;(2)与暴雨区相联系,存在横越低空急流的经向垂直环流,暴雨区处于该垂直环流的上升支;(3)偏南和偏东气流水汽通道在西北地区东部交汇,水汽的辐合积聚主要在对流层低层和行星边界层内完成;(4)整层的视热源高值区在暴雨区附近呈东北—西南向分布,与切变线走向非常一致,降水产生的凝结潜热释放是强降水区大气的主要热源。同时,在大尺度上升运动区中低层存在一个条件对称不稳定建立的机制,使得在暴雨区,既存在深厚的热力不稳定机制,又存在水汽输入机制和热力不稳定的触发机制,从而形成强暴雨。     

1804号台风"艾云尼"引发的广州两段强降水分析

1804号台风"艾云尼"给广州带来了近10年最强的台风降水,对期间主要出现的两次强度明显不同的强降水过程的成因进行了对比分析,结果表明:(1)第1段强降水主要是受"艾云尼"外围环流影响,第2段转受其本体环流影响,深厚的低空急流为强降水的产生提供了较好的水汽和不稳定能量条件;(2)第2段强降水过程高低空辐散辐合强度均增大到第1段过程的1.5倍以上,为第2段强降水的增强提供了更好的动力条件;(3)第2段强降水过程水汽通量及辐合强度较第1段明显增强,为降水的增强提供了更好的水汽条件;(4)强的θse平流输送及其随高度的减弱是不稳定能量维持的重要原因.     

一次强降水过程的热量和水汽收支分析

利用NCEP/NCAR每日4次全球再分析1°×1°网格资料,计算了2007年7月18日河北南部暴雨过程的水汽通量、视热源(Q1)和视水汽汇(Q2),分析了降水区热量和水汽收支的变化,并探讨了其垂直分布特征.结果表明:本次暴雨过程是由沿低涡切变线相继生成并强烈发展的中尺度对流云团造成的;当有强对流发生并伴有强降水时,就会有强的视热源Q1和视水汽汇Q2出现,且与强降水区基本对应,对流层上半部的相对冷层为暴雨区上空积云对流提供了极为有利的热力不稳定条件.     

四川盆地不同强度短时强降水物理量特征对比分析

利用2007—2017年5—9月四川盆地84个国家自动站逐小时观测资料和时间间隔6 h的ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了四川盆地不同强度短时强降水发生发展所需的热力、水汽和垂直风切变等条件,并对不同强度短时强降水的环境物理量特征进行了对比。结果表明,极端短时强降水的抬升凝结高度、自由对流高度和平衡高度(EL)均高于普通短时强降水,EL可以较好地区分极端短时强降水和普通短时强降水,约75%的极端短时强降水和普通短时强降水分别发生在EL高于258.6和658.2 hPa的环境下。极端短时强降水的对流有效位能(CAPE)和对流抑制能量值同样高于普通短时强降水,约50%的极端短时强降水和普通短时强降水的CAPE值分别高于792.5和451.9 J·kg~(-1)。不同强度短时强降水的850和500 hPa假相当位温差(θ_(se850)-θ_(se500))差异显著,极端短时强降水的θ_(se850)-θ_(se500)数值明显高于普通短时强降水,10℃可做为区分二者的参考阈值。约50%的短时强降水大气整层可降水量(PW)超过58 mm,不同强度短时强降水的PW差异不明显,但极端短时强降水具有较为明显的上干下湿垂直分布特征。垂直风切变和上升运动对四川盆地不同强度短时强降水的区分没有明确的指示意义。     

湘北特大致洪暴雨的中尺度分析及数值模拟

利用地面加密观测资料、卫星云图和长沙多普勒天气雷达资料,结合GRAPES_Meso中尺度数值模式模拟结果,对2010年7月8—9日湘北特大致洪暴雨过程进行综合分析。此次大暴雨过程形成的环境条件是低层切变线维持并诱发出地面风场辐合线,产生强烈的垂直上升运动,配合丰沛的水汽输送和高不稳定能量释放。造成局地强降水成因有:（1） 两个β中尺度强对流云团发展合并加强且停滞少动;（2） 在暴雨旺盛阶段,岳阳临湘强降水区的假相当位温θse线呈“ ”型结构,低层的假相当位温348线呈暖舌,向上伸展到630 hPa左右,而高层θse为向下凹的“漏斗”形状,这种层结热力结构不稳定强,非常有利于对流运动,很容易触发大暴雨发生;（3） 观测结果表明其维持机制是大暴雨发生在带状长回波带内,超过50 dbz的雷达回波强度稳定少动维持近4 h,导致强降水的持续性。      

豫北一次区域性大暴雨的数值模拟分析

利用NECP 1°×1°6 h再分析资料和WRF中尺度数值模式对2006年7月2-3日豫北区域性大暴雨过程进行数值模拟,并用模拟结果对该过程作中尺度分析.结果表明:暴雨中尺度系统发展和维持期间,基本上是强涡度区对应强辐合区,使得垂直对流运动发生发展,为强降水发生和持续提供了动力条件;θse值大小和实况降水强弱演变对应关系很好,θse值越大,实况降水越强,反之,实况降水越弱;豫北地区出现强降水时,水汽通量中心位于豫南且分布在西南急流轴上,豫中南部始终维持一条明显的水汽输送带,水汽被源源不断地输送到豫北地区;豫北地区处于明显的水汽辐合区,强辐合区有一自西向东的移动过程,与实况强降水过程演变趋势一致;大暴雨区域上空从低层到对流层顶层垂直螺旋度均为正值,且强降水时段与螺旋度最强时段对应关系很好,降水峰值与正螺旋度中心出现时间吻合.     

巴彦淖尔市一次强降水过程卫星水汽图像上干湿特征分析

运用Micaps常规气象资料,从FY2E卫星水汽图像干湿特征等方面对2014年4月14—17日发生在内蒙古巴彦淖尔市一次强降水过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:1此次降水过程中,水汽带内有一条θse脊轴,其形状和范围与水汽带基本一致,水汽带所在的区域是一个深厚的湿区,低层有高θse脊轴维持,说明来自低纬的暖湿气流出现在水汽带下方,有利于大气层结不稳定出现,由于对流层中高层的干侵入存在,水汽带内部的θse比外部高5~10℃。2此次降水过程中水汽带范围内具有较明显的垂直上升运动,水汽带位置与200 h Pa正散度、负涡度区和垂直速度上升运动区有较好的对应关系,西侧边界与对流层上层的负涡度带近于平行,暗区的位置出现了很强的正涡度带。     

内蒙古中部地区一次降雪天气分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年11月22日内蒙古中部地区出现的一次降雪天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:此次暴雪天气过程有5个站达到极端降水天气事件;短波槽和地面倒槽是本次暴雪过程的主要影响系统。暴雪区强烈的水汽辐合和深厚的湿层为降雪天气提供了充足的水汽;系统性抬升为暴雪天气提供了动力条件,高层辐散、低层辐合的垂直配置有利于上升运动的加强;700hPa低空急流和较强风速切变的维持使动力不稳定发展和维持,低层θ_(se)高能舌向东北伸展,有利于热力不稳定的增长;动力和热力共同作用使大气层结不稳定,触发了本次降雪天气过程。     

衢州"6.24"区域性大暴雨过程分析

通过分析2003年6月23～24日衢州大暴雨环流背景、物理量场特征及其分布,表明水汽、热力条件在降水开始前有明显的反映:23日08时850 hPa衢州地区已处在水汽通量散度负值中心边缘;20时500hPa相对湿度＞85%;同时位于θse500-θse850≤-5℃的强位势不稳定区域的北缘及假相当位温场密集带的南侧;23日08～20时本站K指数持续上升.结合数值预报产品,发现强降水落区发生在降水前期的高能舌北部能量锋区边缘与日本传真图FXFE572狭窄的湿区、FXFE782垂直速度中心三者相重叠的区域内.     

2012年夏季四川东部一次大暴雨过程分析

本文使用常规观测资料、四川省自动站降水资料、0.1°×0.1°的FY－2E云顶亮温资料和1°×1°的NCEP再分析格点资料对2012年7月20～23日四川东部强降水过程的主要影响系统、水汽源地、动力、热力条件等进行诊断分析,结果表明:(1)本次暴雨过程中伴有500hPa高空槽东移至四川并向南加深发展,槽后冷空气与槽前暖湿气流在四川汇合,低层有低涡发展,配以高低空急流耦合的有利形势;(2)暴雨前期水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,随着南海台风西进,其外围偏东气流向西输送增强,西南暖湿气流北上受到抑制,使得雨带南压;(3)降水以对流性降水为主,暴雨期间水汽凝结潜热在对流层中低层起主要作用,强上升运动将低层的潜热加热向上输送,形成高空的热源中心,强降水期间大气的加热是与大气的垂直上升运动密切相关的;在本次暴雨过程垂直输送项是视热源Q1和视水汽汇Q2的主要贡献者,尤其是在强降水阶段;(4)在低涡在发展阶段,低层正涡度局地变化项首先得到发展,在低涡减弱阶段,正涡度局地变化项的峰值中心由低层向中低层抬升;(5)中尺度对流系统与小时降水分布一致,MCS的发展是触发降水的重要因素之一。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any