Relationship between the depth of visibility of Secchi disk and biooptical characteristics of the Black-Sea waters

We present the parameters of empirical relationships between the depth of visibility of Secchi disk and optical and biological characteristics of the Black-Sea surface waters. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the influence of a diurnal baroclinic tide on the diffusion of an impurity

We investigate the influence of baroclinic tidal waves on the diffusion of an impurity spot in a continuously stratified liquid. The equation of turbulent diffusion is solved numerically by taking into account the wave currents. We establish the dependences of the characteristics of the diffusion process on the parameters of the baroclinic wave and the location of the impurity spot. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Surface gravity waves formed in the process of motion of an ellipsoidal body submerged in the liquid

We study the problem of flow around an ellipsoidal body submerged in a liquid half space and obtain the solution for the free wave surface. The results of numerical analysis reveal the existence of a great variety of modes of motion characterized by substantially different shapes of the free surface. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

A model of the evolution of vertical thermohaline inhomogeneities of an oceanic thermocline taking into account the effects of double diffusion

We construct a numerical model of the evolution of the structure of an oceanic thermocline in the presence of “salt-finger” convection. The model explains the formation of a piecewise homogeneous vertical structure of the temperature and salinity fields in the ocean. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Oceanological conditions in the regions of underwater mountains in the Pacific Ocean

We study distinctive features of the oceanological conditions in the regions of underwater mountains. These conditions are used as a basic for the selection of hydrological and biological subcomplexes (aqualandscapes) of these regions. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Effect of the flow conditions on the metrological characteristics of a contact acoustic current meter

We discuss the results of metrological testing of a four-base acoustic current meter performed in a hydrodynamic basin, consider methodological problems encountered in the process of measurements and data processing, and present the experimental dependences of the systematic and random components of the measurement errors on the velocity and direction of the flow. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Turbulent diffusion of impurities in the ocean in the presence of internal waves

We study the influence of baroclinic tidal waves on the diffusion of an impurity spot in a continuously stratified fluid. The equation of turbulent diffusion is solved numerically by taking into account the wave currents. We establish the dependences of the characteristics of the diffusion process on parameters of baroclinic waves and the location of the impurity spot. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Computational algorithm for the evaluation of inclinations of the level in the problems of the dynamics of basins

We develop a method for the evaluation of inclinations of the level, which enables one to find them with high accuracy. The reliability of this method is tested by comparing the numerical solutions for inclinations of the level with analytic expressions. It is shown that the system of coupled equations for inclinations of the level can be decomposed into two independent equations with sufficiently high accuracy. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the propagation of passive impurities in Sevastopol bays

We discuss the results of numerical experiments modelling the process of propagation of passive impurities from the Karantinnaya Bay caused by steady wind currents and turbulent diffusion. The currents are computed according to the Felzenbaum model for the cases of northeast and north-west winds [1, 2]. We analyse specific features of the space and time distribution of the impurities caused by the three-dimensional character of the currents. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Oscillations of the Black Sea sea level in the north part of the coast

We analyze oscillations of the Black Sea level at 43 points in the north part of the coast. At some points, the data of every-day measurements are accumulated for more than 100 years. Actually, at all points with minor exceptions, we observe a general trend toward an increase in the sea level. The amplitude of oscillations of the sea level about the average trend obeys a normal distribution. We determine numerical characteristics of this distribution. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Specific features of reverberation in the Black-Sea underwater sound channel

We consider the results of instrumental investigations of specific features of reverberation in the Black Sea and obtain qualitative dependences of the duration of volume reverberation on the parameters of the Black-Sea underwater sound channel, (width, drop of the sound velocity, and dimensions of the inhomogeneities of stratification). We also analyse the behaviour of the intensity of surface reverberation in the far-field zone of acoustic illumination and the influence of bottom reverberation on the detection of underwater objects. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Laser diagnostics of the composition and salinity of mineralized waters

We study the possibilities of the method of laser diagnostics of the composition of multicomponent electrolytic solutions. In our experiments, we used a four-mirror phase-retarded interferometer operating at three wavelengths from the visible range. For three-component solutions of chloride salts, we determined partial sensitivities of the measuring system to changes in the concentrations of each electrolyte for each of the indicated wavelengths. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Evaluation of the submarine discharge of karst waters in the region of Cape Aiya

For the submarine springs of underground water located in the karst cavities of Cape Aiya, we suggest a solution based on the modification of the model of flow rate of water and application of the formulas of mixing. We also give methodical recommendations helpful for the reliable determination of empirical parameters under thein situ conditions. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Physical and hydrological characteristics of climatic frontal zones in the Tropical Atlantic

Climatic frontal zones are selected in the thermohaline fields of the Tropical Atlantic by analyzing the many-year-average seasonal database reduced to the nodes of a one-degree grid. We determine physical characteristics of the frontal zones, study their spatial and temporal variability, and reveal basic regularities of the appearance of frontal zones in the fields of thermohaline characteristics. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Description of possible causes of the formation of anomalies of the cloud field over the Atlantic-European sector in the spring of 1996

We describe one of possible mechanisms of the formation of anomalies of the cloud field over the North Atlantic and Europe by using, as an example, the processes developed in the Atlantic-European sector during the natural synoptic season in the spring of 1996. It is shown that the anomalies of the cloud field can be classified with the use of the index of the North Atlantic oscillation and the latitude of the center of the Azorean maximum. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Diffusion in the ocean with diffusion coefficient depending on the scale and concentration of impurities

We solve a nonlinear problem of diffusion from a concentrated source in a moving medium with diffusion coefficient depending on the scale of the phenomenon, time, and the concentration of impurities. We obtain a family of exact solutions of this problem, which can be regarded as a generalization of the class of linear problems of diffusion considered earlier for the conditions of the ocean and atmosphere by Roberts, Ozmidov, Obukhov,et al. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev.     

Formation of a circulation in the quasiisopycnic model of the Black Sea taking into account the stochastic nature of the wind stress

We discuss the results of numerical experiments carried out within the framework of a new version of the quasiisopycnic model of the Black Sea [1, 2]. We take into account the stochasticity of the wind stress, vertical shift of the flow velocity in the upper quasihomogeneous layer, and diapycnic mixing. We generalize the procedure of “convective adjustment,” which enables us to consider the propagation and transformation of waters of the Sea of Marmara. It is shown that the consideration of these factors enables one to determine the structure and seasonal variability of hydrothermodynamic fields in the sea more correctly. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Hydrological structure of waters of the persian gulf according to the data of observations in 1992

We describe the hydrological structure of waters of the Persian Gulf and its seasonal variability according to the data of CTD surveys carried out in February–June 1992 in the course of the cruises of the NOAA R/VMt. Mitchell aimed at the analysis of the consequences of the ecological catastrophe caused by the spread of oil spots formed as a result of war operations in the Persian Gulf in 1991. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Incidence of flexural gravitational waves on the line of contact of two floating ice plates of different thickness

We analyze the influence of a rift in an ice field on the propagation of flexural gravitational waves in a basin of finite constant depth. The ice cover is simulated by two floating semiinfinite elastic plates of different thickness. We studied the dependence of the amplitude coefficients of reflection and transmission of waves incident on the rift on the frequency of running waves, the thickness of ice on both sides of the rift, and the type of contact boundary conditions at the rift. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry, V. Malyshev     

Thermohaline characteristics of large-scale irregularities and frontal zones of the Tropical Atlantic

We determine the zones of maximum horizontal gradients of thermohaline characteristics and climatic frontal zones in the Tropical Atlantic and their behavior as functions of time and spatial variables on the basis of the climatic array of data on temperature and salinity. It is shown that the zones, where the maximum horizontal temperature, salinity, and density gradients coincide, are located in the northern and southern tropical frontal zones. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev