An experiment on temperature variations in sandstone during biaxial loading

The temperature response to stress–strain variations in rock is useful in developing an understanding of the thermodynamic property of crust. In this study, the temperature of sandstone during loading was investigated using laboratory biaxial testing. By changing the loading patterns, the deformation of a specimen was controlled to produce two distinct modes of strain: volume strain only and shear strain only. These strain modes were produced separately such that the temperature variation associated with the different deformation modes could be analysed. Experimental results indicate that temperature, as a scalar quantity, is notably sensitive to rock deformation. In the case of the volume strain, the temperature variation is positively correlated with the variation in the bulk stress. The temperature rises with the increase in hydrostatic pressure, and vice versa. In the case of the shear strain, experimental results repeatedly show two characteristics: firstly, there appears obvious increase in temperature in the area of pure shear strain, which is most likely related to local plastic deformation; secondly, the temperature drops in the area of tension during loading, whereas the temperature rises within the area of compression. This is to say, the state of crustal stress–strain should be obtained through the measurement of rock temperature.     

弹性板块运动模型研究进展

传统板块构造理论认为板块是一个刚体,实际上板块是可变形的.板块内部几年到几十年时间尺度的变形主要是弹性变形,因此应当用弹性模型描述板块运动.推导了板块的弹性运动方程,由空间大地测量新的观测成果建立了菲律宾海、太平洋和澳大利亚板块的弹性运动模型.发现三个板块内部都存在明显的水平形变.板内应变场的空间变化有明显的规律：板块边界附近的应变率最大,从边界向内部逐渐减小;在板块扩散边界附近,主张应变率大于主压应变率,主张应变轴基本上与边界的扩张方向一致;在俯冲边界附近,主压应变率大于主张应变率,主压应变轴基本上与板块的俯冲方向一致;在走滑兼有俯冲性质的边界附近,最大剪应变的方向与边界断裂的走向基本一致.由GPS观测得到的主压应变轴与由震源机制解得到的主压应力轴方向具有很好的一致性.板内的应力－应变场基本上遵循广义胡克定律.     

在围压条件下岩体模型应力应变关系的实验研究

含切口岩体模型在差应力作用下的应力应变关系表明:岩体不同部位的应力应变曲线按斜率变化特征可以划分为四个发展阶段。根据对切口岩石破裂过程的对比,各阶段的变形机制分别与岩体内原微裂纹闭合、孔隙和颗粒弹性变形、宏观张裂剪裂以及剪切、张-剪主破裂相对应,但各阶段的发展进程在时间、空间上却不一致,这一差异均与切口分布和岩性变化相关。最后讨论了应力应变特征与发震断层孕震过程的关系,对地震预报可能有实际意义     

岩石裂纹附近的变形局部化与破坏——激光全息干涉法的应用

本文介绍了应用激光全息干涉法观测单轴压缩条件下裂纹附近的离面位移场和岩石的变形破坏过程。着重指出了裂纹构造活动与微裂隙丛集发育的变形局部化前兆在这种破坏过程中的相互关联,并就其所反映的震源物理本质进行了讨论。     

Influence of confining pressure and impact loading on mechanical properties of amphibolite and sericite-quartz schist

In order to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of amphibolite and sericite-quartz schist under confi ning pressure, two rocks are subjected to impact loadings with different strain rates and confi ning pressures by using split Hopkinson pressure bar equipment with a confi ning pressure device. Based on the experimental results, the stress-strain curves are analyzed and the effects of confi ning pressure and strain rates on the dynamic compressive strength, peak strain and failure mode are summarized. The results show that:(1) The characteristics of two rocks in the ascent stage of the stressstrain curve are basically the same, but in the descent stage, the rocks gradually show plastic deformation characteristics as the confi ning pressure increases.(2) The dynamic compressive strength and peak strain of two rocks increase as the strain rate increases and the confi ning pressure effects are obvious.(3) Due to the effect of confi ning pressure, the normal stress on the damage surface of the rock increases correspondingly, the bearing capacity of the crack friction exceeds the material cohesion and the slippage of the fractured rock is controlled, which all lead to the compression and shear failure mode of rock. The theoretical analysis and experimental methods to study the dynamic failure mode and other related characteristics of rock are useful in developing standards for engineering practice.     

三向受压状态下地壳岩体的张性变形和张性破裂

本文叙述了处于三向受压状态的地壳岩体产生张性变形和张性破裂的原理,并以珠江三角洲地区为例说明:①岩体内应力集中点的浅部,可产生张性变形和张性破裂;②地质考察所观察到的张性或张剪性断裂,其断裂面上作用的正应力未必是拉应力,极有可能是压应力,但却一定是拉应变;③张性破裂引起的地震,震级较小,一般在4.5级以下,④地震引起的张性地裂缝的走向,就是震源应力场的主压应力方向。     

平面应变双轴压缩岩样剪应力异常及破坏过程模拟

利用FLAC,模拟了双轴压缩岩样的破坏过程及剪应力异常.在峰值强度之前及之后,岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型.本文仅分析了3个具有较大应力降的周期的剪应力异常及塑性区分布.在第1及第2周期,剪破坏分别发生在试样的两侧及背景空区内部,前兆明显,地震属于断错型.在第3周期,背景空区之外的新剪切破裂带引起断错型地震;空区内部的老破裂带引起走滑型地震,未观测到前兆.在塑性区边缘,剪应力梯度较高.破裂带位置剪应力值反而较低.尽管在应力-应变曲线的软化阶段之前,不同单元的剪应力表现出千姿百态的复杂形态,但尚有规律可循.若几个单元都位于某条破裂带上,则剪应力的变化可能是同步的,或演变规律类似.鉴于原地复发地震类型可能不同,前兆将有差别.     

不同温度及不同加热时间作用后混凝土力学性能试验研究

采用液压伺服试验系统对经历不同温度、不同加热时间作用后的混凝土力学性能进行了试验研究,分析了加热温度、加热时间对混凝土的抗压强度、弹性模量和应力—应变关系等力学性能的影响。结果表明：高温后,混凝土的力学性能随温度的升高而劣化,表现为随着受热温度的升高、加热时间的延长,混凝土的抗压强度、弹性模量降低,峰值应变逐渐增大。此外,还探讨了混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量和应力—应变关系随温度和加热时间变化的规律,得到了混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量随温度和加热时间变化的回归公式,比较回归曲线与试验曲线的结果表明,回归曲线能够很好地模拟试验曲线。     

由空间大地测量得到的太平洋板块现今构造运动与板内形变应变场

推导了板块的弹性运动方程.根据太平洋板块(PCFC)上空间大地测量的观测结果,建立了PCFC的弹性运动模型,该模型与板块实际运动状态的符合程度明显地优于刚体运动模型.研究表明：PCFC现今旋转的角速度比过去3Ma的平均值大0037°/Ma;在PCFC内部存在明显的水平形变,在15°S以北和2045°E以西地区存在一致的向西形变,北西与南西方向的形变速率分别为08～35 mm/a与10～34 mm/a;在板块的东南区存在一致的向东形变,北东与南东方向的形变速率分别为15～18 mm/a与28～91 mm/a.PCFC内部水平应变场的空间变化是有规律的,在PCFC的西北部,主压应变轴为NW-SE方向,主压应变率大于主张应变率;在PCFC的东南部,主压应变轴为NE-SW方向,主张应变率大于主压应变率;PCFC的东南边界是扩张边界,边界附近的主张应变率最大（平均为151×10-9/a）,主张应变轴基本上与洋中脊的扩张方向一致;PCFC的西北边界是俯冲边界,边界附近的主压应变率最大（平均为075×10-9/a）,主压应变轴基本上与太平洋板块的俯冲方向一致.     

岩石的塑性成分对失稳型式的影响

石英岩、花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、辉长岩和玄武岩在室温、固体围压(最大0.7GPa)下所进行的三轴压缩试验表明,岩石的塑性成分含量对突发失稳应力降没有明显影响,但影响岩石的失稳型式。塑性成分条件是突发失稳和强震的必要条件之一,只有当塑性成分不超过某种限度时,才可能发生突发失稳和强震。文中初步地建立了塑性成分条件的定量判据     

高温高压下红河断裂带断层泥力学性质的研究

断层泥在室温高压下的应力-应变曲线呈非线性、线性等阶段性变形,在高温高压下则呈非线性变形,两者均表现出渐进破坏。含水量、矿物成分和温压条件对变形特征和破坏强度有重要影响。曲线的初始弹性模量小于有效弹性模量。断层泥在温度T≥400℃和σ_3≥300MPa时发生岩化,据此岩化温压条件可估计出未岩化断层泥存在深度将不超过10—15km。由于断层泥具渐进破坏特征,故在高温高压条件下断层泥有利于断层活动呈现稳滑     

考虑刚度劣化的剪切带-围岩系统稳定性分析

峰后的刚度劣化现象（渐进损伤）在多种煤、岩石、混凝土、土和砂子的循环加载实验中已被观察到。本文考虑了剪切带及带外弹性体的不同的刚度劣化现象,推导了剪切带（断层）-弹性围岩系统在直剪条件下的应力-变形曲线。剪切带的刚度劣化不改变剪切带的总变形,但使剪切带的弹性变形增加、塑性变形降低。考虑弹性体的刚度劣化现象之后,系统的峰后应力-变形曲线呈现非线性特征,这不同于过去忽略刚度劣化现象的结果。在应变软化过程中,剪切带之外弹性体的刚度劣化,使系统的峰后响应由负斜率（Ⅰ类行为）变为正斜率（Ⅱ类变形行为）。较高的弹性体尺寸、较高的脆性、较小的内部长度、较低的围岩初始弹性模量、较高的抗剪强度、较低的残余剪切应力及较高的残余剪切弹性模量,使系统的峰后响应变得陡峭,甚至发生Ⅱ类行为,使系统的失稳（岩爆、冲击地压、采矿诱发地震或矿震）易于发生。     

颗粒体材料在压缩位移控制加载条件下的力学行为及界面参数对它的影响

采用连续介质快速拉格朗日分析程序（FLAC）,模拟了颗粒体材料在压缩位移控制加载条件下的力学行为及破坏过程。颗粒及它们之间的界面被离散为尺寸相同的单元。颗粒被视为各向同性的弹性材料,而界面被视为弹性-应变软化-理想塑性材料。界面完全破坏之后,其内聚力为零而内摩擦角不为零,因而适于模拟颗粒之间的摩擦行为。在双轴压缩条件下的计算结果表明,压应力通过颗粒之间的接触,以应力线的方式在试样的垂直方向上传递,最终形成了清晰、有序的图案,而剪切应变增量的高值区主要位于一些界面上。从剪切应变增量的高值区中能发现试样中的最薄弱环节。此外,还研究了试样两侧的压应力、界面的初始内聚力及内摩擦角对试样的应力—时步曲线的影响。     

具有割缝的大理岩试件破坏过程的有限元模拟

本文使用应变软化的弹塑性本构模型,用有限元方法对具有中心斜割缝的岩石试件在轴压下的破坏过程进行了数值模拟。得到了与实验观察相当一致的结果:在割线端部附近,首先发生张破裂,裂纹的扩张是逐渐地弯向试件的轴线方向,并变为稳定的。随着轴向压力增加,在张裂纹的相反方向上出现共轭的剪破裂。这些现象与割缝顶端附近材料的应变软化性质有关。说明所采用的有限元方法是研究岩石材料破裂过程的一种可行的方法。     

矿物组分对龙马溪组页岩动、静态弹性特征的影响

龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的主要层位之一,其静态弹性性质是影响压裂效果的重要因素,而动态弹性性质则是页岩"甜点"地震预测的重要基础.但对龙马溪组页岩动、静态弹性特征相互关系及其影响因素缺少对比研究,致使运用动态弹性性质进行"甜点"预测时存在不确定性.在对龙马溪组页岩样品系统动、静态性质联合测量基础上,分析了页岩样品动、静态弹性性质的变化规律,并讨论了成岩作用与动、静态弹性性质变化规律的因果关系.研究结果表明,龙马溪组页岩上下两段成岩过程存在明显差异,致使上段页岩在结构上表现为以塑性黏土颗粒作为受力骨架,而下段页岩在结构上逐渐转变为脆性石英颗粒作为受力骨架.页岩岩石结构特征的变化控制了动、静态弹性特征的整体变化规律,表现为动、静态杨氏模量、峰值强度等随石英含量的增大表现出近似"V"型的变化形式,而与钙质含量变化呈现正相关关系,与黏土含量变化表现出负相关性.上段页岩宏观力学性质受微观石英+黏土颗粒集合体弹性性质控制,应力应变曲线表现出明显塑性段,动、静态杨氏模量比大于1.4,破裂易于发生在黏土与石英颗粒边界形成宏观单剪型破裂模式,样品脆性低,且脆性变化不受石英含量的影响.下段页岩宏观力学性质受微观石英颗粒集合体弹性性质控制,应力应变曲线表现为弹性变形,动、静态杨氏模量比小于1.4,破裂发生在石英颗粒内部形成宏观劈裂型破裂模式,样品脆性高,且脆性变化与石英含量呈明显正相关关系.研究结果可为龙马溪页气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据.     

地壳岩石剪切失稳的应力与应变准则

本文建立了岩石体膨胀起点与峰值点之间应力与应变关系的解析表达式,分别给出了其剪切失稳应力与应变准则.考虑到地壳岩石缓慢加载作用使其均匀性指标的减小效应,本文也分别给出了简化的适用于脆性破坏预测的应力与应变准则.实例表明该应变准则可用于崩塌与强震等脆性破坏问题的预测分析.     

Experimental investigation of the strength and failure behavior of layered sandstone under uniaxial compression and Brazilian testing

As a typical inherently anisotropic rock, layered sandstones can differ from each other in several aspects, including grain size, type of material, type of cementation, and degree of compaction. An experimental study is essential to obtain and convictive evidence to characterize the mechanical behavior of such rock. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of a layered sandstone from Xuzhou, China, is investigated under uniaxial compression and Brazilian test conditions. The loading tests are conducted on 7 sets of bedding inclinations, which are defined as the angle between the bedding plane and horizontal direction. The uniaxial compression strength (UCS) and elastic modulus values show an undulatory variation when the bedding inclination increases. The overall trend of the UCS and elastic modulus values with bedding inclination is decreasing. The BTS value decreases with respect to the bedding inclination and the overall trend of it is approximating a linear variation. The 3D digital high-speed camera images reveal that the failure and fracture of a specimen are related to the surface deformation. Layered sandstone tested under uniaxial compression does not show a typical failure mode, although shear slip along the bedding plane occurs at high bedding inclinations. Strain gauge readings during the Brazilian tests indicate that the normal stress on the bedding plane transforms from compression to tension as the bedding inclination increases. The stress parallel to the bedding plane in a rock material transforms from tension to compression and agrees well with the fracture patterns; “central fractures” occur at bedding inclinations of 0°–75°, “layer activation” occurs at high bedding inclinations of 75°–90°, and a combination of the two occurs at 75°.     

地震应力波的传播与岩石的动态响应

本文用 Split-Hopkinson 压力杆装置研究了应力波通过破裂岩石试件的衰减现象。给出了灰砂岩、石灰岩两种岩石动态的破裂强度与应力应变关系.结合受应力作用的岩样切片的微观观察,对应力裂纹、裂纹的动态分叉现象进行了分析讨论.      

水平地震力作用下岩体破坏机理探究

基于摩尔库伦强度准则和波动理论对地震作用下岩体的破坏机理进行研究。结果表明:当埋深在一定范围内,水平地震作用下岩体的内聚力c和正应力σn与振动速度和埋深呈线性关系。当埋深一定时,振动速度越大c值越小;在振动速度增大的过程中岩体的应力状态由压应力逐渐转变为拉应力,且拉应力随振动速度的增大而增大;当振动速度一定时,岩体埋深越大c值越小;埋深越浅,拉应力越大,当埋深达到一定值时岩体就只在其弹性极限内振动而不产生破坏。     

Interaction of cataclasis and pressure solution in a low-temperature carbonate shear zone

The mineralogical and elemental variations across the main shear zone of the Saltville thrust at Sharp Gap in Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A., were studied in a suite of deformed and undefromed carbonate rock samples using X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe methods. An examination of the samples for deformation effects at mesoscopic scale and under the optical microscope reveals familiar cataclastic deformation features including foliated cataclasites and microbreccias occurring in a well-defined, 1–2 m wide zone of intense deformation, plus evidence of hydrofracturing and extensive syndeformational pressure solution. There exists a clear correlation between the observed cataclastic deformation and mineral and elemental distribution which we interpret to result from a deformation-induced dolomite to calcite transformation in the shear zone. The transformation has resulted in removal of Mg from the shear zone, selective deposition of calcite as an intergranular cement in cataclasite/microbreccia units and a relative increase in the concentration of detrital quartz and feldspars.The compositional difference between the shear zone and wall rocks is explained in connection with cataclastic deformation features in terms of a model in which a dual pressure-solution/cataclastic flow mechanism leads to a gradual cementation-hardening of segments of the shear zone. Instabilities could occur via permeability reduction and increased pore pressure within these segments. Hydrofracturing of the hardened segments along with high strain rate reordering of the shear zone materials reset the ruptured zone back to the dual deformation mechanism regime. As a long-term effect, the compositional transformation of the shear zone is expected to prolong periods of creep and cause smaller coseismic stress drops since under the imposed conditions calcite is more ductile and soluble than dolomite.