基于模拟土壤湿度的中国干旱检测及多时间尺度特征

土壤干旱能够引起土壤-植被-大气系统的物质和能量循环异常,对生态环境和天气气候具有重要的影响,土壤干旱的检测和特征认识,有助于理解陆气相互作用及其评估和减缓影响.本文以观测气候资料驱动陆面模式CLM3.5模拟中国区域的土壤湿度,引入土壤孔隙度参数校正土壤湿度模拟的湿偏差,并检测了历史土壤干旱,分析不同时间尺度干旱的空间分布和变化趋势:1951~2008年40%的月份发生了月尺度的干旱,平均影响面积占我国陆地总面积的54.6%;年内干旱月数的变化呈干旱区显著减少,半干旱、半湿润区显著增加趋势,而湿润区减少但趋势不显著.1951~2008年月尺度干旱呈减少和增加趋势的面积之比为77.3%,总体上中国呈干旱加剧的趋势;平均来看月尺度干旱冬季影响范围最广,夏季最小,分别影响了我国54.3%和8.4%的陆地总面积.持续3个月以上的干旱主要发生在半干旱和半湿润区,发生概率51.7%,部分地区甚至77.6%;持续6和12个月以上的干旱主要发生在半干旱和干旱区,概率较小.     

西南区域持续性干旱事件的行星尺度和天气尺度扰动信号

以2009-2010年发生在中国西南地区的持续性干旱事件为例,通过干旱和大气变量的物理分解得到了一些干旱事件发生的新认识.气象干旱多为年循环的气候干季与干旱扰动的叠加所致.一次干旱扰动大约为30-50天,而一次持续性干旱事件是由几次干旱扰动组成的.大气高度场和风场中存在三种时间尺度的扰动.一种是年际行星尺度的大气扰动,与ENSO冷暖事件有关,起源于赤道并传播到中高纬度地区需要2-4年.另一种是季节内行星尺度的大气扰动,与来自赤道地区的30-50天振荡有关.此外,大气中还存在天气尺度的扰动.利用行星尺度大气扰动向赤道外传播与天气尺度扰动的叠加,区域持续性干旱事件能够找到前期预报信号.     

干旱与强震活动关系的研究实例

震前干旱与强烈地震之间的关系,已日益为地震界所重视.本文通过新疆柯坪——乌恰地区历年降水量与Ms6.0强震关系的研究发现,该地区Ms6.0地震大部分(85.7%)是在震前1——2年的干旱背景下发生的;震级随旱区面积大小而增减.运用鉴定震兆信息量R值方法,对该地区降水因子预报地震的预报效能进行评定,效果良好.本文还对1985年乌恰7.4级大震震前的降水异常特征进行了讨论. 研究表明,震前1——3年大面积的干旱与强烈地震的发生有着某种内在的联系.旱震关系,是强震中期综合预报的依据之一.      

广东省干旱灾害空间分布特征

利用1956-2005年126个雨量站逐月降水资料,采用标准化降雨指数和经验正交函数分解法,探讨了广东省干旱灾害空间分布规律.结果表明:广东省虽然总体比较湿润,但局部干旱时有发生,且在空间上存在东西差异、南北差异、中部差异的特点;春旱大致呈自西向东、自北向南逐渐加重的趋势;秋旱空间分布特点与春旱相反,由东向西、由南向北逐渐加重;春旱、秋旱在中部地区也有微弱的差异.     

基于蒸散发构建的日干旱指数及其对区域干旱事件的表征分析

增温背景下,频发的干旱事件已对工农业生产和人民生活造成了巨大损失,旱情的监测和预报日益受到重视.然而,目前用于干旱研究的干旱指数绝大部分是针对月以上的时间尺度,适用于干旱监测和预报的日干旱指数相对稀缺,不利于对干旱监测和预报准确率的改进以及对现有日干旱指数的评估.文章利用气象站实测数据和ERA5高分辨率再分析资料,基于实际蒸散发和潜在蒸散发构建了一个新的日干旱指数——日蒸散发差指数(Daily Evapotranspiration Deficit Index,DEDI),并使用该指数分析了2019年春夏季发生在中国西南、华北、东北和西北东部地区的四个干旱事件的时空演变特征.通过与气象干旱综合指数和标准化降水蒸散发指数对比,系统地评估了DEDI对重大干旱事件旱情信号的表征能力.结果表明,DEDI较好地表征了2019年西南、华北、东北和西北东部地区四个不同强度干旱事件的时空演变过程,并在刻画旱情的起止时间及强度的多峰值方面更具优势.此外,DEDI还考虑了植被等下垫面条件,在气象甚至农业干旱监测和预警方面具有一定的应用潜力.     

1900年以来我国西南地区强余震统计特征

本文通过对西南地区1900年以来5级以上地震发生1个月内强余震资料的统计,得到了主震震级与余震震级、时间间隔与震中距之间的经验关系和统计规律。同时,以汶川主余震为例,进行了对比检验。统计结果表明,本文的统计结果是比较可靠的,对今后西南地区余震的预测具有一定的参考价值。     

三峡水库影响下长江中下游水文干旱演变及对气象干旱的响应

利用1960-2016年长江流域183个气象站逐月气温和降水数据以及干流3个水文站逐月径流资料,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和标准化径流指数(SRI)分析三峡水库蓄水运行前后长江中下游宜昌、汉口和大通站水文干旱的多时间尺度演变以及对气象干旱的响应特征.结果表明:(1)三峡水库运行后下游各站冬春季旱情明显趋缓,而秋季干旱状况略有加重;水库蓄水后各站中旱和重旱发生频率均呈减少趋势,其中中旱减幅明显,而特旱发生频率则总体表现为增加趋势;(2)三峡水库蓄水后3个站平均干旱历时的变幅相对较小,而干旱烈度和烈度峰值的均值增幅较大;同时,各站短时间尺度(1和3个月)干旱特征变量的变幅总体呈现沿程递增趋势,而长时间尺度(6和12个月)干旱特征变量的变幅整体表现为沿程递减趋势;(3)水库蓄水后各站短时间尺度SRI与SPEI的相关性减小,但相关性随时间尺度增加而迅速增强,12个月时间尺度的相关系数达到最大并略高于蓄水前;在年内相关性上,蓄水后各站短时间尺度SRI与SPEI的相关系数明显减小,冬季表现尤为突出,而长时间尺度的相关系数则略有增加;(4)水库影响下不同时间尺度宜昌站水文干旱滞后于气象干旱平...     

中国干旱和半干旱带的10年际演变特征

利用Thornthwaite的干湿分类函数,对近100年中国干旱和半干旱区界限的10年际变动特征进行了分析.结果发现：近50年,在东北中部和华北北部,干旱和半干旱边界呈波动式东移,有明显向东扩展的趋势;在华北南部和陕西南部,半干旱边界也呈波动式南扩,其中陕西南部半干旱边界向南扩展的范围最大.近100年,10年际的干旱和半干旱边界也呈波动式摆动且存在向东和向南扩展的趋势,但在华北南部与东北中部两个地区以20世纪20年代前后干旱和半干旱的范围最大、最强.干旱和半干旱分界线的位置变化与区域升温和降水减少密切相关.     

地震体波面波和地震活动性的某些谱分析结果及其在地震预报中的初…

应用Ｓｏｍｐｉ谱分析方法，对１９８９年１月至１９９０年７月发生在唐山地区的２０个地震和１９８８年７月至１９８９年１０月发生在大同周围地区１０个地震波资料，及华北地区和西南地区自１９５９年以来ＭＬ≥２．０地震目录资料的频谱进行了分析，从而对几次大地震前地震波和地震活动性波频谱异常变化特征进行了研究。     

极端气候事件综合危险性等级指标构建及近60年来长江流域极端气候综合分析

本文利用经过均一化订正的长江流域共669个气象站近60年(1961—2020年)逐日观测资料,采用相对阈值和绝对阈值相结合的极值分析方法,对长江流域近60年极端高温事件、极端低温事件、极端干旱事件和极端降水事件进行识别,分析了年发生频率和线性变化趋势.在此基础上,考虑到全国极端气候事件发生情况,构建了多个极端气候事件综合危险性等级指标,比较客观地给出了长江流域极端气候事件综合危险性等级.研究结果表明,相对于全国其他地区,长江流域大部分地区极端气候综合危险性等级较高,虽然自1961年以来综合年发生频率呈现弱的线性减少趋势,但自20世纪90年代以来,长江流域极端气候事件发生的危险性相对于全国其他地区明显偏高.通过对不同极端气候事件危险性和变化规律研究,结果表明：长江流域近60年极端干旱事件年发生频率呈现线性减少趋势,与全国他其区域相比较,长江流域大部分地区极端干旱发生的危险性等级都在中级以上,说明长江流域容易发生极端干旱事件;长江流域近60年极端降水事件年发生频率呈现弱的增加趋势,危险性等级指数分析表明,高危险区主要位于长江中下游地区,湖南西部、江西大部、湖北南部等地发生极端降水事件的危险...     

鄱阳湖流域干旱气候特征研究

本文利用鄱阳湖流域127个站点1960-2007年逐日降水和温度资料,选用Z指数对鄱阳湖流域的气象干旱进行分析,并将干旱分为偏旱、大旱和特旱三个等级.研究结果表明鄱阳湖流域干旱基本呈现出南少北多、南强北弱的空间分布形式.鄱阳湖流域7-12月发生的干旱以偏旱为主,大旱和特旱主要出现在1-6月.线性趋势变化分析表明,2000年以来干旱范围和干旱强度均呈现出增加的趋势,其中,2003、2004和2007年的干旱较为严重.2003年大部分月份偏旱范围广、强度大,全年大旱和特旱出现的范围均较小,但3-4月和6-7月的大旱和特旱强度较大;2004年大部分月份偏旱范围和强度均相对较小,但在3月和6月出现范围较大且强度较强的大旱和特旱;2007年干旱分布更为极端,仅在7、10和11月出现范围较广或强度较大的偏旱,而在5月集中出现面积超过80%的大旱和特旱.     

Drought frequency analysis of annual rainfall series in central and western Sudan

Abstract

Rainfall is the most important water resource in central and western Sudan, a region affected by the recent drought in Africa. A general methodology for studying the annual rainfall process is presented and applied to data from central and western Sudan. It is assumed that certain time series models adequately describe the annual rainfall process in the region. Based on this assumption, the drought frequencies are calculated in the subregions with stationary series. The theory of runs is applied in calculating drought frequencies using a data generation method.     

Stochastic simulation of droughts. Part 2: regional droughts

In Part 1 we demonstrated the applicability of stochastic models to predicting the characteristics of point drought events within any planning period by means of a case study (Mohan S, Sahoo PK (2007) Hydrological Processes 21 : this issue). In addition, studies on regional droughts are important in the context of regional level planning and evolving management strategies. The small number of drought events from a particular streamflow or rainfall series, when subjected to statistical analysis in order to predict future occurrences, produces results that are not very reliable. To overcome this difficulty, we propose using a long sequence of synthetically generated annual rainfall series at various rain‐gauge stations of a region, and multiyear regional droughts were derived from both historic and generated series. The key parameters for a successful regional multiyear drought study are the critical area ratio and the critical level, and the area affected by the drought can be ascertained using these parameters. The important regional drought parameters were determined and their suitable probability distributions were arrived at by studying a total of nine possible probability models; these models can be used in predicting the longest regional drought duration and the greatest regional drought severity with a given return period. The effect of change of critical parameters on the regional drought parameters is also studied and reported. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1993年太湖流域的洪涝灾害及水利工程的作用

1993年汛期太湖最高水位高居建国以来的第3位,仅次于1991年和1954年,达到4.51m(平均水位,下同),局部地区发生了洪涝灾害。本文对1993年太湖流域汛期的雨情和水情做了论述,并对1993、1991、1954年三个典型大水年的降雨和洪水特征作了比较。同时,还对洪涝灾害和水利工程的作用进行分析。太湖流域的雨季一般为5—7月,但是1993年汛期的降雨在时间上的分布有些异常。降雨集中在8月,而河道最高水位则出现在8月下旬。降雨的空间分布有以下3个特征:(1)上游地区的降雨集中在浙西山区;(2)太湖湖区的降雨量很大;(3)下游地区的降雨集中在淀泖和杭嘉湖地区。淀泖和杭嘉湖地区一些水位站的实测河道水位,比发生大洪水的1991年还要高。发生洪涝灾害的原因可归纳为,上游地区洪水来量大,当地的降雨强度高,以及下游河道排水不畅通。为了改进防汛调度和完善治理规划,需要对不同典型洪水年份的降雨和洪水模式做进一步研究。     

Drought assessment using a multivariate drought index in the Luanhe River basin of Northern China

With climate change and the rapid increase in water demand, droughts, whose intensity, duration and frequency have shown an increasing trend in China over the past decades, are increasingly becoming a critical constraint to China’s sustainable socio-economic development, especially in Northern China, even more so. Therefore, it is essential to develop an appropriate drought assessment approach in China. To propose a suitable drought index for drought assessment, the Luanhe river basin in the northern China was selected as a case study site. Based on the Principal Component Analysis of precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and runoff, the three latter variables of which were obtained by using the Variable Infiltration Capacity land surface macro-scale hydrology model, a new multivariate drought index (MDI) was formulated, and its thresholds were determined by use of cumulative distribution function. To test the applicability of the newly developed index, the MDI, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the palmer drought severity index (PDSI) time series on a monthly scale were computed and compared during 1962–1963, 1968 and 1972 drought events. The results show that the MDI exhibited certain advantages over the PDSI and the SPI, i.e. better assessing drought severity and better reflecting drought evolution. The MDI formulated by this paper could provide a scientific basis for drought mitigation and management, and references for drought assessment elsewhere in China.     

Analysis of dry/wet conditions using the standardized precipitation index and its potential usefulness for drought/flood monitoring in Hunan Province, China

Local dry/wet conditions and extreme rainfall events are of great concern in regional water resource and disaster risk management. Extensive studies have been carried out to investigate the change of dry/wet conditions and the adaptive responses to extreme rainfall events within the context of climate change. However, applicable tools and their usefulness are still not sufficiently studied, and in Hunan Province, a major grain-producing area in China that has been frequently hit by flood and drought, relevant research is even more limited. This paper investigates the spatiotemporal variation of dry/wet conditions and their annual/seasonal trends in Hunan with the standardized precipitation index (SPI) at various time scales. Furthermore, to verify the potential usefulness of SPI for drought/flood monitoring, the correlation between river discharge and SPI at multiple time scales was examined, and the relation between extreme SPI and the occurrence of historical drought/flood events is explored. The results indicate that the upper reaches of the major rivers in Hunan Province have experienced more dry years than the middle and lower reaches over the past 57 years, and the region shows a trend of becoming drier in the spring and autumn seasons and wetter in the summer and winter seasons. We also found a strong correlation between river discharge and SPI series, with the maximum correlation coefficient occurred at the time scale of 2 months. SPI at different time scales may vary in its usefulness in drought/flood monitoring, and this highlights the need for a comprehensive consideration of various time scales when SPI is employed to monitor droughts and floods.     

强震前震源区附近地震学参数中期震兆标志研究

以1975年以来中国大陆6．0级以上地震震例作为研究对象，在一定的扫描时段和扫描半径等条件的约束下，选择了10种物理意义明确、独立性较强的测震学指标，对大陆西南、华北、西北3个研究区进行了强震前震源区附近地震学参数中期震兆标志研究，结果发现，西南研究区15个震例异常的平均对应率为0．8，华北研究区10个震例的异常的平均对应率为0．7，西北研究区18个震例异常的平均对应率为0．7。提取了中国大陆强震测震学指标分区预测标志，西南研究区为0．8，华北研究区为0．7，西北研究区为0．7。     

Integrating TRMM and MODIS satellite with socio-economic vulnerability for monitoring drought risk over a tropical region of India

Drought is a recurring feature of the climate, responsible for social and economic losses in India. In the present work, attempts were made to estimate the drought hazard and risk using spatial and temporal datasets of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in integration with socio-economic vulnerability. The TRMM rainfall was taken into account for trend analysis and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) estimation, with aim to investigate the changes in rainfall and deducing its pattern over the area. The SPI and average rainfall data derived from TRMM were interpolated to obtain the spatial and temporal pattern over the entire South Bihar of India, while the MODIS datasets were used to derive the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) deviation in the area. The Geographical Information System (GIS) is taken into account to integrate the drought vulnerability and hazard, in order to estimate the drought risk over entire South Bihar. The results indicated that approximately 36.90% area is facing high to very high drought risk over north-eastern and western part of South Bihar and need conservation measurements to combat this disaster.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics of droughts and floods in northeastern China and their impacts on agriculture

Heilongjiang Province is a major grain production base in China, and its agricultural development plays an important role in China’s social economy. Drought and flood events are the primary disasters in Heilongjiang Province and have considerable impacts on agriculture. In this study, relatively complete monthly precipitation data from 26 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province during the period of 1958–2013 were analyzed using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) combined with principal component analysis, Mann–Kendall trend analysis and Morlet wavelet analysis to determine the spatial and temporal distributions of drought and flood events in this province. The results were as follows: (1) the whole of Heilongjiang exhibited an aridity trend. In northern Heilongjiang, spring and summer experienced a wetting trend, and autumn and winter experienced an aridity trend. (2) The SPI3 exhibited 8- and 16-year periodic variation characteristics in spring, 10- and 22-year periodic variation characteristics in summer, and 10- and 32-year periodic variation characteristics in autumn. In addition to the 10-year periodic variation characteristics in winter, other periodic variation characteristics were observed. (3) The increasing trend in the percentage of stations affected by flood was more obvious than that affected by drought. Therefore, Heilongjiang Province is more vulnerable to flooding. (4) The influence of drought and flood disasters in Heilongjiang Province showed a growth trend, but the flood effect was more remarkable. (5) The agricultural area affected by drought and flood disasters in Heilongjiang Province showed an increasing trend. Although there was a greater increase in flood disaster area, the main types of disasters were drought-dominated.     

Drought projection based on a hybrid drought index using Artificial Neural Networks

The Tarim River Basin is a special endorheic arid drainage basin in Central Asia, characterized by limited rainfall and high evaporation as common in deserts, while water is supplied mainly by glacier and snow melt from the surrounding mountains. The existing drought indices can hardly capture the drought features in this region as droughts are caused by two dominant factors (meteorological and hydrological conditions). To overcome the problem, a new hybrid drought index (HDI), integrating the meteorological and hydrological drought regimes, was developed and tested in the basin in the work. The index succeeded in revealing the drought characteristics and the ensemble influence better than the single standardized precipitation index or the hydrological index. The Artificial Neural Network approach based on temperature and precipitation observations was set up to simulate the HDI change. The method enabled constructing scenarios of future droughts in the region using climate simulation of the GCMs under four RCP scenarios from the latest CMIP5 project. The simulations in the study have shown that the water budget patterns in the Tarim River Basin are more sensitive to temperature than to precipitation. Dominated by temperature rise causing an accelerating snow/glacier melt, the frequency of drought months is projected to decrease by about 14% in the next decades (until 2035). The drought duration is expected to be shortened to 3 months on average, with the severity alleviated. However, the region would still suffer more severe droughts with a high intensity in some years. The general decrease in drought frequency and intensity over the region in the future would be beneficial for water resources management and agriculture development in the oases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.