液化侧扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震研究进展

震害调查表明,强震下液化侧扩流场地桥梁桩基破坏严重。为此,国内外学者针对液化侧扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震问题开展了大量卓有成效的研究尝试。本文系统总结并评述了液化侧扩流场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用的基本规律、力学机理、荷载特征与失效机制及其影响因素等的研究成果,全面阐述了液化侧扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震方面的试验、分析方法与数值模拟技术的最新进展,并指出这类场地桩基抗震研究尚存在的主要问题与亟待解决的难题。这项工作对我国桥梁工程的抗震安全性具有重要意义,可供我国研究人员与工程师参考借鉴。     

可液化倾斜场地中桩基动力响应振动台试验研究

为研究倾斜场地中桩基的动力响应,以2011年新西兰地震中受损的Dallington桥为原型,设计并完成可液化倾斜场地桥梁桩-土相互作用的振动台模型试验。试验再现了喷砂、冒水、地裂缝、场地流滑等宏观现象。试验结果表明,土层足够的液化势及惯性是造成倾斜场地侧向流滑的必要条件;浅层土相比深层土更易液化,液化层中的加速度由下至上呈现逐渐衰减的趋势,而未液化砂土层却表现为逐渐增大的特征;深部测点的桩侧土压力明显大于浅部测点,且土体的液化会弱化土对结构的压力;结构应变最大值位于上部桥台,而结构弯矩在桩身中部及土层分界面附近出现两个较大值,桩端嵌固及倾斜场地流滑是造成出现两个弯矩较大值的主要原因。     

液化场地桩-土地震相互作用p-y曲线分析方法研究

目前,我国尚缺乏液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用分析的合理数值模型与简化分析方法。鉴于此,直接针对振动台试验,基于非线性文克尔地基梁模型,考虑桩周参振土的质量惯性力、上部结构的惯性力、土体辐射阻尼等效应,建立了液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用的p-y曲线分析模型,并给出相应的简化方法。针对振动台试验进行了0.1g El Centro波输入下的分析,验证了桩-土地震相互作用分析方法的正确性,并且推荐了计算参数的合理选取方法,可用于液化场地桩-土地震相互作用的分析。提出的液化场地桩-土地震相互作用p-y曲线简化分析方法,为实际桥梁桩基抗震设计与分析提供一定参考。     

液化场地桥梁群桩-土耦合体系强震反应分析

针对振动台试验,采用u-p形式控制方程表述饱和砂土的动力属性,选用土的多屈服面塑性本构模型刻画饱和砂土和黏土的力学特性,引入非线性梁-柱单元模拟桩,建立试验受控条件下液化场地群桩-土强震相互作用分析的三维有限元模型,并通过试验结果验证数值建模途径与模拟方法的正确性。以实际工程中常用的2×2群桩为例,建立桩-土-桥梁结构强震反应分析三维有限元模型。基于此,针对不同群桩基础配置对液化场地群桩-土强震相互作用影响展开具体分析。对比发现,桩的数量相同时,桩排列方向与地震波输入方向平行时比垂直时桩基受力减小5%~10%,而对场地液化情况无明显影响;相同排列形式下,三桩模型中土体出现液化的时间约比双桩模型延缓5s,桩上弯矩和剪力减小33%~38%。由此可见,桩基数量增加,桩-土体系整体刚度更大,场地抗液化性能显著,桩基对上部桥梁结构的承载性能明显增强,其安全性与可靠性更高。这对实际桥梁工程抗震设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

双向地震作用下液化水平和倾斜场地-桩基-桥梁结构地震反应的差异研究

根据已经完成的液化侧向扩展场地-群桩基础-上部结构体系大型振动台试验,在有限元软件OpenSees中建立了可液化倾斜场地振动台试验的有限元模型。通过与试验结果对比,验证了数值模型的可靠性。基于此,建立了典型水平和倾斜液化场地-桩基-桥梁结构体系的数值模型,讨论了双向地震作用下水平和倾斜场地体系地震响应的差异,结果表明:相比水平场地,倾斜场地超孔隙水压力在峰值阶段波动幅度更大,土体的侧向位移增加明显,尤其是在饱和砂土中部位置;倾斜场地中桩基础的破坏程度更大,可液化层中部桩基曲率最大可增大约13倍,桩身水平位移显著增加;而水平场地桥墩曲率比倾斜场地桥墩曲率大,建议在液化场地桩基设计中应考虑场地倾斜带来的影响。      

液化场地桥梁群桩基抗震分析简化方法

基于已完成的液化场地土—桩—桥梁结构地震相互作用振动台试验,利用两步法、等效单桩法,建立了液化场地群桩基础抗震分析的动力非线性文克尔地基梁模型。该模型考虑了桩—土相互作用的影响。首先,按照等刚度原则将群桩简化为等效单桩;其次,选用弹簧元件和阻尼原件并联的宏单元模拟桩—土动力相互作用;然后,计算地震作用下自由场地的土体位移和孔压比;最后,将地震作用下自由场地土体位移和孔压比作为模型的外部激励,计算桩的动力反应规律。将简化方法计算结果与液化场地桥梁桩基振动台试验结果进行对比发现,两者吻合较好,验证了简化方法的正确性。     

桩-土相互作用弹簧对倾斜液化场地-群桩-上部结构体系的影响

桩-土-上部结构体系的动力相互作用是一个复杂的过程,尤其是在倾斜液化侧向扩展流动（侧扩流）场地中,由于地震过程中场地产生地面永久大变形,桩土间有可能产生错动滑移与开裂等非线性反应,因此桩-土相互作用模拟至关重要。为了探究桩-土非线性接触对倾斜液化场地-群桩基础-上部结构体系动力响应的影响,本文基于OpenSees分别建立了考虑桩-土相互作用弹簧和桩土结点之间直接绑定的有限元数值模型。结果表明：考虑桩-土相互作用Pyliq弹簧时,土体加速度幅值略微降低,桩基对土体的约束明显变弱,土体残余位移增大。同时,具有Pyliq弹簧的模型能较好地模拟桩的曲率响应,而采用桩土结点直接绑定的模型高估了桩顶曲率,进而无法准确估计桩基抗弯最不利位置。桩-土相互作用弹簧对上部结构动力响应的影响较小。     

可液化场地桥梁桩基改进m值法研究

为了合理分析可液化场地桥梁桩基侧向承载力进行了改进m值法的研究。基于振动台试验和m值法,建立了桩-土相互作用体系有限元分析模型;引入反映可液化砂层侧向承载力衰减状态的孔压比指标值Ru;将不同时刻对应墩顶配重惯性力作为体系外部激励施加于墩顶;通过不断试算液化过程中砂土的m值,保证桩的弯矩计算值与试验值吻合较好。建立了考虑孔压比效应的砂土m值衰减因子p与Ru之间关系式。最后,推荐给出可液化场地桥梁桩基侧向承载性能分析的改进m值法。     

地震作用下碎石桩场地侧向位移规律研究

基于OpenSees有限元软件建立液化场地-碎石桩动力相互作用模型和液化自由场地模型,将两类模型的场地孔隙水压力和侧向位移反应进行对比分析,揭示碎石桩加固液化场地机理及规律,并分析场地倾角和碎石桩渗透系数对碎石桩抵抗液化自由场地侧向位移的影响规律。研究结果表明,渗透性较高的碎石桩可加快孔隙水压力的消散,减弱场地液化程度,进而减小场地侧向位移;当场地倾角较大时,随着场地倾角的持续增大,碎石桩抵抗液化自由场地侧向位移的效果逐渐减弱;碎石桩渗透系数较小时,提高碎石桩渗透系数可显著减小液化场地侧向位移,当渗透系数增至一定程度时,碎石桩渗透系数对液化场地侧向位移的影响较小。     

液化微倾场地群桩-土动力相互作用p-y曲线特性

基于OpenSees计算软件建立液化微倾场地群桩-土动力相互作用有限元模型,分析液化微倾场地饱和砂土p-y曲线特性,系统研究了场地倾斜角度、桩径、地震作用幅值和基桩位置对饱和砂土动力p-y曲线特性影响。研究表明:土体即将液化时,桩基土反力达到峰值;土体液化后,土体表现出了流体特性;土反力峰值、桩土相对位移峰值和初始刚度随场地倾斜角度增加而增大;桩径越大,液化砂土的耗能效应越明显;随着地震作用幅值的增加,桩土相对位移峰值和土反力峰值也随之增加;液化微倾场地上坡桩受到的土体侧向流动力大于下坡桩。     

A Study of Piles during Earthquakes: Issues of Design and Analysis

The seismic response of pile foundations is a very complex process involving inertial interaction between structure and pile foundation, kinematic interaction between piles and soils, seismically induced pore-water pressures (PWP) and the non-linear response of soils to strong earthquake motions. In contrast, very simple pseudo-static methods are used in engineering practice to determine response parameters for design. These methods neglect several of the factors cited above that can strongly affect pile response. Also soil–pile interaction is modelled using either linear or non-linear springs in a Winkler computational model for pile response. The reliability of this constitutive model has been questioned. In the case of pile groups, the Winkler model for analysis of a single pile is adjusted in various ways by empirical factors to yield a computational model for group response. Can the results of such a simplified analysis be adequate for design in all situations?The lecture will present a critical evaluation of general engineering practice for estimating the response of pile foundations in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils during earthquakes. The evaluation is part of a major research study on the seismic design of pile foundations sponsored by a Japanese construction company with interests in performance based design and the seismic response of piles in reclaimed land. The evaluation of practice is based on results from field tests, centrifuge tests on model piles and comprehensive non-linear dynamic analyses of pile foundations consisting of both single piles and pile groups. Studies of particular aspects of pile–soil interaction were made. Piles in layered liquefiable soils were analysed in detail as case histories show that these conditions increase the seismic demand on pile foundations. These studies demonstrate the importance of kinematic interaction, usually neglected in simple pseudo-static methods. Recent developments in designing piles to resist lateral spreading of the ground after liquefaction are presented. A comprehensive study of the evaluation of pile cap stiffness coefficients was undertaken and a reliable method of selecting the single value stiffnesses demanded by mainstream commercial structural software was developed. Some other important findings from the study are: the relative effects of inertial and kinematic interactions between foundation and soil on acceleration and displacement spectra of the super-structure; a method for estimating whether inertial interaction is likely to be important or not in a given situation and so when a structure may be treated as a fixed based structure for estimating inertial loads; the occurrence of large kinematic moments when a liquefied layer or naturally occurring soft layer is sandwiched between two hard layers; and the role of rotational stiffness in controlling pile head displacements, especially in liquefiable soils. The lecture concludes with some recommendations for practice that recognize that design, especially preliminary design, will always be based on simplified procedures.     

Modelling of raked pile foundations in liquefiable ground

Raked piles are believed to behave better than vertical piles in a laterally flowing liquefied ground. This paper aims at numerically simulating the response of raked pile foundations in liquefying ground through nonlinear finite element analysis. For this purpose, the OpenSees computer package was used. A range of sources have been adopted in the definition of model components whose validity is assessed against case studies presented in literature. Experimental and analytical data confirmed that the backbone force density–displacement (p–y) curve simulating lateral pile response is of acceptable credibility for both vertical and raked piles. A parametric investigation on fixed-head piles subject to lateral spreading concluded that piles exhibiting positive inclination impart lower moment demands at the head while those inclined negatively perform better at liquefaction boundaries (relative to vertical piles). Further studies reveal substantial axial demand imposed upon negatively inclined members due to the transfer of gravity and ground-induced lateral forces axially down the pile. Extra care must be taken in the design of such members in soils susceptible to lateral spreading such that compressive failure (i.e. pile buckling) is avoided.     

A critical review of methods for pile design in seismically liquefiable soils

Collapse and/or severe damage to pile-supported structures are still observed in liquefiable soils after most major earthquakes. Poor performance of pile foundations remains a great concern to the earthquake engineering community. This review paper compares and contrasts the two plausible theories on pile failure in liquefiable soils. The well established theory of pile failure is based on a flexural mechanism; where the lateral loads on the pile (due to inertia and/or lateral spreading) induce bending failure. This theory is well researched in the recent past and assumes that piles are laterally loaded beams. A more recent theory based on buckling instability treats the piles as laterally unsupported slender columns in liquefiable soils and investigates the buckling instability (bifurcation). The objective of this paper is to investigate the implications to practical pile foundation design that flow from both these theories. Provisions for design made by major international codes of practice for pile design including the Japanese Highway Code (JRA) will be considered. The necessity for such codes to consider alternative forms of failure mechanisms such as the buckling instability of piles in liquefied ground will be discussed. S. Bhattacharya–Previously Departmental Lecturer in Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK and Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford. S. P. G. Madabhushi–Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge.     

桩基础抗震性能的简易评价方法

桩基础的抗震性能可从承载力和变形两方面来评价.承载力可考虑地震时作用于结构上的荷载组合,多采用拟静力法进行分析,不同因素变异的影响可用概率分析或可靠度方法予以考虑.变形分析多为按承载力设计之后的校核,其中地震力和土体参数以及地质条件等因素影响可分别加以评估.本文着重阐明基于一维波动方程和概率分析的桩基抗震性能实用分析方法,并以桥梁桩基础为例进行讨论,其中考虑的关键因素为设计地震加速度、测站记录、基桩尺寸及其配筋率.研究表明,当土层液化可忽略时最大弯矩会发生在桩顶,故增加桩顶延性可有效提升桩基础的抗震性能.     

考虑冲刷作用效应桥梁桩基地震易损性分析

冲刷造成桩周土体的剥蚀将会削弱土体对桩基的侧向支撑能力,冲刷效应会对桥梁桩基的地震易损性产生影响,因此有必要对冲刷和地震共同作用下桥梁桩基的易损性进行研究。利用SAP2000软件建立三维桥梁有限元模型,通过非线性时程分析得到桥梁桩基地震响应峰值。采用概率性地震需求分析方法,建立不同冲刷深度下桥梁桩基地震易损性模型,在地震易损性函数假设为对数正态分布函数的基础上,通过回归分析得到概率模型中的参数,进而得到不同冲刷深度下桥梁桩基在不同破坏状态所对应的地震易损性曲线,并分析冲刷深度对桩基破坏概率的影响。研究结果表明:随着冲刷深度的增加,桥梁桩基在地震作用下的破坏概率显著增加。     

关于抗震设计规范与地震动区划图的有关探讨

本文总结了国内外桥梁抗震设计规范和建筑结构抗震设计规范的设计思想和设计方法,介绍了我国和美国地震动参数区划图的发展和现状,对比分析了抗震规范使用地震区划图的情况。针对我国抗震设计规范和地震动参数区划图的现状,提出了两条建议：（1）地震动参数区划图编制部门应直接提供多水准的地震动参数区划图;（2）抗震设计规范应彻底抛弃设防烈度概念,以地震重现期取代原地震危险程度标示方法。     

某桥梁桩基础的抗震计算研究

当前桩基础的抗震设计仅采取构造措施来保证其抗震性能,有可能会过高或过低地估计桩基础的抗震性能。针对某桥梁桩基础的抗震设计,建立全桥的三维有限元模型,计算在桩-土-结构共同工作情况下桩基础的地震响应,通过输入不同地震波来进行对比分析,并对结果进行复核,得出:(1)桩身内力响应与所输入地震动的频谱特性有关,桩身沿横桥方向的内力最大;(2)对于该场地的桥梁桩基础,桩-土-结构共同工作的有限元分析结果与m法结果差别不大;(3)当承台埋深为0时,桩身内力基本都偏大,要对承台侧土体做相应的加固处理。     

液化场地桥梁足尺桩抗震简化分析方法

采用国际VELACS项目中离心机试验标定的内华达砂的动力计算参数,建立液化场地足尺桩-土动力相互作用分析的三维有限元模型;获得不同幅值的正弦波作用下桩-土动力相互作用的p-y曲线,修正并发展一种可用于液化场地桩-土动力相互作用分析的宏单元模型,并基于非线性文克尔地基梁模型建立桥梁足尺桩抗震分析的数值模型与简化方法,通过有限元分析结果验证该简化方法的正确性。     

长周期地震波的研究进展

长周期地震波的研究对自振周期较长的大型结构的抗震设计具有重要意义。目前国内外主要的长周期地震波分析方法大致可分为两类:经验统计方法和地震学中的震源模型方法,通过对这两类方法的研究现状和适用范围的分析,提出了在地震动长周期的研究和应用中有待解决的关键问题。为了将长周期分析方法应用于大跨结构的抗震设计,还介绍了我国现有的抗震设计规范谱中对长周期部分的修正方法。