珠江河口沉积物粒度特征及其对底层水动力环境的指示

珠江口伶仃洋及邻近海域沉积物粒级变化大。频率分布曲线形态的变化揭示了珠江河口不同区域泥沙来源的差异。在平面分布上,粗粒级含量从西北部和北部向东南部迅速降低,而细粒级含量高值往往出现在河口中部。表层沉积物平均粒径梯度变化方向与珠江口悬浮物的运移方向大致吻合。反演获得的底层海流不同区域的优势速度与实测资料相符。两者较好地指示了沉积物多年平均优势海流速度和方向,表明利用沉积物粒度数据比较成功地反演出了珠江口沉积物推积前的搬运水动力环境。     

基于图像测速的薄壁堰流表面流场测量方法

针对薄壁堰流水面落差大、流速沿程变化剧烈的特点,提出一种测量堰流表面三维流场的有效方法。该方法基于双相机共面法重构水面形态（无需对相机进行复杂的内外参数标定）和大尺度粒子图像测速技术（LSPIV）测量二维流场,通过相机像平面与水面之间的空间映射关系,将像平面的二维流场数据逆投影至世界坐标系下已知坐标点的切平面上,解算出三维表面流场。该方法应用于薄壁堰流试验,有效重构了堰流三维表面形态及流场,其初步结果表明,堰流的流向速度在自由泄流长度范围内先增加后减小,转折点大致在自由泄流长度中间位置;在该位置之后,垂向流速占主导;同时该方法可行,计算结果合理。     

河口海岸桥隧工程设计流速推算

跨海桥隧工程设计需要推算工程位置不同重现期设计流速,由于现场缺乏长期实测流速资料,设计流速推算存在很大困难。研究提出了采用不同重现期典型风暴潮过程推算河口海岸设计流速的数值模拟方法,对河口地区考虑洪水径流与风暴潮流的耦合。在依据澳门验潮站1925—2003年实测潮位资料分析珠江口海域风暴潮过程特征的基础上,结合潮位和潮差年极值频率分析结果构建了不同重现期典型风暴潮潮型。采用平面二维水动力数学模型模拟了不同重现期风暴潮和上游一般洪水组合条件下珠江口水域的流场,得出港珠澳大桥沿线各控制点处设计流速。     

沐官岛水库蓄水初期盐分运移数值模拟

沐官岛水库是一个拟建的河口海湾水库,库底为富含咸水的潮滩沉积物。这一特殊的地质及水环境条件直接关系到水库未来的水质安全和正常的调度运行,所以必须准确地确定水库水体中盐分空间分布这一关键问题。本文依据现场调查、钻探及室内实验资料,通过垂直方向线性插值技术,建立了沐官岛水库蓄水初期盐分运移准三维模型,模拟了水库蓄水初期在内源盐分释放影响下,库水盐分的演化过程。结果表明:若遇平水年开始蓄水,当蓄水至1.5m时,该层含盐量在平面上的变化范围主要在0.30~1.30g/L之间;当蓄水至4.5m时,该层含盐量在平面上的变化范围主要在0.30~1.55g/L。     

抽水地面沉降模型研究的回顾与展望

本文综合了地面沉降机理及最近几十年来用于模拟抽取地下水所致地面沉降的数学模型,分析了一维垂直渗流一垂直固结模型、三维水流模型一垂直固结的准三维模型(两步模型)和考虑孔隙水压力变化和土体变形的祸合效应的完全祸合模型,论述了每种类型模型的主要特点、不足,指出三维渗流和三维变形的祸合模型是地面沉降模型进一步研究的方向和将会面对的困难。     

河网海湾水动力联网数学模型

在一维显式、二维隐式水动力联网数学模型的基础上,建立了一种一维、二维全隐河网海湾水动力联网数学模型。该一维河网模型采用Preissmann四点隐式格式,用节点水位控制法进行数值计算,二维海湾模型采用改进型双向隐式(DSI)法进行数值求解。在河口一维、二维连接处,水力因子通过接口断面法传递,无需重叠一个一维河段来传递水力因子,避免了口门处二维网格需取较小尺度的问题。模型在珠江三角洲河网及横门、洪奇沥口门海域做了检验,验证结果表明,建立的河网海湾水动力联网数学模型是可行的,可以用于河网、河口治理工程的数值研究。     

直流电阻率测深中二维与三维反演结果的对比与分析

直流电阻率测深中,用二维反演程序对三维地质体进行了反演,并与三维反演结果进行对比和分析.首先,对比二维和三维最小二乘反演在正演模拟算法和先验信息的确定方法;然后,对若干比较典型的模型进行反演实例对比.由于二维程序反演仅考虑单个剖面的电阻率信息,无论是在异常位置、形态及电阻率特性上,其反演精度都比较低;三维电阻率反演综合了多个测深剖面的电阻率信息,其结果与实际模型吻合得非常好.     

西湖总磷浓度对引水配置布局的响应

根据实测资料,分析了西湖原有引水配置布局变化使得全湖总磷浓度趋于均匀化的效果。建立了西湖平面二维水动力水质数值模型,对西湖实测总磷浓度的平面分布进行了验证,在此基础上对西湖多个进水、出水口的布局和不同引水方案引起的西湖水域流场及总磷浓度改善效果做了预测分析。     

长江江苏段的水质模拟

将以有限控制体积法(FVM)为基础的二维水流-水质模型应用于长江江苏段流场和浓度场模拟,结果表明:该二维模型是合理的、可靠的和有效的,FVM配合通量向量分裂格式(FVS)是一种高解析度的数值方法。此外,根据流场和浓度场4个特征时刻的分布特点,确定了污染带的最大范围,得到了各排污口排放量与污染带长度之间的相关关系。     

基于平面地质图的地质体三维建模

文章针对大尺度研究区域勘探范围有限、不能直接基于勘探数据构建区域地质体三维结构模型的问题,提出了一种以平面地质图为研究对象的地质体三维建模方法。此方法以平面地质图为基础,利用Section软件在DEM模型(数字高程模型)约束下半自动绘制一系列图切剖面图,将二维剖面映射到三维空间,利用三维剖面上轮廓线的对应性和连续性构建地质体三维模型。通过广西东平地区地质体三维模型构建实例,验证了该方法的可行性。     

Production patterns in Massachusetts Bay with outfall relocation

On September 6, 2000, the sewage outfall at the mouth of Boston Harbor was relocated 15 km offshore to alleviate pollution in Boston Harbor. The expected responses for nutrients and water column productivity parameters were for values to decrease at Boston Harbor, to increase at the outfall location, and to remain unchanged at the boundary of the near field region within 5 km of the outfall. Average values ofr water column measurements from 1992 to 2004 indicated these general responses with some exceptions. At the Harbor, nutrients decreased and chlorophyll increased but¹⁴C primary productivity remained statistically unchanged. At the new outfall location and at the boundary of the near field, nutrients increased and chlorophyll increased but primary productivity remained unchanged. Physical factors affecting primary production, such as pring water temperature, stratification, and wind, had more affects on productivity patters than nutrients from outfall relocation in the near field. A decrease in summer zooplankton after outfall relocation appeared to be due to a region-wide rather than outfall effluents.     

A Simple Algorithm for Sequentially Incorporating Gravity Observations in Seismic Traveltime Tomography

The geologic structure of the Earth's upper crust can be revealed by modeling variation in seismic arrival times and in potential field measurements. We demonstrate a simple method for sequentially satisfying seismic traveltime and observed gravity residuals in an iterative 3-D inversion. The algorithm is portable to any seismic analysis method that uses a gridded representation of velocity structure. Our technique calculates the gravity anomaly resulting from a velocity model by converting to density with Gardner's rule. The residual between calculated and observed gravity is minimized by weighted adjustments to the model velocity-depth gradient where the gradient is steepest and where seismic coverage is least. The adjustments are scaled by the sign and magnitude of the gravity residuals, and a smoothing step is performed to minimize vertical streaking. The adjusted model is then used as a starting model in the next seismic traveltime iteration. The process is repeated until one velocity model can simultaneously satisfy both the gravity anomaly and seismic traveltime observations within acceptable misfits. We test our algorithm with data gathered in the Puget Lowland of Washington state, USA (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound [SHIPS] experiment). We perform resolution tests with synthetic traveltime and gravity observations calculated with a checkerboard velocity model using the SHIPS experiment geometry, and show that the addition of gravity significantly enhances resolution. We calculate a new velocity model for the region using SHIPS traveltimes and observed gravity, and show examples where correlation between surface geology and modeled subsurface velocity structure is enhanced.     

温度和盐度分层流的数值模拟

以N-S方程和k-ε湍流模型为基础,针对水温和盐度分层流的流动特性,考虑了浮力对紊动的影响,建立了温度和盐度分层流的k-ε模型,对同时存在温度和盐度梯度的一类密度分层流进行了数值模拟计算,其中紊动平均量控制方程中的紊动项是由k-ε紊流模型计算,给出了速度、温度和盐度的分布。计算结果正确地反映了分层及紊动特征,与实测结果吻合较好。     

温度探测土坝圆柱状集中渗漏模型研究

渗漏是堤坝破坏主要形式之一，只有确定渗漏发生的确切位置和集中渗漏通道的大小和强度，才能对其有效治理。本文基于渗流和渗漏情况下堤坝温度场特征及温度示踪基本原理，对复杂的实际问题进行科学简化合理假设，把集中渗漏通道简化为圆柱状并作为边界条件，结合钻孔探测温度实际，运用稳定热传导理论，建立了圆柱状堤坝渗漏温度示踪模型。利用测井温度曲线的最大异常温度，该模型可以计算渗漏通道的位置，渗漏通道大小，流速等参数。工程实践表明，对于垂向流速较小的地下水渗漏进行温度场示踪是有效的方法。     

3-D Crustal Velocity Structure from Inversion of Local Earthquake Data in Attiki (Central Greece) Region

Three-dimensional velocity structure of the upper crust was determined by inversionof P-wave travel times in the region of Attiki Prefecture (Greece), located at the eastern part of the Greek mainland, which is traditionally considered as an area of low seismicity. An earthquake of Ms = 5.9 occurred there, on September 7, 1999, causing extensive damage in the metropolitan area of Athens. A two-step tomographic procedure was applied to investigate the 3-D crustal velocity structure. The data set consisted of travel time residuals of 466 very well located earthquakes. In order to improve the initial velocity model, before the inversion of the data, a `minimum 1-D' initial velocity model was obtained and, therefore, for the first time a reliable velocity model for the region was derived. Theresults show that the velocity distribution is influenced rather from the geology than the seismotectonic regime of the region. At shallow depths (less than 4 km) the velocity increases gradually with respect to the depth without any sharp variation. On the contrary, the lateral variation of velocity seems to be affected from the geological regime of the region. The low velocities at this depth seem to be typical for sedimentary basins, likethose of the investigated region. At deeper layers (larger than 5 km) a different picture is obtained where both the lateral and vertical velocity variations are sharply pronounced. At the depth of 8.5 km, the aftershock area is covered by relatively low velocities, while a region of higher velocity covers the central part of Attiki almost coinciding with the transition zone between the Pelagonian and Attico-Cycladic massifs. Finally, the influence of the geological regime is well expressed by a high velocity anomaly, which is predominant beneath the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic basement of the investigated region.     

Crustal seismic velocity in the Marche region (Central Italy): computation of a minimum 1-D model with seismic station corrections

A 1-D velocity model for the Marche region (Central Italy) was computed by inverting P- and S-wave arrival times of local earthquakes. A total of 160 seismic events with a minimum of ten observations, a travel time residual ≤0.8 s and an azimuthal gap lower than 180° have been selected. This “minimum 1-D velocity model” is complemented by station corrections, which can be used to take into account possible near-surface velocity heterogeneities beneath each station. Using this new P-wave velocity model and the program HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr 1999), the selected local events were relocated. Earthquake locations in this study are of higher quality with respect to the original ones. The obtained minimum 1-D velocity model can be used to improve the routine earthquake locations and represents a further step towards more detailed seismotectonic studies of the area.     

典型有机物在饱气带土和地下水中迁移的影响因素研究

研究区位于河北省保定市东部排污渠旁,是一处有近40年污水灌溉历史的农田,灌溉用污水主要为保定天鹅化纤有限公司和保定钞票纸厂排放的污水,主要种植农作物为小麦、玉米。饱气带厚度2.4~2.7 m,饱气带土以粉质粘土为主。通过分析距排污渠不同距离、不同深度的土样有机物的测试分析结果,选择苯、甲苯、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、苯并[a]芘为典型污染物,从饱气带土的物理与化学特征、5种有机物的物理化学特征、地下水的动力条件角度,分析了典型有机物在饱气带土与地下水中迁移的影响因素。     

苦草对水流结构的影响研究

为研究沉水植被对水流结构的影响,以苦草为对象,利用实验室水槽实验研究了含淹没水生植被水流时均流速、雷诺应力及紊动能的垂向分布特征。受苦草冠层的影响,时均流速在冠顶以上呈对数分布,且随着流量的增加,冠层倾伏高度降低,对数剖面愈加明显;冠层内部,由于冠层阻流面积在垂向分布上的差异,冠层内时均流速出现逆梯度分布,且在床面附近出现局部流速最大值。雷诺应力在冠顶附近达到最大值,并向水面与床底方向逐渐减小;受逆流速梯度的影响,冠层内部雷诺应力出现负值以及局部最大值。雷诺应力产生的剪切紊动使得紊动能在冠顶处最大,并向水面与床底进行垂向传输;受紊动传输距离的限制,冠层底部以叶片后产生的尾流紊动为主,紊动能较小。     

共聚焦点道集偏移速度建模

偏移速度建模可在多种道集实现.基于等时原理和差异时移分析,提出了共聚焦点道集偏移速度建模方法.偏移速度的更新是利用约束参数迭代反演实现,模型的参数化主要依据实际情况而定.为适应横向变速,选用了垂直速度梯度参数.模型试算表明:偏移速度相对误差在0.25%范围内,反射层深度误差小于10m.     

地面磁梯度测量在勘查地下污水管道中的应用

利用在辽宁某地区实测的垂直磁梯度数据,采用欧拉反褶积方法对地下异常情况进行处理和解释。正演研究表明,理论计算获得的磁梯度比实测磁总场的灵敏度高,结合磁梯度数据和欧拉反演方法可以进行较为复杂地形的解释。通过将计算获得的磁梯度异常与实测磁梯度异常对比,后者对地质体的分辨率更高。对地面垂直磁梯度数据进行反演,结果表明:该方法能够准确地确定地下污水管道的边界和埋深。