黄土中水分迁移规律现场试验研究

黄土地区降雨诱发滑坡是不争的事实,但黄土地区地下水位很深,降雨入渗地面后如何运移,与地下水有无直接联系,目前还不是很清楚。为此设计了人工滴水试验模拟天然降雨条件,通过在一深度为10 m的探井井壁上埋设土壤水分计,观测人工滴水入渗过程中不同深度土体含水率随时间的变化情况,以确定其入渗影响深度。监测结果显示：降雨量为3.82 mm/d (小雨)时,0.5 m内土体含水率变化明显,0.5 m以下土层含水率几乎没有变化;降雨量为10.31 mm/d(中雨)时,1 m内土体含水率有所增加;降雨量达25.21 mm/d(大雨)时,1 m内土体含水率增长明显,1.0～1.6 m范围内有微弱增长;随着深度增加,土体含水率变化逐渐滞后,增幅逐渐减小。这说明在干旱的黄土地区,若无明显入水通道,短期内降雨的入渗深度有限,很难到达地下水位;但深部古土壤层的观测结果表明,即使在其上部黄土中含水率变化极其微弱的情况下,古土壤中的含水率上升明显,表明黄土中非饱和渗流或水汽迁移是存在的。通过试验还表明,陇东黄土高原地区土壤中水分循环主要发生在浅层0.7 m以内的蒸发带。降雨入渗到蒸发带以内,若无后续降雨补给,则向上蒸发排泄;若入渗至蒸发带以下,则不受蒸发影响,得以继续向下迁移;当遇到不透水面时,会在层面附近富集,有限元模拟也较好地反映了这一规律。     

降雨蒸发作用下膨胀土湿热和裂隙特性室内模拟试验

以广西白色强膨胀土为研究对象,对有、无植被覆盖的膨胀土样进行蒸发、降雨再蒸发试验,研究降雨、蒸发过程对膨胀土湿热和裂隙拓展特性的影响。结果表明,植被覆盖土样表面的反射量比无植被覆盖土样小100 W/m2左右,土样表面温差小5～6 ℃。无植被覆盖土样经历降雨过程后,在相同蒸发条件下,土样表面裂隙率由1.28%增加到3.82%,表层土体累计脱湿量由3.42%增加到11.17%,脱湿速率由0.59%/d增加到1.44%/d,表层土体温度变化平均值由13.1 ℃增加到14.9 ℃。可见,降雨、蒸发过程使得土体水量变化加大,水分迁移速率增加,温度变化加剧,土体趋于破碎。植被覆盖土样经历降雨过程后,在相同蒸发条件下,土样表面并未出现明显裂隙,表层土体累计脱湿量由3.16%变为2.36%,脱湿速率由0.58%/d变为0.37%/d,表层土体温度变化平均值由0.58 ℃变为0.37 ℃。可见,短期降雨、蒸发过程对植被覆盖下膨胀土的持水能力影响不大。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯西北土壤水流动示踪实验及自流井群补给源讨论

降水模拟实验证明,鄂尔多斯北部沙土层单次降水入渗最大深度小于1 m,降水在土壤中受到蒸发后排泄到大气中。实验证实,只有当土壤含水率达到最大田间持水率,吸附在土颗粒表面的薄膜水才能克服电磁引力转化为重力水,在重力的作用下继续下渗。鄂尔多斯北部的年降水量小而蒸发量大,降水入渗土壤不能形成累积效应,无法形成连续下渗的重力水流。同位素示踪分析表明,土壤水主要来源于地下潜水,结合土壤含水率与TDS分析证实,地下水是通过薄膜水与蒸发-凝结方式补给到土壤水中,薄膜水从高温区向低温区流动,对于等温的薄膜水而言,薄膜水从厚层向薄层流动。同位素分析表明,都思兔河流域的河水、泉水、井水、湖泊、土壤水接受相同的外源水补给。鄂尔多斯盆地降水比地表水与地下水明显富集重同位素,不符合补给区降水同位素特征。鄂尔多斯盆地地下水分水岭与基底断裂带重合,据此推断,外源水以深循环方式通过基底断裂带补给鄂尔多斯盆地,在干旱地区形成自流井群。     

Impact of water overexploitation on highland lakes of eastern Ethiopia

The eastern Ethiopian highland is endowed with large potential of water resources in terms of rainfall, groundwater and surface water. Yet, due to overpumping of lake water and groundwater and environmental degradation, Lakes Haromaya and Adele have completely dried up. The environmental degradation, due to deforestation and clearing of land for farming, has increased the rate of siltation in the lakes that dramatically decreases the lakes’ volume and surface albedo, which increased the rate of evaporation. The impact of these factors is aggravated due to decreasing net recharge to the lake and the alluvial aquifer. Over the last 35 years, pumping of lake water for irrigation, mainly for subsistence farming, domestic and industrial use shows an increasing trend. Hence, the available water for drinking and industrial purposes decreased drastically. In this research, classical Penman aerodynamic combined energy budget, Penman nomogram methods, conventional soil moisture water balance method and Penman–Monteith model were adopted to estimate free evaporation, actual and potential evapotranspirations. The results indicate that evaporation is the dominant factor for the loss of water and water abstraction is 316% higher than the effective precipitation, which is 110 mm/year. Therefore, overexploitation of the available resources has played an aggravating role for the loss of the lakes in the area. The main cause for such resource depletion is the lack of integrated water resources management strategies. The current water shortage in the area has mainly affected urban residents of Harar, Awoday and Alemaya towns and the surrounding villages, which depend heavily on the two lakes. To alleviate the current crises interbasin water transfer and rainwater harvesting would be possible alternatives besides ameliorating environmental situation of the basin.     

典型岩溶山坡土壤剖面水分对降雨响应过程研究

为揭示岩溶石山山坡降雨入渗补给机制,选取典型岩溶石山山坡土壤剖面为研究对象,于2015年7-10月期间对不同深度土壤水分进行高分辨率连续监测,研究典型场雨条件下土壤剖面水分对降雨的响应过程,分析土壤剖面水分的动态变化规律及其可能影响因素。研究结果表明:土壤剖面水分对降雨的响应受前期土壤含水量、降雨量、降雨强度的影响,还与土壤所处的地形地貌有关;表层土壤水分对首次次降雨响应的滞后时间与前期土壤含水量有关,响应时间在0.5~4.75 h之间,旱季响应时间比雨季长;降雨阈值是引起土壤水分降雨响应的重要条件,旱季6 mm降雨量是土壤水分响应的降雨阈值。当降雨量补充土壤水分亏缺后,土壤剖面水分对降雨响应迅速,响应时间最小为0.25 h,不同深度土壤水分对降雨的响应时间一致,说明下层土壤水分可能受到优先流或侧向径流补给影响。土壤含水量的变化幅度随土层深度的增加而减小,不同深度土壤水分变化主要受土壤-大气界面、土壤-植被、土壤-基岩界面控制下的气候条件、植被蒸散发和介质渗透性差异影响。      

耕层土壤含水量消长规律分析

利用濉溪县耕层土壤含水量和同期观测的降水量、蒸发量资料分析表明:耕层土壤含水量的消长与基期土壤含水量、期间降水量和蒸发量呈多元直线相关关系,其中耕层土壤含水量增加量主要取决于基期土壤含水量的高低和降水量的多少;土壤含水量减少量主要取决于蒸发量的多少和基期土壤含水量的高低。耕层土壤相对含水量在50%～65%之间,需降水或补充灌溉15.9～82.3mm的水量。降水效力与基期土壤含水量和降水量呈多元指数曲线关系,蒸发效力与基期土壤含水量呈指数曲线关系。耕层土壤含水量的消退呈“快—缓慢—滞缓”的变化过程。使耕层相对含水量达到80%以上的一次降水(过程)过后,连续9.2～39.6d无降水耕层相对含水量尚可维持在60%以上。     

Response of hydrothermal activity in different types of soil at ground surface to rainfall in permafrost region

In order to understand the hydrothermal activity mechanism of active layers to rainfall in permafrost regions caused by humidification of climate, the differences of ground surface energy balance and hydrothermal activity in different types of shallow soil with the consideration of rainfall were discussed. Based on the meteorological data in 2013 observed at Beiluhe observation station of Tibet Plateau, three types of shallow ground soil (i.e., sandy soil, sandy loam and silty clay) were selected to compare the differences in the water content and energy balance at the ground surface, dynamic processes of water and energy transport in active layers and coupling mechanism under rainfall condition in the plateau using a coupled water-vapor-heat transport model. The results show that the increase of soil particle size leads to the increase of surface net radiation and latent heat of evaporation, but the decrease of soil heat flux. The difference of surface energy balance, especially the sensible heat flux and latent heat of evaporation, are larger in the warm season but smaller in the cold season. The liquid water transport under hydraulic gradient and the water-vapor transport under thermal gradient are obvious as the particle size in soil increases. However, the water-vapor flux under thermal gradient increases but the liquid water flux under hydraulic potential gradient decreases. As a result, the water content in shallow soil decreases accordingly but it increases slightly at the depth of 25 ~75 cm. Moreover, with the increase of soil particle size, the thermal conductivity of soil, convective heat transfer under rainfall and surface evaporation increase, but the soil heat conduction flux and soil temperature gradient decrease. Thus, soil temperature in sandy soil is much higher than that of sandy loam and silty clay at the same depth. The permafrost table declines with the increase of the thickness of active layer, which is unfavourable to permafrost stability. The results can provide theoretical reference for stability prediction and protection of permafrost caused by humidification of climate.     

小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势空间差异性的影响

本文以云南省蒙自市断陷盆地高原面上典型封闭式岩溶洼地小流域为研究对象,研究小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势的影响。结果表明:（1）在研究区内小降雨事件一般只能补给10 cm以上的土壤,因此在旱季（强降雨事件发生前）,土壤水分随着深度的增加整体呈变小的趋势;受洼地地形影响,整个土壤剖面（0 ~ 80 cm）的土壤水分存在从坡顶到洼地底部逐渐增加,苹果树叶水势逐渐升高的现象;受地质背景的影响,土石质坡地平均土壤水分比石质坡地土壤水分高2.67%,相对应的土石质坡地苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度要低于石质坡地。（2）通过观测对比发现,8天内12次的小降雨事件可以使0~10 cm土壤水分整体上略有升高,但并未能完全改变0~10 cm土壤水分洼地底部大于两侧坡地,而土石质坡地高于石质坡地的特征。（3）小降雨事件虽然只能补给0~10 cm的土壤水分,但由于坡地地区苹果树根系分布较浅（5~30 cm）,部分浅层分布的苹果树根系已能吸收到水分,另一方面小降雨事件具有降温、增湿,减少太阳辐射的作用,可以减小苹果树蒸腾作用,从而降低苹果树叶水势,因此推测小雨事件可以明显减轻苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度      

Influence of soil moisture content on surface albedo and soil thermal parameters at a tropical station

Half hourly data of soil moisture content, soil temperature, solar irradiance, and reflectance are measured during April 2010 to March 2011 at a tropical station, viz., Astronomical Observatory, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India (76°59’E longitude and 8°29’N latitude). The monthly, seasonal and seasonal mean diurnal variation of soil moisture content is analyzed in detail and is correlated with the rainfall measured at the same site during the period of study. The large variability in the soil moisture content is attributed to the rainfall during all the seasons and also to the evaporation/movement of water to deeper layers. The relationship of surface albedo on soil moisture content on different time scales are studied and the influence of solar elevation angle and cloud cover are also investigated. Surface albedo is found to fall exponentially with increase in soil moisture content. Soil thermal diffusivity and soil thermal conductivity are also estimated from the subsoil temperature profile. Log normal dependence of thermal diffusivity and power law dependence of thermal conductivity on soil moisture content are confirmed.     

近三年徐州市土壤墒情时空变化分析

利用徐州市2008～2010年10个站点的土壤墒情观测资料,对该区域土壤墒情的时空变化规律进行了分析,发现徐州市土壤含水量西部和南部相对较高,东部和北部较低,土壤墒情受降水量和土壤质地影响较大,降水偏少是造成2010年徐州土壤墒情较差的主要原因。     

Impact of monsoon rainfall on the total foodgrain yield over India

The study focuses on understanding the variations of precipitation during summer monsoon season and its impact on Kharif and Rabi foodgrain yield over India. Total foodgrain yield over India during Kharif (summer) season is directly affected by variations in the summer monsoon precipitation (June–September). An increase (decrease) in rainfall is generally associated with an increase (decrease) in foodgrain yield. A similar correspondence during the Rabi (winter) foodgrain yield is not evident. The Rabi crop is not directly affected by variations in the post-monsoon precipitation (October–December) alone, also the summer season precipitation influences the Rabi crop through water and soil moisture availability over many parts of India. Though the reduction of rainfall activity during the entire summer monsoon season leads to reduction in crop yields, the occurrence of prolonged rainfall breaks also causes adverse effect on the crop growth resulting in reduced crop yields.     

土体-大气相互作用下土质边坡稳定性研究

土体-大气相互作用是指在多种气象要素共同驱动下,地表浅层土体与大气之间进行物质交换与能量传递的复杂过程.受全球气候变化影响,近年来极端气候事件频发.土体的工程性质在日益严峻的气候环境下发生剧烈变化,产生了大量滑坡灾害,给岩土和地质工程领域带来许多新挑战.系统总结了降雨、气温、空气湿度、风以及太阳辐射5个主要气象要素影响边坡稳定性的机制,分析了土体龟裂、地表植被和土体-大气相互作用之间的关联效应.通过介绍各因素在改变边坡稳定性过程中发挥的作用,构建了一个包括气象要素、土体龟裂以及地表植被的土体-大气相互作用分析体系.该体系为今后土体-大气相互作用下土质边坡稳定性研究确定了关键研究问题,所揭示的作用机理可为今后同类研究提供参考.针对该课题的研究现状,笔者提出了今后的研究方向和重点,包括土体-植被-大气相互作用的理论模型、气候作用下冻土坡体失稳机理、极端气候工程地质作用的生态调控措施三个方面.      

高寒草地植被覆盖变化对土壤水分循环影响研究

土地覆盖变化对流域水平衡的影响是流域水学和生态水学研究的关键问题之一。以黄河源区两个典型小流域为研究对象，通过对流域不同植被类型与植被覆盖土壤的水分含量、入渗过程、蒸散发特征的测定，研究了高寒草地植被覆盖变化对土壤水分循环的影响．结果表明：广泛分布于青藏高原河源区的高寒草甸草地，植被覆盖度与土壤水分之间具有显的相关关系，尤其是20cm深度范围内土壤水分随植被盖度呈二次抛物线性趋势增加；在保持其原有的植物建群和较高覆盖度时，土壤上层具有较高持水能力，降水通过表层向深层土壤的渗透速度缓慢，且具有较均匀的土壤水分空间分布，水源涵养功能明显；高寒草甸草地退化后的高山草甸土壤趋于干燥，持水能力减弱，即使进行人工改良以后，土壤水分含量与持水能力也不会有明显改善．保护河源区原有高寒草甸草地对于河源区水过程意义重大。     

土中水分的蒸发过程试验研究

土中水分的蒸发是含水量动态减小的过程,伴随着土结构、应力和应变状态的演化,对土体的工程性质有重要影响,是一些工程问题的直接诱因.以初始饱和的黏土试样为研究对象,在控制环境温度(25 ～45℃)和试样初始厚度(5 ～11mm)条件下,开展了一系列室内干燥试验.通过监测试样在干燥过程中的失水量变化,获得了试样的蒸发曲线.结...     

Application of HYDRUS-1D in understanding soil water movement at two typical sites in the North China Plain

Recharge and discharge, such as rainfall infiltration and evapotranspiration in vertical direction, are major processes of water cycle in the shallow groundwater area of the North China Plain. During these processes, soil water movement in the unsaturated zone plays an important role in the transformation from rainfall infiltration to groundwater. The soil water movement models were developed by using HYDRUS-1D software at two typical experimental sites in Cangzhou (CZ) and Hengshui (HS) with different soil, vegetation and similar climate conditions. As shown in the results, the comparison in precipitation infiltration features between the two sites is distinct. The soil water experiences strong evaporation after precipitation infiltration, which accounts for 63% of the total infiltration at the HS site where the soil is homogenous. It is this strong evaporation effect that leads to slight increase of soil water storage. At the CZ site, where the soil is heterogeneous, the evaporation effect exists from July to October of the simulation period. The total evaporation accounts for 33% of the total infiltration, and the evaporation rate is slow. At the end of the simulation period, the soil water storage increases and the water table decreases, indicating a strong storage capacity at this site.     

基于原位监测的浅层黄土斜坡水分运移规律分析

降雨诱发的浅层黄土滑坡是黄土高原重要的地质灾害类型之一.斜坡水分空间分布和变化趋势是导致斜坡失稳的重要因素,但基于此的剖面监测数据较少.依托延安黄土地质灾害野外观测基地,选择典型黄土斜坡,在坡面布设两条5m深的水分探测纵剖面,观测在降雨过程中斜坡水分的空间特征.监测结果显示:1)降雨引起的土壤含水率变化深度有限,与降雨...     

长江源区高寒退化湿地地表蒸散特征研究

青藏高原作为“亚洲水塔”,对东亚乃至全球大气水分循环都有非常显著的影响.高寒退化湿地是高原上生态多样性的保证,也是水汽循环和地表径流的重要源地,其地气之间水分交换不但可以反映气候变化,而且也对生态环境保护具有重要意义.以长江源区隆宝滩湿地连续一年、每10分钟一次的观测资料为基础,利用FAO Penman-Monteith方法分析了长江源区高寒退化湿地蒸散量的变化特征及其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明：1）牧草生长期,潜在蒸散量日、月变化特征显著;实际蒸散量整体表现为冬小、夏大,夏季蒸散贡献最大.2）观测期间,蒸散量远大于降水量,水分亏损严重,局地蒸散对降水的贡献较高.3）土壤温度对蒸散发过程影响显著,尤其是表层5 cm地温与蒸散发相关性较好,土壤湿度变化表明其为蒸散发过程提供了充足的水分.4）全年变化中,气温是影响蒸散的主要因素.晴天中,高寒退化湿地实际蒸散量与辐射具有几乎相同的变化趋势,气温对蒸散量影响较小,蒸散量与相对湿度呈现显著的反相关.     

Research on the effect of straw mulching on the soil moisture by field experiment in the piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains

To reveal the influencing effect of the long-term straw mulching on the soil moisture, this paper employed the field experiment data in 2010 of a typical area of Taihang Mountains plain, observed the soil moisture dynamic regularities under different mulching patterns by virtue of depressimeter and neutron probe, analyzed the characteristics of soil water content and storage in different depths and seasons under the long-term straw mulching. The results showed that the long-term straw mulching can keep the soil moisture conservation of the deep, while decreased the shallow. (1) The long-term straw mulching can changed the type of soil water movement. If no straw mulching, the type is mainly evaporation-infiltration. And with straw mantle the type would change into infiltration. The number of zero flux plane would be reduced or absent. (2) The long-term straw mulching can increase the soil water reserves of the whole soil profile with the depth between 0 cm and 220 cm. But the soil water content of the layer from 30 cm to 80 cm decreased and the soil water content of the layer from 80 cm to 220 cm increased instead., The effect of soil moisture conservation on winter wheat is not obvious; (3) With no straw mulching, the depth of infiltration recharge by rainfall or irrigation is shallower than 80 cm. In a straw mulching, the influence depth is can extend to 120 cm; (4) With no straw mulching , there is a deep layer on the depth of 220 cm between March and June, while this layer will disappear with a long-term straw mulching.     

自然界水循环中的水量平衡原理与干旱研究

概述了国际、国内干旱研究概况。指出区域多年平均降水量的多少,反映了区域中水资源对生态、经济发展承载力的大小。农业生产中把防止土壤蒸发措施叫抗旱;水利建设中拦河筑坝、引水灌溉、凿井汲水,叫兴修水利抗旱救灾。因此干旱的实质是径流消退、土壤蒸发自然衰减并达到区域内水资源对生态和经济发展的承载能力下降到某一限度或阀值的称谓,如人们感官中的小旱、大旱等。根据径流消退公式和土壤蒸发衰减曲线,参照大风、地震研究方法,输入降水、逐日蒸发观测值,即可成功实现统一干旱标准的实时旱情监测。     

Assessment of rainfall thresholds and soil moisture modeling for operational hydrogeological risk prevention in the Umbria region (central Italy)

Rainfall thresholds represent the main tool for the Italian Civil Protection System for early warning of the threat of landslides. However, it is well-known that soil moisture conditions at the onset of a storm event also play a critical role in triggering slope failures, especially in the case of shallow landslides. This study attempts to define soil moisture (estimated by using a soil water balance model) and rainfall thresholds that can be employed for hydrogeological risk prevention by the Civil Protection Decentrate Functional Centre (CFD) located in the Umbria Region (central Italy). Two different analyses were carried out by determining rainfall and soil moisture conditions prior to widespread landslide events that occurred in the Umbria Region and that are reported in the AVI (Italian Vulnerable Areas) inventory for the period 1991?C2001. Specifically, a ??local?? analysis that considered the major landslide events of the AVI inventory and an ??areal?? analysis subdividing the Umbria Region in ten sub-areas were carried out. Comparison with rainfall thresholds used by the Umbria Region CFD was also carried out to evaluate the reliability of the current procedures employed for landslide warning. The main result of the analysis is the quantification of the decreasing linear trend between the maximum cumulated rainfall values over 24, 36 and 48?h and the soil moisture conditions prior to landslide events. This trend provides a guideline to dynamically adjust the operational rainfall thresholds used for warning. Moreover, the areal analysis, which was aimed to test the operational use of the combined soil moisture?Crainfall thresholds showed, particularly for low values of rainfall, the key role of soil moisture conditions for the triggering of landslides. On the basis of these results, the Umbria Region CFD is implementing a procedure aimed to the near real-time estimation of soil moisture conditions based on the soil water balance model developed ad hoc for the region. In fact, it was evident that a better assessment of the initial soil moisture conditions would support and improve the hydrogeological risk assessment.