祁连山及周边地区降水与地形的关系

利用祁连山区及其周围(90°～104°E,32°～42°N)1960—2004年55个气象站点白天08:00—20:00时、夜间20:00—08:00时和全天20:00—20:00时逐日降水资料,分析了不同降水强度的时空分布特征及其与海拔的关系,得出了不同降雨强度以及不同季节最大降水总量出现的海拔.小雨日数与海拔较为密切,呈线性增长;中雨以上与坡向、地理位置有关,在海拔4850m附近降雨日数最多为143d.降雨日数和总量在海拔3700m左右达最大峰值,而在海拔2700m附近为次大峰值.进一步利用干湿年资料诊断分析出祁连山区最大降水高度的出现除了受地面海拔的影响外,很可能与高低空两个最大相对湿度中心及相应较强的冷空气活动中心出现高度关系密切.     

西北东部季风过渡区夹卷率与夏季风的动力学关系

夹卷率指上升单位距离卷入的周围空气质量与空气质量的比率,包括湍流夹卷和动力夹卷,应用于对流云的边界层参数化、数值模式改进、云滴谱离散度观测及热带气旋的研究中。应用西北东部季风过渡区民勤、榆中、平凉、银川和延安等5站2006—2016年5～9月逐日07时和19时每隔10 m高度的高空加密观测资料,结合地面逐日观测资料,计算不同高度夹卷率,得出不同区域夹卷率与高度、季风期降水和季风的关系。结果表明:①夹卷率与气温、饱和水汽压成正比关系,但与相对湿度成反比。有云的相对湿度阈值为65%,相对湿度阈值越大,不同量级降水的云高也越低,而云高随着雨量增加而增高。②夹卷率存在明显的早晚变化和区域差别:从地面到3 km,07时明显小于19时,近地层随高度增加而减弱,500 m以上随高度增加而增强;从小到大为季风影响区、季风摆动区和非季风区,在3 km以上无明显区域差别。③夹卷率与降水强度、性质关系较为密切:近地面至600 m以下随着雨强增强夹卷率减弱,但500 m以上至2～3 km随着雨强增强夹卷率增强;近地层700 m以下稳定性降水夹卷强,而以上对流性降水夹卷强,对流性降水饱和水汽压大、夹卷强,而稳定性降水饱和水汽密度大,水汽丰富但夹卷弱。④夹卷率与季风及其持续时间的关系:从无季风到有季风夹卷率是减弱的,夹卷最强的最大高度也在降低。在非季风区和季风影响区夹卷率的持续时间差别不明显,只有季风摆动区在近地面层持续时间越长夹卷率越小,而在高空1～2 km相反。⑤夹卷率与亚洲—太平洋涛动(APO)季风强度指数关系表明:07时在近地层随高度增强,800 m以上随高度减弱,季风强度与夹卷率相关不明显;19时在近地层随高度增强,300 m以上随高度减弱,季风越强夹卷率越小。夹卷率随边界层高度降低而减弱。     

基于GNIP的黄土高原区大气降水同位素特征研究

以GNIP为数据源,选取研究了黄土高原区7个站点(兰州、银川、靖边、西安、平凉、包头、太原)降水中稳定同位素的时空变化特征,分析了除靖边站之外的其他站点降水同位素与温度和降水量的关系,揭示了该地区降水中稳定同位素的变化规律。结果表明:(1)黄土高原大气降水稳定同位素在不同的区域有着相似的时间变化特征和不同的空间变化特征;(2)建立了黄土高原区域大气降水线方程δD=7.0δ18O+0.36‰;(3)黄土高原各站点降水同位素的温度效应和雨量效应表现出较为显著的空间特性;(4)黄土高原区在冬季风期间较夏季风期间风速大、湿度低且蒸发强烈。     

春末黄土高原半干旱区地表能量闭合的观测研究

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站的连续观测数据,分析了该站的数据质量情况和黄土高原半干旱区的近地层湍流通量特征及地表能量平衡能量闭合状况.结果表明:兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站(SACOL)湍流通量的平均时间取30min为宜.该站利用EdiRe获得的湍流通量较TK2和CR5000数据自动记录器输出的湍流通量结果要好.黄土高原半干旱区近地层湍流能量与地表含水量状况明显相关,地表干燥时感热通量处于主导地位,接近于干旱区的特征;地表湿润时感热通量和潜热通量则相当,接近于湿润地区的特征.地表能量平衡分析表明,兰州大学黄土高原半干旱环境监测站观测的地表能量闭合度高达85%,与已有的观测相比,能量闭合情况属于较好水平.     

陇中黄土高原夏季陆面辐射和热量特征研究

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)的观测资料,分析了陇中黄土高原夏季陆面辐射和热量收支的特征.通过研究不同典型天气条件对陆面过程微气象特征的影响,发现地表反射率在晴天会出现早晨偏大的不对称结构;晴天与多云天气相比不平衡量较大,而阴天时的阵性降水会使局地能量收支出现不平衡.利用最小二乘法(OLS)线性回归得到的夏季平均不闭合度是19.6%.在半干旱区云和降水对辐射和能量收支的影响不容忽视,达到约25%的削弱程度,比极端干旱的敦煌荒漠区要大,又进一步证明了半干旱区夏季的平均气候特征与云量较多的多云天气(5≤Mean total cloud amount<8)接近.另外,7月日平均波恩比最大是4.1,平均是1.95,比极端干旱区的敦煌波恩比小1个数量级,说明榆中所处的黄土高原半干旱区比敦煌所处的极端干旱区在气候上要湿润很多.     

甘肃黄土高原旱作区土壤贮水量对春小麦水分生产力的影响

选择甘肃黄土高原旱作区5个春小麦测站2 m土层深度多年土壤贮水量与产量资料,从大气降水-土壤水-作物循环系统的理论出发,研究了土壤贮水量和农田耗水量对春小麦水分生产力的影响.结果表明:该区域是一个贮水和保水性能较好的天然土壤水库,干旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区2 m土层最大贮水量分别达470 mm、582 mm和617 m...     

中纬度亚洲现代间冰期气候变化的“西风模式”讨论

中纬度亚洲地区存在主要受季风环流影响的东南部湿润地区(简称季风区)和主要受西风环流控制的内陆干旱区(包括青藏高原北部高寒干旱区,简称西风区)。根据对近年来新发表的气候变化记录证据梳理总结,发现西风区在中—晚全新世气候湿润,与亚洲季风在早—中全新世强盛的格局显著不同。过去千年的西风区中世纪暖期干旱,而小冰期相对湿润,与此相对,万象洞石笋氧同位素记录则显示季风降水在中世纪暖期时整体处于高值,在小冰期处于低值段。在近百年,尤其是近50a,西北干旱区湿度增加,而季风影响范围内的西北东部和华北等地变得更干。不仅如此,在分属西风和季风影响区的青藏高原北部和南部,年代际—百年尺度上降水变化也表现出反相位关系。据此我们提出,亚洲中部西风带控制区在现代间冰期从数千年到年代际的各个时间尺度上均存在不同于季风区的湿度(降水)变化模式,称之为现代间冰期气候变化的西风模式。     

1960-2003年新疆山区与平原积雪长期变化的对比分析

对新疆91个地面站44a(1960—2003年)的>0cm积雪日数、冬季最大积雪厚度、冬季降水量和冬季平均温度统计分析,结果发现:伴随着20世纪80年代以来明显的增温增湿变化,新疆积雪呈轻度增长趋势,90年代增加明显.积雪日数和厚度与冬季降水量呈正相关,但与冬季平均温度没有明显相关关系.将91个地面站分成24个山区站和67个平原站的进一步分析表明,山区积雪增幅大于平原,而平原的冬季温度和降水增幅大于山区.60年代和90年代山区和平原呈两个相反方向的同步变化(60年代少雪、少降水和降温;90年代多雪、多降水和增温),但幅度略有不同.70年代和80年代山区和平原无论积雪还是温度、降水量都呈现明显不同的变化.     

气候和地热共同影响泥炭地表面湿度变化——以长白山赤池泥炭地为例

来自北方泥炭地的研究表明,沼泽表面湿度变化时常受控于气候变化。然而火山活动区泥炭地的表面湿度是否受到了火山地质的影响?这个问题值得进一步明晰。本研究以长白山赤池泥炭地38 cm深的沉积物作为对象,通过植物大化石、有壳变形虫和腐殖化度多指标分析,重建该泥炭地过去近50年的地表湿度变化。研究表明,3个指标揭示的地表湿度变化趋势总体一致,即38～27 cm(1957～1965 A.D.)由干向湿转变;27～18 cm(1965～1976 A.D.)干湿波动;18～0 cm(1976～2008 A.D.)由湿向干转变。与当地的气象数据对比,发现剖面底部湿度偏低与地热引起的强烈蒸发有关;而剖面上部湿度偏低与降水少、温度高的气候变化模式较吻合。理解泥炭地表面湿度变化对于泥炭记录的古气候、古环境和古生态重建具有重要意义。     

表土磁学特征揭示的青藏高原及其周边地区的气候边界

青藏高原及其周边位于东亚季风、印度季风与西风环流系统的交汇地带,是气候变化的敏感区和影响显著区。刻画青藏高原及其邻区降水的空间分布以及干湿气候区边界位置,不仅对深入认识该地区大气环流分布形势具有重要意义,同时还可以进一步加深对欧亚大陆大气环流动力学过程的理解。通过对青藏高原及其周边现代地表沉积岩石磁学参数空间分布特征的综合集成研究,结合300多个气象站点近70年气温和降水数据的详细对比分析,发现降水量是控制青藏高原及其邻区地表土壤磁学性质变化的主要因素,表土磁学性质可以用于揭示高原及其邻区降水的空间分布。已发表及新获取的700余块表土样品成壤相关的磁学参数呈现出显著的空间梯度变化,揭示出北祁连山—横断山以及帕米尔高原—北天山是青藏高原及其周边地区2条重要的成壤强度分界线,其大致分别对应半湿润—半干旱区（400 mm）以及干旱和半干旱区（200 mm）的干湿气候区降水界线。此外,高原北部及其周边多个末次冰期—间冰期以来的风尘沉积剖面磁学参数的空间对比结果,还进一步揭示第四纪冰期时,随着全球变冷,干旱化加剧导致高原北部气候梯度差异显著减小,全球冰量变化可能是控制高原北部气候格局演化的主要因...     

青藏高原东缘湖相沉积和黄土高原黄土沉积磁化率与粒度相关性对比*

为探讨构造稳定地区(如黄土高原)和构造活跃地区(如青藏高原东缘)粉尘沉积物中磁化率(SUS)与粒度的相关性及其对环境事件的指示意义,本次研究分析了黄土高原蓝田剖面黄土—古土壤样品和青藏高原东缘湖相沉积样品的粒度和磁化率记录。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强正相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强负相关,反映2~10 μm粒度组分为黄土高原和青藏高原乃至亚洲干旱—半干旱地区连续稳定敏感的背景沉积组分。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强负相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强正相关,反映32~63 μm粒度组分不仅是黄土高原尘暴事件沉积的敏感指标,也是青藏高原东缘湖相沉积记录的地震事件敏感指标。SUS与粒度组分的相关性在青藏高原东缘地区地震事件层开始部分高于结束部分,也较好地反映地震事件为研究区添加新鲜沉积物后随地形地貌恢复逐步减少的过程。SUS与粒度组分相关性也受当地物源的影响。     

青藏高原东缘湖相沉积和黄土高原黄土沉积磁化率与粒度相关性对比*

为探讨构造稳定地区(如黄土高原)和构造活跃地区(如青藏高原东缘)粉尘沉积物中磁化率(SUS)与粒度的相关性及其对环境事件的指示意义,本次研究分析了黄土高原蓝田剖面黄土—古土壤样品和青藏高原东缘湖相沉积样品的粒度和磁化率记录。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强正相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强负相关,反映2~10 μm粒度组分为黄土高原和青藏高原乃至亚洲干旱—半干旱地区连续稳定敏感的背景沉积组分。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强负相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强正相关,反映32~63 μm粒度组分不仅是黄土高原尘暴事件沉积的敏感指标,也是青藏高原东缘湖相沉积记录的地震事件敏感指标。SUS与粒度组分的相关性在青藏高原东缘地区地震事件层开始部分高于结束部分,也较好地反映地震事件为研究区添加新鲜沉积物后随地形地貌恢复逐步减少的过程。SUS与粒度组分相关性也受当地物源的影响。     

Spatio-temporal variability in remotely sensed surface soil moisture and its relationship with precipitation and evapotranspiration during the growing season in the Loess Plateau,China

The distribution and variability of surface soil moisture at regional scales is still poorly understood in the Loess Plateau of China. Spatial and temporal dynamics of surface soil moisture is important due to its impact on vegetation growth and its potential feedback to atmospheric and hydrologic processes. In this study, we analyzed surface soil moisture dynamics and the impacts of precipitation and evapotranspiration on surface soil moisture using remote sensing data during the growing season in 2011 for the Loess Plateau, which contain surface soil moisture, precipitation, vegetation index and evapotranspiration. Results indicate that the areas with low surface soil moisture are mainly located in the semi-arid region. Under dry surface soil moisture, evapotranspiration temporal persistence has a higher positive correlation (0.537) with surface soil moisture temporal persistence, and evapotranspiration is very sensitive to surface soil moisture. But under wet surface soil moisture regime, surface soil moisture temporal persistence has a higher negative correlation (?0.621) with evapotranspiration temporal persistence. Correlation of surface soil moisture and monthly precipitation, evapotranspiration and vegetation index illustrated that precipitation was a significant factor influencing surface soil moisture spatial variance. The correlation coefficients between monthly surface soil moisture and precipitation was varied in different climatic regions, which was 0.304 in arid, 0.364 in semi-arid, 0.490 in transitional and 0.300 in semi-humid regions. Surface soil moisture is more sensitive to precipitation, evapotranspiration, in transitional regions between dry and wet climates.     

青藏高原中东部积雪深度时空变化特征及其成因分析

基于逐日积雪深度（雪深）、逐月气温和逐月降水量地面观测资料,利用数理统计方法分析了青藏高原中东部地区1961-2014年雪深时空变化特征及其成因,结果表明：青藏高原雪深空间分布不均,存在喜马拉雅山脉南坡（高原西南部）、念青唐古拉山-唐古拉山-巴颜喀拉山-阿尼玛卿山（高原中部）和祁连山脉（高原东北部）三处雪深高值区,冬季最大,其次是春秋季,夏季仅在纬度或海拔较高处才有雪深记录;从长期来看雪深以减少为主,尤其是夏秋季。在青藏高原普遍"增温增湿"背景下,雪深表现为先增后减的变化特征;雪深随海拔升高而增加,但最大雪深并非出现在最高海拔处;在不同季节雪深的气象要素成因上,冬季由降水主导,其余季节由气温主导。1961-1998年冬春季雪深增加与降水增多有关,而1998-2014年气温的上升以及降水的减少共同导致了雪深的减少,夏秋季雪深持续减少与同期气温持续升高有关。     

Dynamic Relationship Between Entrainment Rate and Summer Monsoon in the Transition Area of Monsoon in the East of Northwest China

Entrainment rate refers to the ratio of surrounding air quality to air quality involved in rising unit distance, including turbulent entrainment and dynamic entrainment, which are applied to the boundary layer parametrization of convective clouds, the improvement of numerical model, the observation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the study of tropical cyclones.Based on the daily data at 07:00 and 19:00 every 10 m of five stations such as Minqin, Yuchong, Pingliang, Yinchuan and Yan'an from May to September during 2006-2016, combined with the daily observation data on the ground, the Entrainment Rates(ER) of different heights were calculated, and the relationships between ER and height in different regions, precipitation as well as monsoon during the monsoon period were further obtained. The main results were as follows:\mathrm{①} The ER was proportional to air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure, but inversely proportional to relative humidity. The relative humidity threshold of cloud was 65%. The higher the relative humidity threshold was, the lower the cloud height of different orders of precipitation was, and the cloud height was higher with the increase of rainfall. \mathrm{②}ER had obvious diurnal changes and regional differences: It was obviously smaller at 07:00 than at 19:00 from ground to 3 km, which weakened with the increase of height in the near surface , but strengthened with the increase of height above 500 m; From small to large, the monsoon affected area, the monsoon swing area and the non-monsoon area were in turn, and there was no regional difference above 3 km. \mathrm{③} ER was closely related to the intensity and property of precipitation in monsoon period. The ER weakened with the enhancement of rain intensity from near ground to below 600 m, but strengthened with the enhancement of rain intensity from 500 m to 2~3 km.From near ground to below 700 m, the ER of stable precipitation was strong, but that of convective precipitation was strong above 700 m. The convective precipitation had big saturated water vapor pressure and strong ER , while the stable precipitation had big saturated water vapor density, rich water vapor but weak ER. \mathrm{④}The relationship between ER and monsoon as well as its duration: From no monsoon to monsoon ER was weakened, the strongest maximum height was also decreasing. There was no significant difference in the duration of ER between the non-monsoon area and the monsoon affected area, but the longer the monsoon swing area lasted in the near ground layer, the smaller the ER was, while the opposite was at 1~2 km in the high altitude. \mathrm{⑤}The relationship between ER and the APO monsoon intensity index showed that: At 07:00, the ER strengthened with height from near ground to below 800 m, but weakened with height above 800 m,and the monsoon intensity was not related to the ER. At 19:00, the ER strengthened with the height near ground but weakened with the height above 300 m, and the stronger the monsoon was, the smaller the ER was. The ER weakened with the decrease of boundary layer height.     

青藏高原隆升与欧亚内陆及北非的干旱化

通过利用一个较为完善的大气环流模式(GCM)进行了一系列青藏高原不断隆升的数值模拟试验结果.共进行了11个改变地形高度的数值试验,即对欧亚大陆上现代大地形所在地区(约10～60°N,50～140°E)陆地上所有格点的地形高度分别取为现代地形高度值的100%,90%,80%,70%,…,10%,外加一个无地形试验MOO,共完成了11个试验.结合与干旱化有关的地质记录,探讨了高原隆起在欧亚内陆及北非干旱演化过程中的作用.结果表明,仅仅改变高原地区地形高度的数值试验结果与气候变化地质记录在趋势上有可比性,青藏高原隆升是中亚及北非地区在地质时间尺度上干旱化加剧的重要原因,但却不是上述干旱区形成的根本原因.     

运用数学形态学方法探讨我国干旱-半干旱区降水的可能分布

我国北方干旱－半干旱区长期受水资源缺乏的影响，国民经济建设受到很大的制约。因此，研究干旱－半干旱区的水资源成为人们关注的重点。本文借助数学形态学方法，探讨了我国干旱－半干旱区降水在几种气候变化条件下的可能分布，揭示出了西北地区环境最脆弱的地区是塔里木盆地南缘及其东侧的罗布泊、哈密、敦煌地区，同时也探讨了这些地区在降水增加或减少情况下的可能环境分布。     

Impacts of climate change on aridity index and its spatiotemporal variation in the Loess Plateau of China,from 1961 to 2014

The Loess Plateau, the transitional zone between humid and arid regions of China, is an important region to examine the regional hydrological cycle and variation in humid and arid regions under global climate change. Aridity index (AI), the ratio of precipitation (P) to potential evapotranspiration (ET₀), is an important indicator of regional climate conditions and is also used to classify drylands. In this study, data from 51 national meteorological stations during the period of 1961–2014 were collected to estimate the AI in the Loess Plateau. Results show that a downward trend in annual AI was detected and the boundary of the drylands region based on the AI was expanded across the Loess Plateau over the period of 1961–2014. The spatiotemporal variability of P was the main cause in the AI variations. Furthermore, data analysis suggested the occurrences of the extreme minimum AI values were mostly affected by fluctuations of the two factors (ET₀ and P) rather than its corresponding trend during the period. Thus, this study indicated the major driving factor of AI and the relationship between extreme AI values and the global climate anomalies in the Loess Plateau region, and meanwhile, provided an understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological cycle in the Loess Plateau of China.     

Climatic implications of loess deposits from the Beijing region

Variations in magnetostratigraphy, pedostratigraphy, grain size and magnetic susceptibility of the loess deposits near Beijing have been studied at two sections. The sections are about 400 km east of the main loess deposits in China, have a maximum thickness of 100 m and extend back to 1.1 Ma. The sequence consists of 14 loess–palaeosol couplets (S0‐S14), which correlate well with sequences in the Loess Plateau. Susceptibility records from the sites near Beijing are comparable to the Xifeng, Luochuan and Baoji sections located in the middle part of the Loess Plateau; however, the down‐core variations in the grain size in the Upper Lishi Formation exhibit some differences. The median grain size increases by about 25–30 µm from L4 to L2, with the sandy grains (>63 µm) increasing from 10–20 wt% to 40–50 wt% . This implies that the depositional environment of the dust sources in the Beijing loess section is different in some aspects from the Loess Plateau. The Beijing loess may have had a different dust source than the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.