甘肃河西地区酒泉荒漠绿洲农业生态系统及其调控

绿洲农业是在荒漠环境下人为控制的生态系统,具有生态结构简单、生态系统脆弱、稳定性差等特点。本文运用系统论、耗散结构理论及生态学的基本原理,对酒泉绿洲农业生态系统的结构和功能进行了分析,提出了以水定地,解决水土平衡问题,促使水盐动态的协调。制定了合理的灌溉定额及其保护和发展林草植被的调控措施。     

运用系统动力学方法研究绿洲经济－生态系统──以玛纳斯绿洲为例

本文运用系统论的观点和系统动力学（ＳＤ）方法，剖析了干旱区绿洲经济－生态系统的特点及基本反馈结构；探讨了绿洲经济增长的内部机制及其与主要政策变量间的关系。应用模型的仿真结果，就玛纳斯绿洲经济发展的若干问题及人口承载力作了分析。     

北屯绿洲生态系统耗散特性分析

 利用耗散结构理论,对新疆北屯绿洲生态系统的结构和功能进行了分析。在绿洲发展演化过程中,绿洲与荒漠形成既相互矛盾又协调共生的非线性变幻局势,人为活动已成为绿洲涨落的主要原因。利用能值分析方法探讨了北屯绿洲农业生态系统的能量耗散过程,结果显示:北屯绿洲农业生态系统投入的太阳能值总值为9.70×1019 sej,而输出的太阳能值总值为6.56×1020 sej,输出高于投入,是一个能值输出型的生态系统。需要人为输入能量,引入物质、知识、技术等负熵,增加系统信息量。最后,提出积极引入负熵流的负反馈策略,使人的主观行为与环境质量、生物生产力水平相统一,构建合理的绿洲生态农业结构,达到生物与环境相协调,发挥生物共生互利优势原则,最终实现绿洲生态、环境、经济的可持续发展。     

荒漠绿洲交错区绿洲扩张与主要水文过程

干旱区绿洲扩张主要发生在荒漠绿洲交错区(边缘区),绿洲空间变化对地表主要水文过程有直接影响。为了更好地了解这一变化机制,以绿洲与沙漠、荒漠、石质裸山交错分布的张掖绿洲边缘区为对象,采用F显著性检查和Mann-Kandell趋势分析对1987年以来绿洲与不同生态系统之间转化特点与趋势进行了研究,同时分析了绿洲扩张与主要水文过程关系。结果表明:1987-2017年来荒漠绿洲交错区不同生态系统空间变化主要发生在绿洲与沙漠和荒漠3种生态系统之间。转化以绿洲扩张为主要特点,累积扩张了1 696.86 hm^2,平均每年56.56 hm^2。其中,沙漠和荒漠分别转化了31.73 hm^2·a^-1和24.83 hm^2·a^-1。黑河中游干流用水量在研究时段内无显著性突变,多年平均为7.68×108 m^3,对绿洲面积扩张无显著性影响。但是地下水埋深在1998年发生显著性突变,突变周期发生在1997-2000年。总体来看,绿洲面积每增加520 hm^2,地下水埋深下降1 m。地下水位埋深对绿洲扩张有显著性影响,是绿洲扩张最敏感的水文过程要素。     

民勤绿洲农田生态系统能值空间分异特征

利用能值分析方法对2011年民勤绿洲18个乡镇农田生态系统的环境资源条件、投入产出结构和可持续性进行了系统分析,构建了反映民勤绿洲农田生态系统综合水平的能值指标体系,运用主成分分析方法对其进行了综合评价和排序。结果表明：民勤绿洲农田生态系统可持续性强的是夹河乡,其他乡镇农田生态系统为消费型生态经济系统,可持续性弱;民勤绿洲农田生态系统能值综合水平存在着明显的地域差异,呈现东北片高于西南片、绿洲边缘带高于中心带的地理分布特征;民勤绿洲农田生态系统总体上不具有可持续性,不协调发展型区域和极不协调发展型区域农田面积占民勤绿洲农田总面积的73.68%,强、中、弱协调发展型区域只占26.32%。因此,目前民勤绿洲农田生态系统面临的不可持续性应当引起相关部门的高度重视。     

基于ChinaCover数据集的绿洲结构数据制图——以河西内陆河流域为例

生产兼具绿洲独特性和结构特点的绿洲专题数据是目前绿洲学研究亟待解决的关键基础性问题。以河西内陆河流域为研究区,在构建绿洲生态系统的二级分类体系基础上,结合ChinaCover数据和Landsat NDVI影像,利用面向对象随机森林分类和叠加分析方法,完成1975—2020年7期河西内陆河流域绿洲土地结构数据的制图。结果表明：（1）基于ChinaCover数据集的绿洲结构数据制图方法可以快速准确地生产出绿洲专题数据;（2）绿洲生态系统一级类型总体精度为96.17%,二级类型精度为82.64%～92.99%,制图精度明显高于现有土地覆被产品;（3）2020年河西内陆河流域绿洲占研究区比例为8.97%,一级类型以人工绿洲为主,二级类型以耕地和草地为主;（4）近45年河西内陆河流域人工绿洲呈持续扩张趋势,荒漠-绿洲过渡带呈萎缩趋势,自然绿洲呈先萎缩后扩张趋势;人工绿洲的扩张主要是耕地和建设用地的增加,而过渡带和自然绿洲的萎缩主要是草地减少。     

绿洲生态环境质量评价指标体系研究--以张掖市绿洲为例

绿洲属于生态环境的极度脆弱区,同时绿洲生态系统又是一个复杂的系统,涉及自然与人文的诸多组元,因此定量评价其质量优劣状况具有重要意义也存在一定难度。在对我国西北内陆区域绿洲生态系统的性质和特点进行系统分析的基础上,根据整体性、实用性、稳定性、地域性、独立性原则,依据绿洲系统的压力-状态-响应模型,构建了适用于绿洲这一特殊景观类型的生态环境质量评价指标体系,并结合绿洲生态环境实际状况,应用层次分析法确定了各评价因子的权重和分级量化标准。在此基础上,以张掖市绿洲为例,对绿洲生态环境质量状况做了综合评价。     

干旱区绿洲生态研究及其进展

随着干旱区绿洲生态研究的进展,对绿洲内涵的认识和理解也不断得以深入和完善.在归纳总结了众多学者对干旱区域绿洲生态研究状况的基础上,从绿洲的定义、生态系统结构以及绿洲生态研究的主要方向进行了较为详尽的阐述.     

中国新疆玛纳斯河流域水土资源开发与人工绿洲生态系统的建设

本文分析了新疆天山北坡玛纳斯河流域治理沙漠、防治沙漠化的开发过程。总结了该地区根根流域生态系统特点,充分发挥流域内水土资源潜力,以水资源限度及其利用水平作好流域规划。并从建设完整的水资源系统、联合运用地表和地下水、掌握灌溉技术三方面充分发挥水资源的生态效益出发,同时注重建设沙漠地区绿洲防护体系,改良土壤提高土地生产力和调整农林牧结构的经验。因而,石河子垦区已建立成为一个典型的人工灌溉绿洲生态系统。     

典型干旱区土地利用变化的生态环境外部性分析——以策勒绿洲为例

策勒绿洲深处封闭环境之中，是典型的极端干旱区，属于独特的荒漠——绿洲型生态系统，通过对绿洲生态系统的圈层结构及其绿洲化与荒漠化的反馈关系直观的反映出干旱区的生态特征和生态环境的脆弱性。土地利用变化引起的生态环境的影响具有明显的外部性，具体包括外部经济性和外部不经济性两种，通过对策勒绿洲土地利用变化对生态环境影响的正外部性和负外部性的表现进行介绍，并提出相应的对策和建议即建立环境友好型的土地利用模式。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,