侧视地图中建筑物轮廓线提取的三维城市模型法

针对城市侧视地图上建筑物轮廓线主要依靠人工交互提取,成本高昂、效率低下且精细度和准确度有限的问题,提出了一种任意视角侧视地图中建筑物轮廓线的自动提取方法。采用深度缓冲区分割算法获取单个建筑物对象的颜色缓冲区,顾及了存在建筑群的情况和建筑物密集区域的遮挡问题,再基于颜色缓冲区追踪建筑物轮廓线。为了保持遮挡一致性且便于匹配提取出的矢量轮廓线与栅格侧视地图,本文还提出了基于投影空间分块加载三维城市模型的方法。最后,以武汉市典型三维城市模型数据为例,证明了该方法的有效性和可靠性。     

城市三维遥感信息的快速获取与数据处理

三维遥感信息的快速获取和处理一直是遥感对地观测的目标之一。机载三维成像仪就是能够准实时地获取地面三维遥感信息的技术系统。在国家 86 3计划的支持下 ,经过原理样机和实验样机的研制及飞行实验 ,表明三维成像仪已经完全可以快速同步获取地面目标的地学编码图像和数字地面模型 (DEM) ,效率要比常规技术高很多。2 0 0 0年 10月我们利用机载三维成像仪在北京中关村科技园区进行了三维遥感飞行试验 ,获取了原始数据 ,经过数据的检查和规格化同步 ,用开发的三维遥感信息处理软件进行了快速处理 ,最终生成了测区的 DEM和地学编码图像 ,最终得到中关村地区的建筑物三维信息     

Role of satellite remote sensing in the geographic information economics in France

In national and international economics, geographic information plays a role which is generally acknowledged to be important but which is however, difficult to assess quantitatively, its applications being rather miscellaneous and indirect. Computer graphics and telecommunications increae that importance still more and justify many investments and research into new cartographic forms.As part of its responsibility for participating in the promotion of those developments, by taking into account needs expressed by public or private users, the National Council for Geographic Information (C.N.I.G.) has undertaken a general evaluation of the economic and social utility of geographic information in France. The study involves an estimation of the cost of production and research activities, which are probably about 0.1% of the Cross National Product—similar to many other countries. It also devised a method of estimating “cost/advantage” ratios applicable to these “intangible” benefits.Within that framework, remote sensing emphasizes particular aspects related both to the increase of economic performances in cartographic production and to the advent of new products and new ways of utilization. A review of some significant sectors shows effective earnings of about 10–20%, or even 50% or 100% of the costs, and these are doubtless much greater for the efficacy in the exploitation of products. Finally, many applications, entirely new result from extensions in various fields which would have been impossible without remote sensing: here the “cost advantage” ratio cannot even be compared with previous processes.Studies were undertaken in parallel for defining different types of products derived from satellite imagery, as well as those domains where development effort is required in order to make new advances.     

The application of commutative algebra to geodesy: two examples

Algebra, in particular commutative algebra, is applied here to provide a general unified solution to nonlinear systems of equations encountered in geodesy. Starting with the “Abelian group”, the “polynomial ring” is defined and used to form generators of ideals. By applying Buchberger or polynomial resultant algorithms, these generators are reduced to simple structures often comprising a univariate polynomial in one of the unknowns. The advantage of the proposed unified approach is that it provides exact solutions to geodetic nonlinear systems of equations without the traditional requirements of linearization, iterations or approximate starting values. The commutative algebraic approach therefore alleviates the need for isolated exact solutions to various geodetic nonlinear systems of equations. The procedure is applied to GPS meteorology to compute refraction angles, and Helmert’s one-to-one mapping of topographical points onto the reference ellipsoid.     

基于分层分户图的室内外一体化三维模型构建与应用

房产三维是三维GIS的应用重点,分层分户图的三维建模更是房产三维建设的重要组成部分.本文对比了3 Ds Max建模、平面拉伸建模和分层分户图建模方法,分析了分层分户图建模优势,重点研究了分层分户图建立三维模型的方法.     

Control of spatial discretisation in coastal oil spill modelling

Spatial discretisation plays an important role in many numerical environmental models. This paper studies the control of spatial discretisation in coastal oil spill modelling with a view to assure the quality of modelling outputs for given spatial data inputs. Spatial data analysis techniques are effective for investigating and improving the spatial discretisation in different phases of the modelling. Proposed methods are implemented and tested with experimental models. A new “Automatic Search” method based on GIS zone design principles is shown to significantly improve discretisation of bathymetric data and hydrodynamic modelling outputs. The concepts and methods developed in the study are expected to have general relevance for a range of applications in numerical environmental modelling.     

3D Building Modelling with Digital Map, Lidar Data and Video Image Sequences

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and texture mapping of buildings or other man-made objects are key aspects for 3D city landscapes. An effective coarse-to-fine approach for 3D building model generation and texture mapping based on digital photogrammetric techniques is proposed. Three video image sequences, two oblique views of building walls and one vertical view of building roofs, acquired by a digital video camera mounted on a helicopter, are used as input images. Lidar data and a coarse two-dimensional (2D) digital vector map used for car navigation are also used as information sources. Automatic aerial triangulation (AAT) suitable for a high overlap image sequence is used to give initial values of camera parameters of each image. To obtain accurate image lines, the correspondence between outlines of the building and their line features in the image sequences is determined with a coarse-to-fine strategy. A hybrid point/line bundle adjustment is used to ensure the stability and accuracy of reconstruction. Reconstructed buildings with fine textures superimposed on a digital elevation model (DEM) and ortho-image are realistically visualised. Experimental results show that the proposed approach of 3D city model generation has a promising future in many applications.     

Photogrammetric tracking of tracer particles in modelled ocean flows

Three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) has been used to quantify simulated ocean circulation and internal waves, in a 5 m diameter rotating tank. According to hydrostatic theory the water surface in the rotating tank will attain the surface of an elliptic paraboloid of revolution. Three “off the shelf” video cameras mounted above the water surface, rotating with the tank, monitored the 3D displacements of sparsely distributed surface and neutrally buoyant submerged particles (diameter of 0.01 m) inside a water volume of ca. 0.5 × 0.7 × 0.5 m³. A numerical procedure for the calibrations of the photogrammetric system is described. The particles were automatically tracked through a time series of consistent image triplets using an epipolar approach. The experiments gave a standard error σ_o = 0.33 pixels and a repetition accuracy, RMSE = 0.15 mm in X, Y and 0.5 mm in Z (the height).     

A framework of region-based spatial relations for non-overlapping features and its application in object based image analysis

Object based image analysis (OBIA) is an approach increasingly used in classifying high spatial resolution remote sensing images. Object based image classifiers first segment an image into objects (or image segments), and then classify these objects based on their attributes and spatial relations. Numerous algorithms exist for the first step of the OBIA process, i.e. image segmentation. However, less research has been conducted on the object classification part of OBIA, in particular the spatial relations between objects that are commonly used to construct rules for classifying image objects and refining classification results. In this paper, we establish a context where objects are areal (not points or lines) and non-overlapping (we call this “single-valued” space), and propose a framework of binary spatial relations between segmented objects to aid in object classification. In this framework, scale-dependent “line-like objects” and “point-like objects” are identified from areal objects based on their shapes. Generally, disjoint and meet are the only two possible topological relations between two non-overlapping areal objects. However, a number of quasi- topological relations can be defined when the shapes of the objects involved are considered. Some of these relations are fuzzy and thus quantitatively defined. In addition, we define the concepts of line-like objects (e.g. roads) and point-like objects (e.g. wells), and develop the relations between two line-like objects or two point-like objects. For completeness, cardinal direction relations and distance relations are also introduced in the proposed context. Finally, we implement the framework to extract roads and moving vehicles from an aerial photo. The promising results suggest that our methods can be a valuable tool in defining rules for object based image analysis.     

MERIS and the red-edge position

The Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) is a payload component of Envisat-1. MERIS will be operated over land with a standard 15 band setting acquiring images with a 300 m spatial resolution. The red-edge position (REP) is a promising variable for deriving foliar chlorophyll concentration, which plays an important role in ecosystem processes. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to study which factors effect the REP of vegetation, (2) to study whether this REP can be derived from the MERIS standard band setting and (3) to show what REP represents at the scale of MERIS data. Two different data sets were explored for simulating the REP using MERIS bands: (1) simulated data using reflectance models and (2) airborne reflectance spectra of an agricultural area obtained by the airborne visible-infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS). A “linear method”, assuming a straight slope of the reflectance spectrum around the midpoint of the slope, was a robust method for determining the REP and the MERIS bands at 665, 708.75, 753.75 and 778.75 nm could be used for applying the “linear method” for REP estimation. Results of the translation to the scale of MERIS data were very promising for applying MERIS at, for instance, the ecosystem level.     

Rendering 2D Lines on 3D Terrain Model with Optimization in Visual Quality and Running Performance

With the gradual shift from 2D maps to a 3D virtual environment, various visual artifacts were generated by overlaying 2D map symbols on 3D terrain models. This work proposes a novel screen‐based method for rendering 2D vector lines with the accuracy of more than one pixel on the screen in real time. First, screen pixels are inversely projected onto a 3D terrain surface, and then onto the 2D vector plane. Next, these pixels are classified into three categories in terms of their intersection situation with the 2D lines. After that, a multiple sampling process is applied to the pixels that intersect with the 2D lines in order to eliminate visual artifacts, such as intermittence and aliasing (in pixel scale). Finally, a suitable point‐in‐polygon judgment is implemented to color each sample point quickly. The algorithm is realized in a heterogeneously parallel model so that the performance is improved and becomes acceptable.     

三维模型重建中的凹多边形三角剖分

OpenGL作为通用的开放式三维图形标准,在三维模型重建方面有着广泛的应用。但由于它只提供绘制填充凸多边形图元的函数,因而难以处理很多具有凹多边形外形的三维实体。文中提出了一种对凹多边形进行递归三角剖分的分割算法,较好地解决了这个问题,并成功地用于基于OpenGL的建筑物三维重建。     

拓扑多边形自相交判断及纠正方法

提出了一种解决地形图处理中拓扑多边形自相交问题的方法。首先在原多边形内部构建新多边形,通过判定新多边形的顶点是否为原多边形内点实现了多边形自相交的判断。最后利用三种方式对存在自相交的多边形进行纠正。基于VC＋＋6.0实现相关功能,并以实例验证了这一方法的稳定性和可行性。     

一种基于条件极值的建筑多边形直角化的方法

在地图综合中,许多建筑多边形化简的方法都是针对于直角多边形的,建筑多边形的直角化也是地图数据在进入GIS之前对数据完整性检验的必经过程.本文介绍了一种利用条件极值来计算直角地物中各点坐标改正数的方法.该方法成功用于大比例综合缩编软件GenTool,并获得了满意的效果.     

数字建筑模型整体投影真正射影像制作中的遮蔽检测方法

为解决城市大比例尺真正射影像制作问题,提出了一种数字建筑模型（digital building model,DBM）整体投影遮蔽检测方法。该方法利用DBM表面以矢量三角面存储和平面图形投影内部栅格互不遮蔽的特点,首先以三角面为单元对整个建筑物进行正射投影得到房顶多边形;然后进行透视投影得到整个建筑物在像方的成像多边形,通过数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）投影迭代算法得到该建筑物在传统正射影像上的成像多边形,两者求差集得到建筑物的遮蔽区域物方多边形;最后选取最优辅助影像对遮蔽区域进行纹理补偿,制作出真正射影像。实验结果表明,该方法能够快速准确地检测出影像遮蔽区域,为生成高质量真正射影像提供了保障和前提。     

Use of shadows for detection of earthquake-induced collapsed buildings in high-resolution satellite imagery

In this paper, we present a hybrid shadow-analysis approach that integrates the model- and property-based methods for detecting collapsed buildings after an earthquake using high-resolution satellite imagery. The framework of the proposed approach has four main steps. (1) The three-dimensional (3D) building model is established according to its footprint and height data stored in a geographical information system. (2) The theoretical shadow area of the building at the time that the post-seismic image was acquired is calculated. And the polygon of the ground shadow area of the building, which is called the theoretical ground shadow polygon, is extracted. (3) The theoretical ground shadow polygon is overlaid with the casting shadow area of the building, which is called the actual shadow area in the post-seismic satellite image, and the mean value of the digital number values of the post-seismic image pixels within the polygon of the theoretical shadow area is calculated. (4) The calculated mean value is compared with predefined thresholds, which are determined by the training pixels collected from the different types of shadows. On this basis, the shadows of totally collapsed, partially collapsed and uncollapsed buildings can be distinguished. A comprehensive experiment for Dujiangyan city, one of the urban areas most severely damaged in the May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, was conducted, and the experimental results showed the superiority of the proposed approach to the other existing ones.     

MapGIS与MapStar在城市地图更新多边形拓扑重建中的应用研究

多边形拓扑重建是城市地图更新建库工作中关键性的一步,针对MapStar中拓扑重建的存在的问题,笔者采用MapGIS建拓朴,MapStar赋属性两者相结合的一种方法,能快速完成的多边形拓扑关系的重建,提高建库速度,实验证明,采用此方法,在城市地图更新建库工作过程中可提高30%-40%的工作效率。     

真正射影像生成的多边形反演成像遮蔽检测方法

遮蔽检测是真正射影像生成的关键技术。提出一种基于多边形反演成像(polygon based inversion imaging,PBI)的遮蔽检测方法。利用建筑物表面多边形内部互不遮蔽的特点,以多边形为单元将建筑物逆投影到像方,反演成像时的目标状态,获得目标之间、多边形之间的遮蔽关系。为确保算法的稳健性和保真度,提出:①可疑区域增长法,稳健地栅格化复杂3维建筑物模型;②综合滤波模型用于消除多边形边界噪声。最后利用实例比较z-buffer方法,基于射线角度方法和PBI方法的遮蔽检测效果。结果表明,PBI算法的有效性和稳健性较好。     

3维城市景观阴影绘制算法的研究与实现

真实感3维可视化技术是数字城市的关键技术之一,随着CPU和GPU能力的不断增强,使得实时的真实感阴影得到广泛的应用.在3维城市景观中,通过多边形模拟建筑物,利用阴影数学的原理,在建筑物渲染过程中利用变换矩阵来生成阴影,并通过多边形偏移和模板测试来改善阴影效果;通过BillBoard技术构建树木,采用光影贴图的方法来生成阴影.实验证明该算法计算简单、速度快,能够满足3维场景真实性与实时性的要求.     

3维城市景观阴影绘制算法的研究与实现

真实感3维可视化技术是数字城市的关键技术之一,随着CPU和GPU能力的不断增强,使得实时的真实感阴影得到广泛的应用。在3维城市景观中,通过多边形模拟建筑物,利用阴影数学的原理,在建筑物渲染过程中利用变换矩阵来生成阴影,并通过多边形偏移和模板测试来改善阴影效果;通过BillBoard技术构建树木,采用光影贴图的方法来生成阴影。实验证明该算法计算简单、速度快,能够满足3维场景真实性与实时性的要求。