A new section of Lower Palaeozoic rocks in Kayin State (Southeast Myanmar)

Lower Palaeozoic rocks have been mapped in Kayin State in an area previously shown on published maps as either metamorphic or possibly Lower or Upper Palaeozoic rocks. Three new formations, with a total thickness of over 900?m, apparently overlain by an, at least, 100?m thick Upper Palaeozoic formation are mapped along the Salween River and along the road from Yinbaing, in Myanmar, to Tha Song Yang, in Thailand. The Lower Palaeozoic succession consists of the predominantly siliciclastic Kyaukpulu and Kushwe–e–we formations and an overlying, predominantly carbonate Meseik Ashe Formation which contains Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) conodonts. The older two formations are probable correlates of the Ngwetaung and Lokeypin formations of the southern Shan State of Myanmar and the Lower Ordovician siliciclastics of western Thailand. The overlying, peritidal to shallow subtidal carbonates of the Meseik–Ashe Formation are correlates of the Wunbye and Sitha formations of Shan State, Myanmar. The thick–bedded, quartz arenites of the Nyaungwiang Formation are faulted against the Ordovician carbonates and are probable lithological correlates of the Carboniferous Taungnyo Formation. The folds in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks are overturned to the northeast and deformation was in one major phase between the Tournaisian and the Early Permian. The Lower Palaeozoic strata may probably be followed as a ridge for at least 100?km towards the NNW, close to the western border of the Sibuma Block which is separated by a postulated cryptic suture from the Irrawaddy Block to the west.     

Characterization of the Lebanese Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate stratigraphic sequence: a geochemical approach

The Lebanese crustal segment is part of a much larger carbonate platform deposited along the northwestern margin of the Arabian Plate, in the eastern Mediterranean region. It is made up mainly of Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate rocks. Most of this stratigraphic sequence is exposed in the Nahr Ibrahim canyon and surrounding areas in central Lebanon. The various formations, from the oldest unit (the Lower Jurassic Kesrouane Formation) to the Upper Cretaceous Chekka Formation, are made up of different types of carbonate rocks including micritic limestone, medium‐ to coarse‐grained dolostone, biomicritic (chalk), biosparrudite limestone, micritic dolostone, pelmicrite, marl and marly limestone. Results of this first chemical investigation on the Lebanese carbonate platform show that the micritic limestone of the Kesrouane Formation is relatively enriched in Ca, Na and Sc, and has low rare‐earth element (REE) contents. The marl units of the Hammana Formation are enriched in Al, Fe, K, Ti, Rb, Ga, Nb, U, Th and REE. The chalk of the Chekka Formation shows the highest phosphorus content. A significant increase in P and Sr contents with time (from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous carbonate units) characterizes the Lebanese sequence; this is interpreted to be related to a possible increase in continental weathering rates during the Mesozoic. Enrichment in Ni, Ti and Nb in some formations is interpreted to be linked to Mesozoic volcanism in central Lebanon. The Cretaceous formations are subdivided according to their REE patterns into two distinct groups: limestones (Mdairej, Sannine and Maameltain formations) which are depleted in REE; and marl/chalk (Hammana and Chekka formations) which are significantly enriched in REE. On several geochemical variation diagrams, such as the K–Ti–P triangular plot, the Lebanese Mesozoic carbonate formations are found to occupy distinct compositional fields. Thus, carbonate geochemistry could prove to be a powerful tool (especially when combined with petrographic data) in characterizing and correlating carbonate formations (chemical stratigraphy), particularly in regions where field evidence may be limited. Results of this study have significant implications for the entire carbonate platform that covers a large part of the eastern Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京十三陵中元古界长城系沉积相标志及沉积环境演化模式

北京十三陵地区中元古界长城系包括5个组：常州沟组、串岭沟组、团山子组、大红峪组、高于庄组，前2个组主要由碎屑岩组成，后3个组主要由碳酸盐岩组成。众多的沉积相标志从不同侧面说明：常州沟组沉积属于滨浅海碎屑岩沉积环境；从串岭沟组开始，其沉积环境向碳酸盐岩沉积环境过渡；后3个组沉积时的环境为典型的陆表海碳酸盐岩沉积环境。在综合研究的基础上给出了沉积环境演化模式。另外，长城系还有许多特殊的沉积现象值得进一步研究和讨论：世界上最古老的宇宙球粒；高于庄组白云岩层面上双脊波痕的内碎屑颗粒成因和硅化白云岩内青鱼骨状层理及硅质团粒的成因；特别是在大红峪组首次发现太阳星云物质－碳质球粒陨石。     

豫西南地区铅锌银沉积建造地球化学特征

通过对豫西南地区中元古界官道口群、上元古界栾川群与铅锌银有关的沉积建造中元素含量分布、表生富集特征及综合地球化学异常特征的研究, 认为官道口群、栾川群是铅锌银矿的矿源层, 并指出龙家园组、南泥湖组、煤窑沟组是寻找与官道口群碳酸盐岩和栾川群碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积建造有关的层控铅锌银矿床的有利层位。     

宁夏天景山奥陶纪碳酸盐岩地球化学相关性研究

宁夏天景山—米钵山奥陶纪马家沟组为一套台地碳酸盐岩沉积,米钵山组为一套台地前缘斜坡重力流沉积的碎屑岩夹泥质岩、碳酸盐岩。两组地层碳酸盐岩主要氧化物、微量元素和稀土元素具有明显的时空演化规律,地球化学特征既有独立性,又有相关性,与岩石宏观特征相一致,与沉积环境相关联。     

河南陕县黄连垛组的发现及其地质意义

前人将河南省陕县李村龙脖一带覆盖于熊耳群之上的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩组合划分为高山河群和官道口群龙家园组。本次研究,通过剖面测制和区域对比,发现该套地层实际为长城系汝阳群云梦山组—洛峪口组、蓟县系黄连垛组及寒武系罗圈组、辛集组、朱砂洞组、馒头组。同时,在黄莲垛组中发现的假裸枝和卷心菜叠层石,可与官道口群龙家园组—巡检司组对比,证实了官道口群和黄连垛组是华北陆块南缘在蓟县纪形成的同一套碳酸盐岩沉积。     

四川西北部的岩关阶

<正> 四川西北部早石炭世地层,前人作过不少研究,侯德封、杨敬之(1939)在北川、绵竹、平武及江油一带进行地质调查,将下石炭统划分为杜内阶及维宪阶。朱森等人(1939)将下石炭统命为总长沟系,分上、下两部分,分别代表维宪阶及杜内阶。范影年(1980)依据珊瑚类化石,将原总长沟系的下部划分为两部分,下部称长滩子段,上部称马角坝段,并将     

The Early Proterozoic Nabberu Basin and associated iron formations of Western Australia

Rocks of the Early Proterozoic Nabberu Supergroup were deposited in the Nabberu Basin along the northern margin of the Archaean Yilgarn Shield in Western Australia. The Nabberu Basin consists of three tectonic-sedimentary units known as the Earaheedy, Glengarry and Padbury Sub-basins.The Earaheedy Group within the easternmost sub-basin is divided into a lower Tooloo Sub-group and an upper Miningarra Sub-group, representing succeeding sedimentary cycles totalling some 6000 m of shallow water sediments. The Tooloo Sub-group comprises thin quartzose to arkosic clastics (Yelma Formation) which rest unconformably on Archaean rocks, and are overlain by chert, shale, iron formations and minor carbonate (Frere Formation), and thinly bedded carbonate, shale and sandstone (Windidda Formation). The overlying Miningarra Sub-group includes sandstone and shale (Wandiwarra Formation), super-mature quartz sandstone and arkosic siltstone (Princess Ranges Quartzite), fine arkosic sandstone, siltstone, shale and carbonate (Wongawol Formation), limestone, shale and sandstone (Kulele Creek Limestone) and sandstone and shale (Mulgarra Sandstone). Distinctive stromatolite assemblages occur in carbonate units throughout the sequence.Iron formations of the Frere Formation are similar to those of the Lake Superior and Labrador Provinces of North America, and commonly have a distinctive pelletal (intraclastic) texture, but are locally oolitic or laminated. Benthonic microfossils found at one locality are identical to those in the Lake Superior iron formations (Walter et al., 1976).West into the Glengarry Sub-basin and Peak Hill—Robinson Ranges area the basal clastics become considerably thicker, finer-grained and more varied, and are commonly interbedded with basaltic volcanics and greywackes. The Peak Hill Beds (MacLeod, 1970), Finlayson Sandstone and Maraloou Formation (Bunting et al., 1977) may be lateral equivalents of the Yelma Formation, while the overlying Horseshoe Range Beds, Labouchere Formation and Robinson Range Formation (Barnett, 1975) are possible equivalents of the Frere Formation. The Millidie Creek Formation may be equivalent to the Wandiwarra Formation.Deformation of the Nabberu Basin has resulted in the development of the Stanley Fold Belt in the north and the Kingston Platform in the south. On the Kingston Platform the rocks dip very gently north, but deformation increases northwards. A slaty cleavage becomes more conspicuous in this direction, while folds become tighter, overturned southwards and cut by north-dipping thrusts. The fold belt trends west-northwest across the eastern portion of the basin before swinging to the southwest. Archaean basement is increasingly involved in the deformation and becomes progressively more gneissic as the Early Proterozoic rocks become more strongly schistose. Refolding of early structures is pronounced in the west. Metamorphic grade, based on mineral assemblages in basic, pelitic and carbonate rocks and iron formations, also increases north and northwest, reaching a maximum grade of granulite facies west of the Robinson Ranges. The sediments are essentially unmetamorphosed in the southeastern part of the basin.     

Sr isotopic chemostratigraphy of Precambrian carbonate rocks in the Amderma Rise,Pai-Khoi Ridge

The Sr and C isotopic compositions of Precambrian carbonate rocks are determined for Amderma Rise, in the northeastern margin of Pai-Khoi Ridge. Based on the Sr isotopic chemostratigraphy, it is established for the first time that the Amderma Formation is referred to the Early Vendian, while the Morozovsk Formation is Late Riphean in age. This conclusion along with detailed mapping proves that the Precambrian “section” of the Amderma Rise is a series of tectonic plates combined in a nonchronostratigraphic order. Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Morozovsk and Sokolninsk formations make up the allochthon proper, while carbonate rocks of the Amderma Formation make up the para-autochthon. The high values of δ¹³С (up to +9.5‰) identified in limestones of both formations suggest a considerable distance of the Pai-Khoi paleobasin from the passive margin of the Baltic Region upon facies similarity to the Laurentia active margins.     

宁夏中奥陶统香山群徐家圈组大地构造环境分析

宁夏香山群为一套遭受轻微区域变质的陆源碎屑岩,并夹有少量碳酸盐岩和硅质岩,属于深水浊流沉积,从下到上可分为徐家圈组、狼嘴子组和磨盘井组。长期以来对香山群的研究主要集中在时代探讨上,而在其他方面较薄弱。本文以徐家圈组为主要研究对象,从浊积砂岩的碎屑颗粒类型百分含量、常量元素和微量元素等方面对其沉积时的大地构造环境进行了综合研究。结果表明:碎屑颗粒类型显示出典型的被动大陆边缘;常量元素的判别则出现了不确定性;微量元素则显示出了过渡性质。因此,香山群徐家圈组沉积时大地构造环境可能不是简单的被动大陆边缘,其物源极有可能来自被动大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧之间的带有过渡性质的源区。     

The Albian to Turonian carbon isotope record from the Shilaif Basin (United Arab Emirates) and its regional and intercontinental correlation

The sedimentary record of the Arabian Shelf offers a unique opportunity to study the Cretaceous (Albian–Turonian) greenhouse climate from a palaeoequatorial perspective. In particular, hemipelagic to pelagic carbonate successions from the extensive Shilaif intra‐shelf basin have the potential to produce an excellent record of carbon cycle perturbations during this interval. This study presents a 269 m thick chemostratigraphic (carbonate δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O) record from the Middle Albian to Early Turonian of central Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), representing over 14 Myr of uninterrupted carbonate sedimentation. The Mauddud to Shilaif formations represent outer ramp to basinal intra‐shelf carbonates with variations from laminated organic‐rich to clean bioturbated intervals. Isotopic evidence of the latest Albian Anoxic Event (Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d), Middle Cenomanian Event I and the Cenomanian–Turonian Anoxic Event (Oceanic Anoxic Event 2) are confirmed and biostratigraphically calibrated by means of calcareous nannofossils. The carbon isotope record allows correlation with other regional records and well‐calibrated records across the Tethyan Ocean and represents a significant improvement of the chronostratigraphic framework of the United Arab Emirates (Shilaif) and Oman (Natih) intra‐shelf basins. The study further confirms that low carbon isotope values corresponding to the two source rock intervals in the Shilaif Formation clearly precede the isotopic expressions of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d and Oceanic Anoxic Event 2.     

长江中下游地区泥盆系-石炭系界面特征分析

长江中下游地区是中国东部重要的铁铜金多金属成矿带。经对比,长江中下游大多数地区的泥盆系五通组与石炭系黄龙组之间有明显的沉积间断,为假整合接触关系。两组岩性差异较大,五通组主要为陆相碎屑沉积,而黄龙组为碳酸盐岩。泥盆系五通组与石炭系黄龙组之间的不整合界面是构造薄弱面,利于成矿元素的聚集,是成矿带内主要的容矿层位,该层位应是今后深部找矿的重要层位。     

陕西泾阳-淳化地区奥陶系优质石灰岩矿床特征

陕西泾阳-淳化地区奥陶系地层可划分为四个组,自下向上为三山子组、贾汪组、马家沟组、桃曲坡组。其中马家沟组的上段碳酸盐岩特纯,CaO的平均含量>54%,MgO的平均含量<1%,是华北地台其它地区所没有的,构成特大型石灰岩矿床。     

鄂尔多斯盆地保德地区上古生界沉积相与沉积演化特征

山西组与下石盒子组是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界主要的勘探目的层系,本溪组和太原组发育的煤层是主要的烃源岩,深入研究上古生界沉积相及沉积演化特征对油气勘探具有一定的指导意义。以保德地区扒楼沟剖面露头实测为基础,通过岩性和岩石组合、沉积相分析,建立了不同沉积体系的沉积序列,并进一步探讨了该区上古生界沉积演化过程。结果表明:保德地区上古生界自下而上发育本溪组、太原组、下石盒子组、上石盒子组、石千峰组,识别出障壁海岸、碳酸盐台地、曲流河和辫状河4种沉积相,并建立8种典型的沉积序列;受区域构造演化控制,本溪组与太原组时期发生大规模海侵,山西组至石千峰组时期海水逐渐退出盆地,研究区晚古生代经历了障壁海岸-碳酸盐台地-河流相的沉积演化过程。     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区中—晚石炭世地层划分

<正> 乌鲁木齐地区中一晚石炭世地层主要发育在乌鲁木齐市以东约20km的柳树沟、祁家沟和井井子沟等地。该区出露的石炭纪地层有:中石炭统柳树沟组、祁家沟组,上石炭统奥尔吐组。其中祁家沟剖面曾作为1977年北方槽区会议重点参观剖面。 本文引用的地层资料除1977年地层队测制的剖面外,还列出了1965年新疆区调大队六分队测制的柳树沟剖面。文中化石分别由侯鸿飞、张梓歆(腕足类)、孙巧缡(类)、     

Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene tectonic events at Farafra-Abu Minqar Stretch,Western Desert,Egypt: results from calcareous plankton

This work depends on integrated high-resolution calcareous plankton nannofossil and foraminiferal biostratigraphic analyses for three Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene successions at Farafra-Abu Minqar area, Western Desert, Egypt. These sections are distributed in a north-south geologic profile as follows: El Aqabat, North Gunna, and Abu Minqar. Lithostratigraphically, four formations are recorded in the study area, namely, Khoman (at base), Dakhla, Tarawan, and Esna (at top). In the north at El Aqabat section, Khoman Formation (carbonate facies) is only represented which changes partially toward the south to Dakhla Formation (siliciclastic facies). In the extreme south at Abu Minqar section, it changes completely into siliciclastic facies of Dakhla Formation. Biostratigraphically, seven calcareous nannofossil and eleven planktonic foraminiferal zones represent the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene are identified. Based on the occurrence or missing of these zones accompanied with the field criteria resulted in detecting four tectonic events. These tectonic events took place at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg), the Danian/Selandian (D/S), the Selandian/Thanetian (S/T), and the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) boundaries. These tectonic events are related to the impact of the Syrian Arc System. Four sequence boundaries (SB1, SB2, SB3, and SB4) are defined in the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene sequence in the Farafra-Abu Minqar area.     

BASIN-RANGE TRANSITION AND GENETIC TYPES OF SEQUENCE BOUNDARY OF THE QIANGTANG BASIN IN NORTHERN TIBET

BASIN-RANGE TRANSITION AND GENETIC TYPES OF SEQUENCE BOUNDARY OF THE QIANGTANG BASIN IN NORTHERN TIBET     

从氧、碳同位素组成看蓟县元古宙碳酸盐岩特征

蓟县元古宙碳酸盐岩出露广袤，厚度巨大，产状稳定，化石丰富，沉积形象众多。其内赋含的氧、碳同位素组成及其数值变化对成岩机制及沉积环境仍然蕴含着较清楚的内函关系。依据其数值演化，探讨了蓟县碳酸盐岩的成岩作用、古盐度，进而结合其沉积环境特征，阐释了碳酸盐岩，更主要是白云岩为原生沉积所成。     

Structural and stratigraphic evolution of Abu Dhabi in the context of Arabia

The Emirate of Abu Dhabi is famed for its coastal carbonate, sabkhas and sand dunes; it is located in the NE part of the Arabian Plate, which formed during the Late Neoproterozoic (~820–750 Ma) by the accretion of island arcs and microcontinents to early Gondwana. Most of Arabia seems to have spent its existence within the Southern Hemisphere until it crossed the Equator during the Mesozoic; parts were involved in four glaciations, two in the Proterozoic (~750–630 Ma—Iceball or Slushball Earth?), and two more in the Palaeozoic (Late Ordovician and Permo-Carboniferous transition). In the early Palaeozoic the Arabian Plate was oriented about 90° counter clockwise relative to today’s poles. Gondwana later skirted the South Pole, migrating to the other side of the planet, eventually emerging the ‘right-way up’ with the Arabian Plate oriented to the poles more or less as seen today. Cold and temperate climate conditions ensured that for much of its early existence, Arabia was the site of mainly quartz-rich deposits. Later in the Neoproterozoic, however, extensive stromatolitic carbonate deposition took the lead, culminating around the Cambro-Precambrian boundary with deposition of the extensive Ara and Hormuz evaporites. Since south Arabia’s Permo-Carboniferous glaciation, the Arabian plate has been drifting northward, crossing temperate climatic zones conducive to fluvial and aeolian sandstone deposition and, from the later Permian, to tropical shallow-marine carbonates and evaporites In parallel with the above, the rifting of Gondwana opened an oceanic trough in the Late Permian off the NE flank of Arabia. Slope carbonates and deepwater Hawasina turbidites with a clear flow to the NE were deposited until they were obducted (together with associated ophiolites) in the Late Cretaceous on the edge of the Arabian plate in Oman and Iran. The deposition of widespread Early Silurian hydrocarbon source rocks in east-central Arabia was followed in the later Permian by extensive reservoir rocks with more during the mid-Late Mesozoic, giving rise to major oilfields both on- and off-shore, including Abu Dhabi. Arabia and Africa began to separate late in the Miocene with the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. SSW–NNE compressive stresses caused uplift and volcanic activity in west Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Some products of erosion flowed eastward into Abu Dhabi. At the NE margin of Arabia, the Tethys Ocean narrowed, the NE flank of the newly forming Zagros Mountains of Iran is being subducted beneath southern Asia. To the SE, roughly coeval crustal compression adjacent to the Gulf of Oman led to uplift of the Oman Mountains and deposition of erosional products flanking the mountains mainly to the W and SW. The Oman Mountains are currently rising at about 2 mm/a, while northern Musandam is subsiding into the Strait of Hormuz at some 6 mm/a in association with subduction of the Arabian plate margin below the Eurasian plate. Alternations between polar glaciations and interglacials over the past few 100 ka resulted in considerable climatic changes over Arabia; slow glacial build-ups lasting some 80 to 120 ka led, somewhat erratically, to a fall in sea level of up to 130 m, to strong winds and the building of systems of extensive sand dunes such as the Rub’ al Khali. The joint Tigris–Euphrates river system flowed through a desert landscape, reaching the ocean only SE of the Strait of Hormuz. The peak of the last glaciation about 21 ka was followed by its rapid collapse and flooding of the Arabian Gulf to its present level between about 12 or 10 and 6 ka, a horizontal marine advance of some 200–300 m/a. Abu Dhabi is now the site of shallow-marine carbonates offshore and classical sabkhas and carbonate-rich sand dunes onshore.     

塔里木盆地卡塔克南缘中2井良里塔格组碳酸盐岩沉积地球化学特征

卡塔克隆起北坡的上奥陶统良里塔格组台缘带的礁滩相孔洞缝储集体是油气的重点勘探领域。中2井是卡塔克隆起南坡的第一口以查清卡塔克隆起南缘下古生界碳酸盐岩台缘结构、探索良里塔格组礁滩相孔洞缝储集体为目的区探井。对中2井良里塔格组取心段的碳酸盐岩沉积亚相分析表明:良里塔格组发育以苔藓虫、四分珊瑚格架岩及障积岩为特征的礁-滩-丘沉积组合。而对中2井的良里塔格组以及一间房组、鹰山组碳酸盐岩沉积地球化学分析及其对比研究表明:良里塔格组碳酸盐岩为正常的海水沉积环境,陆源碎屑较少(<0.5%),其中,稀土总量平均为8.65×10-6,LREE/HREE平均为6.20,87Sr/86Sr平均值为0.70843(n=12),变化范围是0.70800~0.70882,波动较小;纵向上,沉积水体向上变浅,为亚氧化或弱还原条件沉积环境,δEu平均为0.67、δCe平均为0.80;较好地保留了原始海水中稳定同位素特征,全岩的1δ8OPDB=-7.3‰~-3.2‰(平均为-4.4‰),1δ3CPDB=1.8‰~3.1‰(平均为2.7‰),与全球晚奥陶世海水或碳酸盐岩对应的平均值相近,反映了后期成岩改造作用较弱。