Use of Shear Wave Velocity for Foundation Design

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - This paper describes an approach for utilizing in-situ measurements of shear wave velocity Vs to carry out preliminary and check design calculations for...     

Undrained Shear Strength in Cohesive Soils Estimated by Directional Modes of In-Situ Shear Wave Velocity

The estimated undrained shear strength (s_u) is often not a unique value because it can be evaluated by various test types and/or procedures, such as different failure modes, shear strain rates, and boundary conditions. This study explores (1) the relationship between reference undrained shear strength and in situ shear wave velocity in terms of the effective overburden stress, and (2) the independent relationships to evaluate the undrained shear strength with special consideration of different directional and polarization modes (VH, HV, HH shear waves), which has not been reported. This evaluation is done via a worldwide database compiled from 43 well-documented geotechnical test sites associated with soft ground. Finally, new correlation models are proposed to estimate the undrained shear strength based on the in situ shear wave velocity as well as the plasticity index or the overconsolidation ratio. The application of the shear wave velocity–undrained shear strength relation is illustrated through two independent case studies. The proposed relationships are expected to contribute to reasonable estimates of undrained shear strength as well as offer practical guidance on even extrapolation beyond the data that is available to geotechnical engineers.     

Effect of Fines Type and Content of Sand on Correlation Between Shear Wave Velocity and Liquefaction Resistance

The use of shear wave velocity (V _s) measurements as an in situ test for evaluation of liquefaction potential has increased substantially due to its advantages. Relatively large numbers of studies have been performed to establish the correlation between V _s and liquefaction resistance (CRR) of clean sands. Usually, natural sands contain silt and/or clay, and previous studies have shown that both the amount of fines and their nature influence the values of CRR as well as V _s. Therefore, the CRR–V _s correlations may also be affected by fines content and type of sandy soils. However, effect of fines content and especially fines type of sandy soils on the correlation between V _s and CRR is inadequately addressed in the literature. In this study, cyclic triaxial and bender element tests were conducted on samples of sand containing various amounts of different types of fines, and the effects of fines on the values of CRR and V _s are investigated. The results show that G ₀ and CRR reduce even when small amounts of fines are added to sand. Therefore, use of plasticity index (PI) of the fines fraction is better than the PI of the overall soil when trying to assess the effects of fines. Using obtained experimental data as well as the established semiempirical CRR–V _s relationship, the CRR–V _s correlation was developed for all the tested soils, and the effect of fines type on the correlation is also examined. Based on the results obtained in this study, CRR–V _s correlation is affected by both the amount and the plasticity of the fines present in the sand, and this correlation is soil specific.     

人工冻土波速及爆破性的研究

从理论上分析了人工冻土波速与爆破性的关系,进行了冻结砂土、冻结粘土在３个不同温度下（－７℃,－１２℃,－１７℃）的纵波速度、横波速度和冻土爆破性试验．结果表明,纵波速度与变形能系数关联度最大,纵波速度能较好地反映冻土的爆破性．     

Liquefaction Hazard Assessment of Earth Quake Prone Area: a Study Based on Shear Wave Velocity by Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)

The shear wave velocity (V_S) profile based on the dispersive characteristics of fundamental mode of Rayleigh type surface waves indicate underground stiffness change with depth as well as near surface stiffness. The most important utility of shear wave velocity (V_S) is to estimate the liquefaction hazard potential of an area particularly in seismically active region. Rayleigh type surface waves were utilized to estimate the velocity (V_S) of shallow subsurface covering a depth range of 30–50 m employing multichannel analysis of surface waves. The liquefaction hazard map predicts an approximate percentage of an area that will have surface manifestation of liquefaction during an earth quake. The surface wave data acquired in an earth quake prone region of Jabalpur (Seismic zone III), India, yields a velocity (V_S) range of 200–750 m/s corresponding to the subsurface depth of 30–35 m. The results were analyzed for possible liquefaction hazard in the study area and presented here besides the N values.     

表层土剪切波速的不确定性对地表设计谱平台值的影响

土层剪切波速对地表反应谱有重要的影响。选取构建了不同场地类别的235个场地地震反应模型,人工合成了12条强弱及频谱特性不同的加速度时程,运用一维土层地震反应的等效线性化波动方法,研究了不同地震动输入下表层土剪切波速的不确定性对设计谱平台值的影响,统计给出了表层土剪切波速的变异率与地表设计反应谱平台值间的经验公式。结果表明:地表设计反应谱平台值与表层土剪切波速的变异率呈负相关关系,即随表层土剪切波速变异率的增大而减小;不同地震波输入条件下各类场地类别地表设计谱平台高度与表层土剪切波速变异率的数学模型为一阶指数函数。     

基于岩石物理模型的页岩孔隙结构反演及横波速度预测

准确预测储层的等效孔隙纵横比对页岩储层岩石物理建模及横波速度预测具有重要意义。为分析页岩储层孔隙纵横比及预测横波速度,提出了基于岩石物理模型的页岩孔隙纵横比反演及横波速度预测方法。本文首先通过岩石物理模型建立岩石的纵、横波速度与孔隙纵横比、孔隙度和矿物组分等参数之间的定量关系,寻找最佳孔隙纵横比;然后通过使理论预测与实际测量的纵波速度之间误差达到最小的方式反演孔隙纵横比,并以此为约束预测横波速度。实际测井数据反演结果表明,龙马溪组页岩地层的孔隙纵横比稳定,而围岩的孔隙纵横比变化范围较大;说明与围岩相比,页岩的孔隙结构更为稳定。同时,预测得到的页岩横波速度与实测横波速度的误差较小,另外对于缺少矿物组分资料的页岩层段,用平均矿物组分预测得到的横波速度误差仍较小;说明与矿物组分相比,龙马溪组页岩的纵、横波速度对孔隙纵横比参数更敏感。综上所述,利用该方法可预测到较为准确的等效孔隙纵横比和横波速度。     

Allowable Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations Based on Shear Wave Velocity

Firstly, the historical background is presented for the determination of ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations. The principles of plastic equilibrium used in the classical formulation of the ultimate bearing capacity are reviewed, followed by a discussion about the sources of approximations inherent in the classical theory. Secondly, based on a variety of case histories of site investigations, including extensive bore hole data, laboratory testing and geophysical prospecting, an empirical formulation is proposed for the determination of allowable bearing capacity of shallow foundations. The proposed expression corroborates consistently with the results of the classical theory and is proven to be reliable and safe, also from the view point of maximum allowable settlements. It consists of only two soil parameters, namely, the in-situ measured shear wave velocity, and the unit weight. The unit weight may be also determined with sufficient accuracy, by means of another empirical expression, using the P-wave velocity. It is indicated that once the shear and P-wave velocities are measured in-situ by an appropriate geophysical survey, the allowable bearing capacity is determined reliably through a single step operation. Such an approach, is considerably cost and time-saving, in practice.     

Property Correlations and Statistical Variations in the Geotechnical Properties of (CH) Clay Soils

This study was focused on the correlations between the physical and mechanical properties and geostatistical analysis of the clay of high plasticity (CH) soil based on the experimental data and the data collected from various research studies. Four types of CH soil with liquid limit (LL) of 50, 62, 76 and 88% were collected from the field, tested, compared with the data from literature and qualified using hyperbolic model. X-ray diffraction analyses showed the major constituents of the CH soil with LL of 50% were calcium silicate (Ca₂SiO₄), aluminum silicate (Al₂SiO₅) and quartz (SiO₂) and the major constituents of the CH soil with LL of 88% were montmorillonite (Na, Ca) _0.33(Al, Mg) ₂(Si₄O₁₀) (OH)₂·nH₂O, kaolinite (Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄) and quartz (SiO₂). The index properties, compacted properties, free swelling and compressive strength of the CH soils were investigated and quantified with over 1000 data collected from the literature. Using the mean (μ), standard deviation (σ), variation (σ²) and coefficient of variation parameters of CH soils properties such as density (γ), index properties (LL and PL), compaction properties (OMC and γ_dmax), swelling index (FS), initial void ratio (e_o), compression index (Cc) and undrained shear strength (S_u) properties were also studied. Liquid limit of CH soils varied between 50 and 110% and plasticity index varied between 26 and 72%. The wet unit weight (γ_wet) for the CH soils varied from 1.30 to 2.19 g/cm³. Undrained shear strength (S_u) of CH soils were varied from 10 to 184 kPa and quantified very well as a function of liquid limit, plasticity index, moisture content and dry density using the experimental data and data collected from the literature.     

横波地震技术在伊敏一露天矿中的应用

以伊敏煤田某露天煤矿横波地震勘探为例,介绍了制做适合野外施工的低噪声、大能量、且易于操作的横波震源的方法,并将各种特性的横波震源在不同介质中进行激发效果试验。根据试验结果确定了震源类型及数据采集参数,其中横波震源为12齿、重150kg、尺寸为110cm×90cm×20cm的爬钉型震板,在加载500kg的重物时耦合效果较好。横波资料的处理基本上与纵波处理的方法相同,由于该区反射波信噪比较高,区内地形平坦,静校正问题较易解决。在资料解释中利用反射波同相轴的形态,在时间剖面上圈定了断层、煤层冲刷带及煤层尖灭点的位置。另外应用速度谱资料求取的平均速度预测了该露天煤矿15、16煤的底板深度。     

利用常规测井资料基于岩石物理和多矿物分析反演横波速度

测井横波速度是测井地震联合反演的重要标定参数.为克服大量老井缺少横波速度资料和现有横波速度估算方法的不足, 基于孔隙介质岩石物理理论, 通过常规测井资料求取多矿物组分, 利用VRH模型求得地层的等效弹性模量; 最后利用纵波速度作为约束条件, 根据Biot-Gassmann方程得到地层横波速度.计算结果与实测结果对比表明, 平均相对误差限在5%左右, 与Xu-White模型相比, 该方法物理意义更为明确, 使用更简便, 计算精度提高一倍左右.      

毛乌苏沙漠标贯与剪切波速的相关性研究

本文收集了毛乌素沙漠多年勘察中积累的原位测试数据,采用数学分析,建立了标准贯入试验换算剪切波速的地区经验公式,为该区域中小型项目剪切波速的获取开辟了新路径,有重要的工程实践意义.     

Spatial Distribution of Shear Wave Velocity for Late Quaternary Alluvial Soil of Kanpur City,Northern India

Empirical correlation between standard penetration resistance (SPT-N) and shear wave velocity measured by seismic downhole techniques are prepared of the alluvial soil of quaternary age for the Kanpur city. The Kanpur city is having seismic threat from Himalaya and it falls in seismic zone III according to seismic zones of India. Standard penetration test as well seismic downhole test has been carried out up to 30 m at twelve different locations of Kanpur city. The measured SPT-N values and shear wave velocity values are used to develop empirical correlation between SPT-N and shear wave velocity. The proposed correlations have been compared with the existing regression equations by various other investigators. It is found that the proposed correlation exhibit good performance (10 % error bar). Also the measured shear wave velocity has been used to prepare spatially distributed contour map of 50, 75 and 100 m/s using ArcGIS-9 software. It is observed that the shear wave velocity values for the northern part of Kanpur city vary from 125 to 825 m/s. In southern part, it is varying from 125 to 500 m/s where as in the central part of the city the shear wave velocity varies from 125 to 375 m/s. The eastern part of the city also shows some variation in shear wave velocity which ranges from 250 to 625 m/s. The western part of the city shows the variation of shear wave velocity from ≤125 to 500 m/s. The soil type of the study area are classified as per NEHRP and new Italian O.P.M.C classification system as B, C and D type soil with having site period of 0.1–0.9 s and Poisson’s ratio varying from 0.1 to 0.4.     

Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Organic Soils

The paper presents results from a laboratory investigation into the dynamic properties of natural intact and model organic soils by means of resonant-column tests. The natural intact organic soils were sands, cohesive soils and peats with varying content of calcium carbonate. The model organic soils were formed in laboratory by mixing kaolinite and paper pulp. The influence of various soil parameters, such as strain level, confining stress, void ratio, plasticity index, organic content and secondary consolidation time on shear modulus, G, and damping ratio, DT, is presented and discussed. The test results on natural organic soils show that only high organic contents (OC ≥ 25%) have significant influence on G and DT at both small and high shear strains. For the model organic soils, however, a significant influence of even lower values of organic content (5% ≤ OC ≤ 20%) on G at small strains and DT at both small and high strains is observed.     

An Experimental Characterization of Shear Wave Velocity (V<Subscript>s</Subscript>) in Clean and Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sand

The characteristics of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils have been among major concerns of geotechnical engineers due to its significant frequency of event and also its influential consequences on our surroundings from various environmental and engineering viewpoints. Heretofore, the effects of diverse kinds of hydrocarbon contaminants on majority of geotechnical properties of fine- and coarse-grained soils such as grain size, hydraulic conductivity, plasticity, compressibility, internal friction, cohesion, and shear strength have been investigated. However, there has not been a concentrated research study examining shear wave velocity (\({\text{V}}_{\text{s}}\)) of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils as an important geotechnical property of soil due to this fact that, in small/very small strain levels, the maximum shear modulus of soils (\({\text{G}}_{ \hbox{max} }\)) can be determined using shear wave velocity (\({\text{G}}_{ \hbox{max} } =\uprho{\text{V}}_{\text{s}}^{2}\)). This paper aims to investigate effects of hydrocarbon contamination on shear wave velocity of sandy soils by comparing shear wave velocities in identically prepared clean and contaminated samples. To this aim, an Iranian light crude oil, a standard type of silica sand (Ottawa sand), and a bender element apparatus were used to minutely measure shear wave velocity of clean and crude oil contaminated sand samples. Moreover, dry and quasi-moist tamping methods were employed in order to provide comparable clean and contaminated specimens (containing 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 wt% of crude oil), respectively. Firstly, a comprehensive bender element (BE) and resonant column tests were conducted on the identically prepared clean sand samples at various amounts of frequency (2–20 kHz) and under various confining pressure (50–500 kPa) to find the best methods of accurately determining shear wave travel time in BE tests. Thereafter, BE tests were conducted to examine shear wave velocity in contaminated specimens. Based on the results, it was found that there was a critical value for crude oil content with the maximum shear wave velocity so that shear wave velocity of 4 wt% contaminated sand (V_s-4 wt%) was about 1.2 times higher than clean one (V_s-clean), and contrastingly adding further crude oil up to 6 wt% made a significant reduction in value of shear wave velocity to some extent that V_s-6 wt% was slightly lower than V_s-clean (V_s-6 wt% = 0.95–0.97V_s-clean). Moreover, adding more contaminant (8–12 wt%) into sand had negligible influences on shear wave velocity. In this paper, the effects of crude oil contamination on sand microstructure were also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy.     

含煤地层转换波叠后横波波阻抗反演

叠后地震反演方法适用于纵波和横波地震资料的反演,但对转换波地震资料却不适用。为了实现利用转换波剖面得到横波波阻抗信息,通过建立转换波反射系数和横波反射系数之间的关系,直接从转换波地震数据中获取横波反射系数,把转换波叠后波阻抗反演问题转化为横波波阻抗反演问题。基于测井约束反演原理,利用横波反射系数和转换波解释层位建立初始横波波阻抗模型,优选反演处理参数,实现转换波叠后横波波阻抗反演。含煤地层转换波横波波阻抗反演结果,为进一步研究岩性参数比属性奠定了基础。和横波勘探相比,转换波勘探施工方便,工作成本相对低廉,因此利用转换波叠后地震反演获得横波波阻抗,是一种经济的办法。但由于在计算横波反射系数时采用了近似公式,所以反演结果精度会受到一定影响。     

On Empirical Correlations for Normalised Shear Strengths from Fall Cone and Direct Simple Shear Tests in Soft Swedish Clays

Empirical correlations provide valuable information in early design stages, and they help to validate or discard single values from site investigations. This paper presents a multivariate database from commercial projects consisting of evaluated shear strengths obtained from direct simple shear tests and fall cone tests (which are calibrated to the field vane test), including index tests. The multivariate database is used to investigate the performance of common transformation models and to test the recommended correction for fall cone tests. It is found that the measured normalised shear strength evaluated from direct simple shear tests and fall cone tests is correlated to the liquid limit and that the results conform to Swedish and Norwegian recommendations. However, the scatter is large, more for fall cone tests than for direct simple shear tests, which is thought to depend mainly on sample disturbance. It can however be concluded that the trend of normalised shear strengths increases with increasing plasticity.

     

Surface Wave Tomography of the Kola Peninsula and Adjacent Territories: Data on Dispersion of Group Velocities of Rayleigh and Love Waves

Doklady Earth Sciences - The deep structure of the crust and the upper mantle of the Kola Peninsula and adjacent territories is studied using representative data on the dispersion of group...     

瞬态和稳态瑞利波探查方法应用比较

本文在简要叙述了瑞利波探测的应用发展历史和它的原理后,通过在日本福井县清水町一工地的瞬态瑞利波探查和稳态瑞利波探查方法试验对比。力求从实用角度出发对这两方法的有效性和经济性作一讨论和比较。