A note on distribution of uncorrected peak ground accelerations during the Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994

This paper presents a summary of uncorrected peak ground accelerations recorded during the Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994 and a preliminary analysis of these data. The presented contours of recorded accelerations agree well with observed patterns of damage. The paper also addresses the issue of how ‘unusual’ and ‘unexpected’ the recorded accelerations are relative to earlier predictions.     

A note on scaling peak acceleration, velocity and displacement of strong earthquake shaking by Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) and site soil and geologic conditions

It is shown that the overall trends of peak amplitudes of strong motion acceleration, velocity and displacement versus site intensity in the Western United States are consistent with our previous inferences, ¹⁸ but the larger present data base allows us to begin with identification of the additional changes of average peak amplitudes also in terms of the local soil and local geologic site conditions. These trends display a reversal of peak amplitude trends in going from small to large intensities, making it difficult to reconcile the simple scaling of design spectra in terms of peak ground acceleration.     

A comparison of peak and plate electrodes in electrical resistivity tomography: application to the chalky groundwater of the Beauvais aquifer (northern part of the Paris basin,France)

Electrical resistivity tomography was used in order to explore an experimental site of the LaSalle Beauvais Polytechnic Institute (France). The test was conducted along a profile line of 315 m length, using 64 electrodes deployed at an inter‐electrode spacing of 5 m, and the data were recorded using gradient, Wenner and pole–dipole arrays. The performance of plate electrodes (non‐conventional flat‐based) is compared with the performance of peak electrodes (conventional spike). The hydrogeophysical investigation of the chalk aquifer system of Beauvais shows that the performance of plate electrodes is satisfactory, leading to inversions of small root‐mean‐square errors. Peak and the plate electrodes were tested before and after injection of a salt tracer in the piezometer of the experimental site. The study demonstrates the usefulness of plate electrodes (efficient, less time consuming) and the possibility of aquifer characterization by a salt tracer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于小波函数的地震动反应谱与峰值位移拟合方法

采用数值方法合成地震动时,除对反应谱拟合外,对峰值位移的拟合和天然地震动非平稳特性的模拟也具有重要的意义和工程应用前景.本文基于小波函数的拟合方法,提出了一种能够同时合成目标反应谱和峰值位移的地震动加速度时程.数值算例表明:该方法具有较快的收敛速度,可用较少的迭代运算实现对目标反应谱和目标峰值位移的较高精度拟合;相较于...     

山西临汾、太原、大同盆地小地震活动A(b)-N 法时序列特征对比研究

利用模拟地震观测资料,对临汾盆地、太原盆地、大同盆地小地震活动时间序列,运用A(b)-N法得到的地震活动参数曲线与地震的对应关系作对比研究,得到地震预测的可信度,发现A(b)-N法对不同盆地的地震活动作出的预测不尽相同,进一步明确了A(b)-N法的应用范围.对今后山西断陷带地震活动的研究提供了一定的参考价值.     

Oceanographic and meteorological forcing of the pelagic ecosystem on the Gulf of Cadiz shelf (SW Iberian Peninsula)

The spatial and temporal distribution of physical, chemical and biological variables of the NE continental shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz were analyzed monthly during almost three annual cycles. This analysis was performed with the aim of deriving the main forcing factors controlling variability at inter-annual, seasonal and short-time scales. Meteorological forcing related to heavy episodes of rainfall that affected river discharges and the wind regime, controlled both the currents along the shelf together and the nutrient concentrations of the surface waters. Meteorological forcing in turn determined the subsequent development and maintenance of phytoplankton blooms. Superimposed on the seasonal cycle typical of temperate latitudes, the inputs of continental nutrients mainly from the Guadalquivir River, along with episodes of upwelling favored by the predominance of westerly winds triggered phytoplankton growth on the shelf, highlighting the markedly relevant role of this large estuary in the control of the biological activity on the shelf.     

Attenuation characteristics of peak ground acceleration from fault trace of the 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake and comparison of spectral acceleration with seismic design code

The 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey produced a majorsurface rupture. We traced this surface rupture from Gölcük toDüzce and located it accurately by using GPS. The closest distancefrom the surface rupture to the strong motion observation sites weredetermined. Then the attenuation characteristics of the observed peakground acceleration were compared with the attenuation relation given byFukushima and Tanaka (1992), which is suitable for the near-fault zone inJapan and gives results that closely match data recorded during the 1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake in Japan. Although this attenuation relationwas developed for Japan, we found that it agreed well with the KOCAELIearthquake. Furthermore, the observed spectral acceleration of 5%damping was compared with the building design code of Turkey and theobserved level was lower than the code.     

摩擦生热对断层演化过程的影响:Ruina-和Chester-Higgs-模型的对比分析

利用速率-状态摩擦定律（Rate-and State-Dependent Friction Law：简称RSF定律）,结合McKenzie-Brune摩擦生热模型,本文分别从Ruina提出的RSF定律和Chester-Higgs提出的RSF定律出发,通过一维弹簧-滑块模型,采用四阶变步长的Dormand-Prince算法,对断层演化过程进行了数值模拟,探讨了摩擦生热对断层演化进程的影响.模拟结果显示,与Ruina-模型相比,Chester-Higgs-模型在断层高速滑动时存有更大的摩擦强度,表明摩擦生热对断层具有一定的强化作用,且同临界滑移距离的取值相关.而且,Chester-Higgs-模型在失稳时的断层面温度远远低于Ruina-模型,表明摩擦生热在断层演化过程中能抑制断层面温度的剧烈升高,且正应力和临界滑移距离越大,两种模型的温差越为明显,而断层的刚度和尺度则对温度的影响很小.模拟两种模型周期演化过程的结果表明,在相同的初始条件下,Chester-Higgs-模型给出的断层失稳周期明显比Ruina-模型更短,说明摩擦生热对断层自身演化最显著的影响是较大地缩短了地震重复发生周期.当断层进入周期性演化后,Chester-Higgs-模型给出的摩擦强度大于Ruina-模型,且对第一次非周期性失稳的摩擦强度和剩余应力的继承性更好.另外,由Chester-Higgs-模型给出的静态应力降远小于Ruina-模型给出的结果,所对应的单个事件的滑移量也小于Ruina-模型.

     

A comparative overview of weathering intensity and HCO3 flux in the world's major rivers with emphasis on the Changjiang,Huanghe, Zhujiang (Pearl) and Mississippi Rivers

In this paper, general relationships of riverine bicarbonate concentrations and fluxes as a function of drainage basin mineral content and runoff are examined using a database of the 25 largest rivers in the world. Specific HCO₃⁻ flux normalized to unit basin area, which peaks in the mid latitudes, was found to be strongly correlated with the carbonate mineral content of river basins, while river HCO₃⁻ concentration was related to the balance of precipitation and evaporation. Within this global context, the weathering patterns of CO₂ in a few large rivers (Changjiang, Huanghe, Pearl, and Mississippi rivers) were examined in further detail. The Zhujiang (Pearl River), especially its largest branch (Xijiang), was characterized by the highest specific weathering rate among all the world's large rivers due to an exceptionally high carbonate mineral content (over 80%) in its drainage basin and its warm and wet environment. It has a moderate level of HCO₃⁻ concentration, however, due to dilution by relatively high precipitation in the watershed. In stark contrast, the Huanghe (Yellow River) has one of the lowest specific weathering rates because of low carbonate mineral content and a dry climate. However, it has a high HCO₃⁻ concentration due largely to the concentrating effects of high evaporative water loss, as a result of arid weather and the agricultural use of water through irrigation systems, as well as carbonate-containing surficial deposits (i.e., loess). The strong correlation between specific HCO₃⁻ fluxes and discharge in all four rivers with different discharge seasonality suggests that higher precipitation in drainage basins promotes higher weathering rates.     

Effects of the hanging wall and footwall on peak acceleration during the Jiji (Chi-Chi), Taiwan Province, earthquake

Introduction In the study of ground motion attenuation model the considered parameters are generally sim-plified as ground motion parameters (acceleration, velocity, displacement, response spectrum, dura-tion, etc), earthquake magnitude, distance and site condition. As the accumulation of ground motion records, it was found that the characteristic of ground motion attenuation in tectonicly compressional region was different from that in tectonicly tensional region and the peak ground accelerat…     

A new method for estimating BOD and the rate of biochemical oxidation based on modified Streeter-Phelps equations

An analytical solution of a modified system of Streeter-Phelps equations in the absence of aeration of the water body is given. Such solution is of interest in calculating the dynamics of biochemical oxidation of organic matter in a water body or a river channel covered by ice. The same solution can be used to describe processes taking place in a sealed flask in the determination of biochemical demand of the examined water sample over some period. The analytical solution of the modified system of Streeter-Phelps equations was used to derive formulas for calculating biochemical oxygen demand and the rate of biochemical oxidation.     

A spatial correlation model of peak ground acceleration and response spectra based on data of the Istanbul Earthquake Rapid Response and Early Warning System

Ground motion intensity measures such as the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and the pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) at two sites due to the same seismic event are correlated. The spatial correlation needs to be considered when modeling ground-motion fields for seismic loss assessments, since it can have a significant influence on the statistical moments and probability distribution of aggregated seismic loss of a building portfolio.Empirical models of spatial correlation of ground motion intensity measures exist only for a few seismic regions in the world such as Japan, Taiwan and California, since for this purpose a dense observation network of earthquake ground motion is required. The Istanbul Earthquake Rapid Response and Early Warning System (IERREWS) provides one such dense array with station spacing of typically 2 km in the urban area of Istanbul. Based on the records of eight small to moderate (M_w3.5–M_w5.1) events, which occurred since 2003 in the Marmara region, we establish a model of intra-event spatial correlation for PGA and PSA up to the natural period of 1.0 s.The results indicate that the correlation coefficients of PGA and short-period PSA decay rapidly with increasing interstation distance, resulting in correlation lengths of approximately 3–4 km, while correlation lengths at longer natural periods (above 0.5 s) exceed 6 km. Finally, we implement the correlation model in a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate economic loss in Istanbul's district Zeytinburnu due to a M_w7.2 scenario earthquake.     

The Oka Belt (Southern Siberia and Northern Mongolia): A Neoproterozoic analog of the Japanese Shimanto Belt?

Abstract   The Oka Belt, composed of clastic rocks and greenschists, extends for approximately 600 km in the South-Siberian Sayan region and adjacent northern Mongolia. For a long time the Oka Belt's age and tectonic setting were the most controversial problem in the region. We argue that the belt was formed in Late Neoproterozoic as an accretionary prism. The Oka Belt shows imbricated thrust structure, which had originally seaward vergence and reflected the Neoproterozoic accretion process. The Early Paleozoic orogeny had minor effect on its structural style. The belt contains tectonic slivers of mid-ocean ridge basalts, some oceanic-island basalts and possible pelagic sediments. In several localities they are associated with gabbro and serpentinite. All these rocks represent the oceanic lithosphere subducting beneath the Oka prism and trapped within it. In the inner zone of the Oka Belt are the blueschists exhumed from the deeper prism level. The northern Oka Belt includes mafic intrusions geochemically similar to normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt and felsic volcaniclastic rocks. This segment of the belt is very similar to the Tertiary portion of northern Shimanto Belt, in Japan, and has also experienced the subduction of orthogonal oceanic ridge beneath the prism. This event dates back to 753 ± 16 Ma (the U-Pb zircon discordia). The Oka prism started accreting in Mid-Neoproterozoic after the subduction had initiated under the Japan-like South-Siberian continental terrain. The prism existed through the second half of Neoproterozoic and accumulated a huge volume of sialic material to enlarge the nearby continent. Currently, the Oka Belt remains poorly studied and is very promising for further investigation and discoveries.     

Internal structure of Tenerife (Canary Islands) based on gravity, aeromagnetic and volcanological data

Gravity and magnetic methods have been applied to the Tenerife Island, to provide new information about its internal structure. For this study, 365 gravity stations covering the central part of the island have been selected. The anomalous density maps at different depths were obtained by means of an inversion global adjustment, on fixed density contrast, to describe the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the anomalous bodies. On the other hand, several analysis techniques, such as reduction to the pole, spectral analysis, low-pass filtering, terrain correction and forward modelling, were applied to process the high-resolution data obtained in an aeromagnetic survey, completed with marine and terrestrial data.The joint analysis of gravity and magnetic anomalies has shown tectonic and volcanic features that define some fundamental aspects of the structural framework and volcanic evolution of the island. A strong gravity anomaly produced by a large and deep source has been associated with an uplifted block of the basement beneath the southern part of Tenerife. The sources of the observed gravity highs from 8 km b.s.l. may be associated with the growth of the submarine shield stage that was clearly controlled by regional tectonic.The long-wavelength magnetic anomalies reveal highly magnetic sources, interpreted as gabbro-ultramafic cumulates associated with the root zone of a large dyke swarm. This intrusive body could be topped by the emplacement zone of magma chambers that correlate with a magnetic horizon at 5.7±0.8 km depth. Rooted in this highly magnetic zone, two dike–like structures can be associated with the magmatic feeding system of large recent basaltic volcanoes. A shallow magnetic horizon (1.4 km a.s.l.) can be correlated with the bottom phonolites of the Las Cañadas Edifice.In the central part of the island the coincidence of some gravity and magnetic lows is consistent with the presence of low-density and low-magnetic materials, that infill a collapsed caldera system. The structures close to the surface are characterised by low-density areas connected with the recent volcanism, in particular the minimum over the Teide volcano. Hydrothermal alteration is assumed to be the cause of a short-wavelength magnetic low over the Teide volcano.     

A comparison of gauge and radar precipitation data for simulating an extreme hydrological event in the Severn Uplands,UK

This paper provides a comparison of gauge and radar precipitation data sources during an extreme hydrological event. November–December 2006 was selected as a time period of intense rainfall and large river flows for the Severn Uplands, an upland catchment in the United Kingdom. A comparison between gauge and radar precipitation time‐series records for the event indicated discrepancies between data sources, particularly in areas of higher elevation. The HEC‐HMS rainfall‐runoff model was selected to assess the accuracy of the precipitation to simulate river flows for the extreme event. Gauge, radar and gauge‐corrected radar rainfall were used as model inputs. Universal cokriging was used to geostatistically interpolate gauge data with radar and elevation data as covariates. This interpolated layer was used to calculate the mean‐field bias and correct the radar composites. Results indicated that gauge‐ and gauge‐corrected radar‐driven models replicated flows adequately for the extreme event. Gauge‐corrected flow predictions produced an increase in flow prediction accuracy when compared with the raw radar, yet predictions were comparative in accuracy to those using the interpolated gauge network. Subsequent investigations suggested this was due to an adequate spatial and temporal resolution of the precipitation gauge network within the Severn Uplands. Results suggested that the six rain gauges could adequately represent precipitation variability of the Severn Uplands to predict flows at an approximately equal accuracy to that obtained by radar. Temporally, radar produced an increase in flow prediction accuracy in mountainous reaches once the gauge time step was in excessive of an hourly interval. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of groundwater recharge estimation methods in a semi‐arid,coastal avocado and citrus orchard (Ventura County,California)

We assess the relative merits of application of the most commonly used field methods (soil‐water balance (SWB), chloride mass balance (CMB) and soil moisture monitoring (NP)) to determine recharge rates in micro‐irrigated and non‐irrigated areas of a semi‐arid coastal orchard located in a relatively complex geological environment. Application of the CMB method to estimate recharge rates was difficult owing to the unusually high, variable soil‐water chloride concentrations. In addition, contrary to that expected, the chloride concentration distribution at depths below the root zone in the non‐irrigated soil profiles was greater than that in the irrigated profiles. The CMB method severely underestimated recharge rates in the non‐irrigated areas when compared with the other methods, although the CMB method estimated recharge rates for the irrigated areas, that were similar to those from the other methods, ranging from 42 to 141 mm/year. The SWB method, constructed for a 15‐year period, provided insight into the recharge process being driven by winter rains rather than summer irrigation and indicated an average rate of 75 mm/year and 164 mm/year for the 1984 – 98 and 1996 – 98 periods, respectively. Assuming similar soil‐water holding capacity, these recharge rates applied to both irrigated and non‐irrigated areas. Use of the long period of record was important because it encompassed both drought and heavy rainfall years. Successful application of the SWB method, however, required considerable additional field measurements of orchard ET_c, soil‐water holding capacity and estimation of rainfall interception – runoff losses. Continuous soil moisture monitoring (NP) was necessary to identify both daily and seasonal seepage processes to corroborate the other recharge estimates. Measured recharge rates during the 1996 – 1998 period in both the orchards and non‐irrigated site averaged 180 mm/year. The pattern of soil profile drying during the summer irrigation season, followed by progressive wetting during the winter rainy season was observed in both irrigated and non‐irrigated soil profiles, confirming that groundwater recharge was rainfall driven and that micro‐irrigation did not ‘predispose’ the soil profile to excess rainfall recharge. The ability to make this recharge assessment, however, depended on making multiple field measurements associated with all three methods, suggesting that any one should not be used alone. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于形变观测分析2011年日本9.0级地震与断层运动间关系

2011年3月11日日本发生9.0级地震,本文以此次地震的震间、同震和震后形变观测为约束,依据不同时段断层运动空间分布特征分析日本海沟地区强震与断层运动间关系.震间日本海沟地区,断层运动闭锁线深度约为60km,闭锁线以上从深到浅依次为断层运动强闭锁段、无震滑移段和弱闭锁段.由同震位错反演结果,2011年日本9.0级地震同震存在深浅两个滑移极值区,同震较浅的滑移极值区(同震位错量10~50m,深度小于30km)震间为断层弱闭锁段;同震较深的滑移极值区(同震位错量10~20m,深度在40km左右)震间为断层强闭锁段;而在两者之间的过渡带同震位错相对较小,震间断层运动表现为无震滑移.震后初期断层运动主要分布在在闭锁线以上的同震较深滑移极值区,而同震较浅的滑移极值区能量释放比较彻底,断层震后余滑量相对较小.依据本文同震和震间断层运动反演结果,震间强闭锁段积累10m同震位错需要100多年时间,与该区域历史上7级地震活动复发周期相当;震间弱闭锁段积累30~50m同震位错约需要300~600年时间,与相关研究给出的日本海沟9级左右地震复发周期比较一致.在实际孕震能力判定的工作中,由于不同性质的断层段在同震过程中会表现更多的组合形式,断层发震能力判定结果存在更多的不确定性,但利用区域形变观测等资料给出震间断层运动特征的研究工作对于断层强震发震能力的判定具有非常重要的实际意义.     

中国渤海湾盆地上地壳岩石成分模型(英文)

许多地震属性,比如地震的纵横波速度,泊松比,声波阻抗,都能用来区分不同的岩石类型,利用拉梅阻抗作为进一步的约束来代替声波阻抗能更好的降低结果的非唯一性。我们用这种方法构建了渤海湾地区一条剖面的岩石成分模型。我们简要介绍了区分岩石类型的地震参数,重点在于不同的参数组合对于分辨岩石类型的敏感性。为了与室温常压条件下测得的有代表性的岩石的地震波速度和密度进行对比,我们首先需要做温度和压力的校正。接着,我们需要用已知资料和实验测得的各种岩石样品做对比,来确定研究区的岩石类型。我们收集了渤中凹陷一条剖面的纵波速度资料。该剖面10km深范围内的属于同种岩石类型的不同岩石最终通过地震波速度、泊松比、密度、声波阻抗、以及拉梅阻抗综合约束。     

Structural trends in the Southern Cook and Austral archipelagoes (South Central Pacific) based on an analysis of SEASAT data: geodynamic implications

Filtered SEASAT data have been interpreted in an area covering the Cook-Austral archipelagoes (South Central Pacific) in order to detect or confirm the existence of structural directions. SEABEAM data recorded by N/O “Jean Charcot” were also interpreted. Additionally to the Austral fracture zone and Cook-Austral archipelagoes trends, the SEASAT data reveal the existence of two directions, the azimuths of which are N150° and N95° respectively. The first, which intersects the Austral archipelago close to the island of Maria corresponds to a long linear topographic bump. It is interpreted as evidence for the existence of an ancient hot spot with a trace copolar to the Emperor chain. This result explains the very important thermal rejuvenation found previously in that area by several authors. It also explains the very disturbed ages and morphologies of volcanic structures recorded in the Austral archipelago. The second direction, located south of the Cook archipelago is underlined by geoid signatures of fracture zone type. These postulated linear features are probably of similar origin to the ones detected previously farther east. They are interpreted as a possible consequence of some recent intraplate deformation.