基于自由振动响应的基础隔震建筑减震能力评估方法研究

目前国内外已修建完成了大量隔震建筑,但仅有少量经受了地震检验,绝大部分隔震结构减震能力能否达到设计目标尚存疑问.本文针对基础隔震建筑,提出了一种基于自由振动响应的减震能力评估方法.首先,对隔震建筑进行多级幅值初位移自由振动原位试验,获取结构的抗震能力曲线;其次,根据地震反应谱建立地震需求曲面,进而确定隔震结构性能点;最...     

改进的基础隔震结构地震作用简化计算方法

在《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2001)关于隔震结构的简化计算方法中,水平向减震系数的表达式和定义有些不符,假定的隔震结构地震作用分布规律也与实际情况略有出入。本文基于水平向减震系数的定义和实际隔震结构的地震作用分布规律提出了一种改进的隔震结构水平向减震系数、隔震结构总地震作用、隔震结构上部地震作用分布的计算方法,并提出了总水平地震作用减震系数的新概念。本文提出的改进方法具有表达准确、物理意义明确的特点。将本文提出的改进算法计算结果与时程分析计算结果比较,结果显示,改进方法的计算结果与时程分析结果接近,且分布规律一致。     

基础隔震设计的简化计算

提出采用工程软件实现基础隔震计算分析的多种简化方法,主要包括计算模型的建立和地震作用效应的计算。对不同方法的适用条件和计算结果差异进行讨论,并通过算例加以说明,可供设计人员进行基础隔震设计时参考。     

地基隔震减震机理研究

分析了地基隔震减震的机理,包括层状土体界面对地震波的反射、土体非均匀性引起的散射、地基土层的粘滞耗能、塑性变形耗能、土颗粒的摩擦耗能、液化土层对地震波的滤波和吸收,并归纳了砂垫层等可以作为地基隔震减震层的材料。     

日本建筑结构隔震减震研究新进展

本文介绍了日本在建筑结构隔震，减震研究方面取得的几项新进展，其中基础隔震板片结构体系是一种新型隔震结构体系，纳米结晶锌铝合金振动控制阻尼器是一种取得专利的新型减震阻尼器，无粘结钢支撑体系是一种比较新颖的减震支撑体系，跷摆振动控制设计是一个新颖的减震设计概念。     

地震波参数对柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震性能影响研究

为了研究地震波参数对柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震性能的影响,选取台湾集集地震中8条地震波作为输入,进行了柱顶隔震体系模型的振动台试验。分析了柱顶隔震体系的水平向动力响应特点,研究了地震波的PGV/PGA、卓越周期、平均周期和断层距及幅值对其水平向减震性能的影响,并进行了数值模拟的对比分析。结果表明:柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震性能良好。相同地震强度下地震波参数的PGV/PGA、卓越周期、平均周期和断层距对柱顶隔震体系水平向减震性能的影响明显,其中:PGV/PGA的影响程度最大,可以作为主要的分析指标;随着地震动强度的增大柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震效果更加明显,地震动强度达到一定幅值后,减震率缓慢下降;与远场地震相比,近场地震不利于柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震性能的发挥,脉冲型近场地震作用下其减震效果更差。振动台试验结果与数值模拟结果基本一致,表明分析结果的可靠性。     

橡胶砂垫层在不同类别场地上的减震效应研究

橡胶砂(RSM)垫层减震是一种适用于低层房屋的低成本减震方法,关于场地类别对其减震效应影响的研究尚未开展。采用简化的层间剪切模型模拟减震垫层-上部结构动力相互作用体系,建立了RSM垫层"减震地基"分析模型。针对30%配比的橡胶砂,考虑3种垫层厚度200 mm/300 mm/500 mm、4种基底压力50 kPa～300 kPa,基于对取自于不同场地类别的195条地震波的刚性地基反应谱和RSM垫层"减震地基"反应谱的分析对比,得到以下结论:(1)RSM垫层的减震效应受场地类别的影响,场地卓越周期越短,减震效应越好;(2)RSM垫层厚度越大,减震效应越好,但当垫层厚度达到500 mm时,减震性能鲁棒性变差,且这种鲁棒性的劣化与场地类别无关;(3)各种场地类别地震波作用下,RSM垫层减震效应均随输入地震加速度和基底应力的增大而增加,但随着前者的增加,后者的影响减小。     

多层隔震结构两阶段设计法

结合《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2001),提出了针对隔震装置设计的隔震结构两阶段设计法。该方法在项目的方案阶段,根据项目的基本情况采用简化估算方法对隔震层进行估算,为方案的确定提供依据;在施工图设计阶段,采用时程分析方法对隔震层进行设计计算,为上部结构和基础设计及隔震装置的选用提供依据。文中以4层多层框架结构体系为例进行了分析,结果显示提出的设计方法具有简便,符合工程应用的特点,且该方法有利于提高设计质量,减少设计周期。     

橡胶隔震支座建筑结构脉动观测与减震性能分析

通过对两幢结构相同、彼此相邻，而其中一幢采用了橡胶隔震支座减展措施的建筑物进行地脉动观测，对比地基基础和结构上的脉动时程曲线和相应功率谱曲线，利用两幢建筑结构脉动特征的差异分析研究橡胶隔震支座的减震效果。     

Dynamics of seismic impacts in base-isolated buildings

A systematic study is made of the effects of seismic impacts between the base of an isolated building and the surrounding retaining wall. The analysis is performed without using gap elements or assuming values of the coefficient of restitution and the duration of impact. The analysis captures the effects of wave travel along the height of the building and of the associated energy loss. It poses no numerical difficulties. Results show that for elastic systems the base shear generated by impacts can be higher than the weight of the building; base shear increases with increase in the stiffness of the retaining wall, stiffness of the building and the mass of the base mat. A significant fraction of the initial kinetic energy of the system is lost by impacts; energy loss increases with increase in the stiffness of the retaining wall, system damping and mass of the base mat. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软弱土层的厚度及埋深对深厚软弱场地地震效应的影响

就软弱土层的埋深和厚度对深厚场地地震动的影响进行了数值分析。场地1、场地2和场地3分别选自南京、盐城和天津。场地1、场地2用于分析软弱表层土的厚度对地表地震动参数的影响：场地1的软弱表层土厚度从2m依次增加到30m，构造了18个土层剖面；场地2的软弱表层土的厚度从2m依次增加到36m，构造了21个土层剖面。场地3用于分析软弱夹层的埋深和厚度对地表地震动参数的影响：软弱夹层的埋深从2m增加到62m，构造了16个剖面；软弱夹层的厚度从2m增加到10m，构造了5个剖面。选用Taft、E1 Centro和Northridge地震记录作为输入地震动，将Taft、El Centro和Northridge地震波加速度时程的峰值水平调整为0．35m／s^2，0．70m／s^2和0．98m／s^2，利用程序SHAKE91对不同的构造剖面、不同的输入地震波及不同的峰值加速度水平，共进行了507种组合的场地地震反应分析。分析表明：对于给定的输入地震动条件，当软弱表层土的厚度超过一定界限值时，地表加速度峰值及放大系数的变化已不很明显；当软弱表层土的厚度超过一定界限值时，加速度放大系数会小于1。也即软弱表层土可起到减震的作用；对于同一场地，输入地震动强度越大，此软表层厚度值越小。对于给定的输入地震动和峰值加速度水平，随着软弱夹层埋深的增加，地表加速度峰值和放大系数入都有减小的趋势，当埋深超过一定值后，地表加速度放大系数小于1．0；软弱夹层厚度对地表加速度峰值的影响与软弱夹层所处位置有关。     

基础隔震高层建筑地震响应的理论分析

本文对某高层隔震框架－剪力墙结构的三维地震响应进行了有限元分析计算，对比了隔震结构及其相应非隔震结构的动力特性，给出了在多遇地震和罕遇地震作用下结构的最大层间剪力，层间位移等，得到一些有意义的结论。     

Optimized earthquake response of multi‐storey buildings with seismic isolation at various elevations

The response of multi‐storey structures can be controlled under earthquake actions by installing seismic isolators at various storey levels. By vertically distributing isolation devices at various elevations, the designer is provided with numerous options to appropriately adjust the seismic performance of a building. However, introducing seismic isolators at various storey levels is not a straightforward task, as it may lead to favourable or unfavourable structural behaviour depending on a large number of factors. As a consequence, a rather chaotic decision space of seismic isolation configurations arises, within which a favourable solution needs to be located. The search for favourable isolators' configurations is formulated in this work as a single‐objective optimization task. The aim of the optimization process is to minimize the maximum floor acceleration of the building under consideration, while constraints are specified to control the maximum interstorey drift, the maximum base displacement and the total seismic isolation cost. A genetic algorithm is implemented to perform this optimization task, which selectively introduces seismic isolators at various elevations, in order to identify the optimal configuration for the isolators satisfying the pre‐specified constraints. This way, optimized earthquake response of multi‐storey buildings can be obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed optimization procedure in the design of a seismically isolated structure is demonstrated in a numerical study using time‐history analyses of a typical six‐storey building. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京地区中硬场地地震动效应研究

依据典型工程场地的地震安全性评价报告,研究北京地区中硬场地地震动效应。首先,统计分析了地震安全性评价结果中的场地地震动放大效应。再利用201个工程场地的钻孔资料进行土层地震反应计算,分析不同地震动输入下的场地地震动放大效应。结果表明,北京地区中硬场地地震动放大效应明显,得到的场地地震动峰值加速度转换系数Ka高于《中国地震动参数区划图》（GB18306-2001）中的值,大震水准下更为突出。因此,如在北京地区直接采用《中国地震动参数区划图》（GB18306-2001）中的调整系数,可能会低估北京地区中硬场地的地震动放大效应,降低抗震设防标准。最后指出,场地地震动峰值加速度转换系数明显具有区域性,应根据详细的场地地震动效应研究结果,合理地确定场地地震动转换系数。     

Seismic response control of smart sliding isolated buildings using variable stiffness systems: an experimental and numerical study

Effectiveness of a new semiactive independently variable stiffness (SAIVS) device in reducing seismic response of sliding base isolated buildings is evaluated analytically and experimentally. Through analytical and experimental study of force—displacement behaviour of the SAIVS device, it is shown that the device can vary stiffness continuously and smoothly between minimum and maximum stiffness. Passive sliding base isolation systems reduce interstorey drifts and superstructure accelerations, but with increased base displacements, which is undesirable, under large velocity near fault pulse type earthquakes. It is a common practice to incorporate non‐linear passive dampers into the isolation system to reduce bearing displacements. Incorporation of passive dampers, however, may result in increased superstructure accelerations and drifts; while, properly designed passive dampers can be beneficial. A viable alternative is to use semiactive variable stiffness systems, which can vary the period of the sliding base isolated buildings in real time, to simultaneously reduce bearing displacements and superstructure responses further than the passive systems, which deserves investigation. This study investigates the performance of a 1:5 scaled smart sliding base isolated building model equipped with the SAIVS device analytically and experimentally, under near fault earthquakes, by developing a new moving average non‐linear tangential stiffness control algorithm for control of the SAIVS device. The SAIVS device reduces bearing displacements further than the passive cases, while maintaining isolation level forces and superstructure responses at the same level as the passive minimum stiffness case, indicating the significant potential of the SAIVS system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic isolation for low‐to‐medium‐rise buildings using granulated rubber–soil mixtures: numerical study

This paper presents the preliminary research works on a potential seismic isolation method that makes use of scrap rubber tires for the protection of low‐to‐medium‐rise buildings. The method involves mixing shredded rubber tire particles with soil materials and placing the mixtures around building foundations, which provides a function similar to that of a cushion. Meanwhile, the stockpiling of scrap tires is a significant threat to our environment, and the engineering community has been looking for long‐term viable solutions to the recycling and reuse of rubber. A finite element program has been developed for modeling the time‐domain dynamic responses of soil–foundation–structure system, by which the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method have been evaluated. In general, the structural responses, in terms of acceleration and inter‐story drift, can be reduced by 40–60%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inelastic displacement ratios for evaluation of structures built on soft soil sites

This paper summarizes the results of a comprehensive statistical study aimed at evaluating peak lateral inelastic displacement demands of structures with known lateral strength and stiffness built on soft soil site conditions. For that purpose, empirical information on inelastic displacement ratios which are defined as the ratio of peak lateral inelastic displacement demands to peak elastic displacement demands are investigated. Inelastic displacement ratios were computed from the response of single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems having 6 levels of relative lateral strength when subjected to 118 earthquake ground motions recorded on bay‐mud sites of the San Francisco Bay Area and on soft soil sites located in the former lake‐bed zone of Mexico City. Mean inelastic displacement ratios and their corresponding scatter are presented for both ground motion ensembles. The influence of period of vibration normalized by the predominant period of the ground motion, the level of lateral strength, earthquake magnitude, and distance to the source are evaluated and discussed. In addition, the effects of post‐yield stiffness and of stiffness and strength degradation on inelastic displacement ratios are also investigated. It is concluded that magnitude and distance to the source have negligible effects on constant‐strength inelastic displacement ratios. Results also indicate that weak and stiffness‐degrading structures in the short spectral region could experience inelastic displacement demands larger than those corresponding to non‐degrading structures. Finally, a simplified equation obtained using regression analyses aimed at estimating mean inelastic displacement ratios is proposed for assisting structural engineers in performance‐based assessment of structures built on soft soil sites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.