全新世岱海流域化学风化及其对气候事件的响应

通过对岱海 12.08 m沉积岩芯 210Pb和 AMS- 14C精确定年及地球化学、物理指标的综合分析,重建了包括 8.2 ka冷期、中世纪暖期 (MWP)和小冰期 (LIA)等典型气候事件在内的全新世以来所经历的化学风化及其环境演化过程.全新世早-中期 (9.0～ 3.5 ka),岱海流域处于温暖湿润气候环境,主要环境特征表现为流域化学风化显著增强、生物生产力逐步提高、湖泊水位大幅度抬升.在 7.90～ 8.25 ka期间存在一次冷气候事件,其发生时间与来自湖沼、海洋、生物组合和极地冰芯等在内的全球环境记录基本一致,具体表现为流域化学风化减弱、湖泊生产力降低以及湖泊水位下降. 2.5 ka以来,岱海沉积物中环境指标的显著变化,表明进入气候波动更频繁的新冰期.岱海沉积物中的指标变化也展示了本世纪以来的气候增暖过程,但其化学风化强度还没有达到 MWP的程度.     

黄旗海湖泊沉积记录的早中全新世大湖期环境的差异性

内蒙古黄旗海H6剖面揭示了最近间冰期古湖泊涨缩的一个完整旋回。基于OSL年代、粒度并结合沉积物地球化学等数据,分析了黄旗海在早、中全新世（约（11.4±1.1～6.7±0.7）ka）大湖期指标记录特点与环境意义。研究认为黄旗海全新世大湖期可分为三个阶段:1）（11.4±1.1～9.3±0.9） ka BP,半深水环境、湖水盐度低、流域存在有利于化学风化的湿润气候条件;2）（9.3±0.9～7.7±0.7） ka BP,湖水变浅、湖泊萎缩、湖泊盐度升高,流域可能存在不利于化学风化的干燥气候;3）（7.7±0.7～6.7±0.7） ka BP,大湖期结束,指标记录存在剧烈波动,揭示气候具有宽幅震荡特征。同时,研究初步认为Mn/Li比值可以作为流域化学风化的指标指示。     

流域生物、化学风化对小冰期气候变化的响应

岱海近500年沉积物的孢粉，介形类和地球化学记录表现了流域生物，化学风化对全球性小冰期气候波动明显而快速的响应，孢粉量的下降，化学风化强度的减弱（高Rb/Sr比值）以及意外湖花介（Limnocythere inopinata)的繁盛反映了小冰期最盛期岱海地区以干旱为特征的气候环境及其造成的高矿化度湖水，其中，介形类丰度及种类对环境变化的反应最迅速，植被生长的调节则要缓慢一些，内陆湖泊流域植被的衰弱与干旱环境下化学风化强度的减弱以及风尘作用的加强是相辅相成的。     

晚冰期以来共和盆地更尕海碎屑物质输入过程与气候变化

湖泊碎屑物质输入过程的认识对于探讨区域环境演化历史具有重要的意义.采用高分辨率X射线荧光光谱(XRF)扫描分析法,对更尕海沉积岩芯进行了元素测试.沉积岩芯中元素Si等的变化主要由外源碎屑物质输入而贡献.结合粗颗粒组分含量的变化,沉积岩芯的元素含量可以用来指示湖泊碎屑物质的输入过程及其变化.结果表明,晚冰期气候寒冷干旱,风化程度低,湖泊碎屑物质输入过程较弱且以风力输入为主;早中全新世气候湿润,风化作用显著增强,湖泊碎屑物质的流水输入过程增强;晚全新世流域降水量减少,植被有所退化,湖泊碎屑物质的风力输入过程增强,并伴随着百年至千年尺度的风沙活动事件.更尕海碎屑物质输入过程的变化可能响应于区域大气环流的变化.全新世早中期,强盛的亚洲夏季风可能是更尕海流域风化作用、流水输入增强的主要原因;而晚全新世频繁的风沙活动则可能与高纬地区千年尺度的气候冷事件有关.可见,亚洲季风与高纬冷气团(西风环流)的相互作用或许是我国亚洲季风边缘区气候环境变化的主要驱动因素.     

内陆湖泊流域的化学风化及气候变化—以内蒙古岱海为例

利用湖泊沉积物中Rb/Sr值来反映受古气候制约的流域陆地化学风化率的变化，并恢复了岱海近400a以来以小冰期为特征的、具有100a准周期（经谱分析）的气候波动历史。通过磁化率、粘土矿物含量和种类的综合分析，确证了湖泊沉积物Rb/Sr值的变化可以用来重建流域内化学风化率与其相应的古气候演化过程，是湖泊沉积记录中具有比磁化率更明显气候意义的有效代用指标。     

安徽巢湖湖相地层记录的早全新世气候事件

通过对安徽巢湖西岸杭埠河入口三角洲地区CH孔岩芯湖泊相沉积物的色度、磁化率及地球化学等古环境代用指标的分析与研究,揭示了巢湖地区早全新世时期(11.7~7.5cal.kaBP)的极端气候事件。研究表明:研究区11.7~7.5cal.kaBP期间沉积环境极不稳定,气候波动明显,并分别约在7.8cal.kaBP,8.6cal.kaBP,9.4cal.kaBP,10.5cal.kaBP,11.4cal.kaBP出现5次显著的冷干气候事件,且以8.6cal.kaBP与11.4cal.kaBP表现最为强烈,与我国冰芯、石笋及湖泊沉积物所记录的早全新世冷事件具有可比性,反映了巢湖湖泊沉积物对我国早全新世北半球中纬度地区的季风气候有明显的响应,这将为我国北半球早全新世气候波动的机理研究提供佐证。     

14 ka以来苦海沉积物地球化学记录及其古环境意义

对青藏高原东北部封闭咸水湖泊苦海水深最深处KH17钻孔进行沉积物粒度、烧失量和X射线荧光光谱（XRF）测试及XRF测试结果的主成分分析（PCA）,以揭示14 ka以来苦海沉积物特征及其所反映的搬运与沉积过程变化,反演湖泊流域古环境。研究结果表明:第一主成分（PC1）主要包括Ti、Fe、K等元素,指示径流输入强弱;第二主成分（PC2）中载荷值较大的Ca和Sr与碳酸盐含量相关,指示湖泊蒸发强弱;Zr（第三主成分中载荷值最大）与砂组分、Rb与黏土组分含量相关,分别指示风力输入粗颗粒物质和径流输入细颗粒物质情况,其比值可反映化学风化弱强;Fe/Mn、Sr/Ca也能较好地指示沉积物氧化还原环境、湖水盐度和水位情况。基于上述记录所建立的古环境演变重建结果显示:13.6~13.0 ka B.P.苦海水位较低,径流输入相对强;13.0~11.5 ka B.P.受新仙女木事件影响,环境干旱且温度极低,风力作用强,输入物质多;早全新世升温显著,蒸发作用强,内生碳酸盐沉积增多,湖泊水位增加缓慢,中全新世期间达到最高水位;5.3 ka B.P.以后,湖泊经历干旱时期,盐度与碳酸盐沉积增加;2.7 ka B.P.以来水分供给波动,湖泊水位显著振荡。     

青海湖近千年来气候环境变化的湖泊沉积记录

本文根据青海湖沉积岩芯（QH00A）碳酸盐含量、TOC和Rb/Sr等环境指标的综合分析，探讨了该地区近千年来的气候变化过程和化学风化史。结果表明：青海湖地区近千年来经历了5次冷湿期和5次暖干期，气候组合类型为冷湿与暖干交替。中世纪暖期、小冰期以及20世纪以来的升温在该沉积岩芯中得到良好的记录。沉积岩芯Rb/Sr较好地记录了湖泊流域化学风化的历史，并揭示流域化学风化的主要控制因素为气温变化。     

风化壳研究的现状与展望

风化壳是岩石圈、大气圈以及水圈、生物圈之间相互作用的界面,能够直接记录地球多圈层演化的信息。利用风化壳的地带性规律重建古环境是地貌学研究的传统内容之一。近年来,单晶矿物激光^40Ar/^39Ar测年技术、“双面”模式以及古地磁法等在风化壳研究中的成功应用,在理论和技术上为恢复大陆剥蚀区高分辨率的环境演变历史创造了条件。利用风化年代学、风化地层学、古地磁学和地球化学等方法对风化壳进行综合研究,不仅可以建立剥蚀区的环境演变序列,为风化期次（事件）与其他全球性构造－气候事件的对比提供了广阔的前景;而且可以用于化学风化（强度和速度）的准确量化,有利于深入理解构造－剥蚀－风化－气候之间相互作用的反馈机制和正确评估人类活动对未来气候的影响能力。     

北疆地区早全新世环境演化的湖泊沉积记录

通过对北疆地区艾比湖沉积物的孢粉组合及其碳酸盐δ^18O,δ^13C,δ^13Corg，TOC，TON和Rb/Sr比等地球化学指标分析，重点对全新世早期气候环境演化特征进行了研究。结果表明，研究时段（8.0-11.cal ka B.P.)温度总体偏低，初期（11.5-10.6cal ka B.P.)较为温湿；早全新世向中全新世转换时期（8.9-8.0cal ka B.P.)气候波动显著。特别是3层泥炭沉积显示了艾比湖地区早全新世气候的强烈不稳定性。泥炭的发育程度及其同位素、孢粉分析数据等都显示，8.2cal ka B.P.,8.6cal ka B.P.,10.5cal ka B.P.的气候状况具有显著的冷湿特征，反映了早全新世的3次冷湿事件。     

Holocene chemical weathering and climatic oscillations in north China: evidence from lacustrine sediments

Holocene lacustrine sediments from two isolated lakes in north China are investigated. Based on palaeoclimatic significance of independent proxies in lake sediments, Holocene chemical weathering, and hence climate change, has been reconstructed for dated sediment cores from Daihai Lake and Aibi Lake. During early to mid-Holocene, higher weathering intensity occurred in the Daihai catchment under warm and humid climate conditions, and this reached a maximum at ∼5 kyr BP. However, synchronous proxy shifts from the two widely separated, isolated lake sediments indicate that there was a cool climate event during the early to mid-Holocene transition. This is characterized by reduced weathering in each catchment, low δ ¹³ C and δ ¹⁸ O of authigenic carbonate, and by lake level fluctuations. These might correspond to a global cooling signal identified in lakes, oceans, mollusc sequences, and polar ice cores, typically centred between ∼8.0 and 8.5 kyr BP. Dry conditions were experienced in Greenland, the North Atlantic and surrounding regions, and in broad monsoonal regions including Daihai at this time. However, recent extensive evidences as well as our data from the Aibi Lake sediments show that cool but wet conditions occurred in the central Eurasian continent at this time. After ∼2.5 kyr BP, a significant shift of independent sediment proxies indicates the beginning of the Neoglaciation with a higher frequency of fluctuations, including both the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). Our continental records provide new evidence of the Holocene climate variability with global significance and highlight the different spatial nature of the response to oscillations associated with different climate patterns.     

Mid-to-late Holocene climate change record in palaeo-notch sediment from London Island,Svalbard

The Arctic region is very sensitive to climate change and important in the Earth’s climate system. However, proxy datasets for Arctic climate are unevenly distributed and especially scarce for Svalbard because glaciers during the Little Ice Age, the most extensive in the Holocene, destroyed large quantities of sediment records in Svalbard. Fortunately, palaeo-notch sediments could withstand glaciers and be well-preserved after deposition. In this study, we reconstructed a mid-to-late Holocene record of climate changes in a palaeo-notch sediment sequence from London Island. Multiple weathering indices were determined, they all showed consistent weathering conditions in the study area, and they were closely linked to climate changes. Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were also determined, and their variation profiles were similar to those of weathering indices. The climate change record in our sediment sequence is consistent with ice rafting record from North Atlantic and glacier activity from Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard, and four cold periods are clearly present. Our study provides a relatively long-term climate change record for climate conditions from mid-to-late Holocene in Svalbard.     

Local ice caps in Finderup Land,North Greenland,survived the Holocene Thermal Maximum

Local glaciers and ice caps (GICs) comprise only ~5.4% of the total ice volume, but account for ~14–20% of the current ice loss in Greenland. The glacial history of GICs is not well constrained, however, and little is known about how they reacted to Holocene climate changes. Specifically, in North Greenland, there is limited knowledge about past GIC fluctuations and whether they survived the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM, ~8 to 5 ka). In this study, we use proglacial lake records to constrain the ice‐marginal fluctuations of three local ice caps in North Greenland including Flade Isblink, the largest ice cap in Greenland. Additionally, we have radiocarbon dated reworked marine molluscs in Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines adjacent to the Flade Isblink, which reveal when the ice cap was smaller than present. We found that outlet glaciers from Flade Isblink retreated inland of their present extent from ~9.4 to 0.2 cal. ka BP. The proglacial lake records, however, demonstrate that the lakes continued to receive glacial meltwater throughout the entire Holocene. This implies that GICs in Finderup Land survived the HTM. Our results are consistent with other observations from North Greenland but differ from locations in southern Greenland where all records show that the local ice caps at low and intermediate elevations disappeared completely during the HTM. We explain the north–south gradient in glacier response as a result of sensitivity to increased temperature and precipitation. While the increased temperatures during the HTM led to a complete melting of GICs in southern Greenland, GICs remained in North Greenland probably because the melting was counterbalanced by increased precipitation due to a reduction in Arctic sea‐ice extent and/or increased poleward moisture transport.     

广东西樵剖面主量元素记录的全新世气候突变

以广东佛山市西樵山(22°56'15"N,112°57'16"E)全新统厚153 cm的河湖相及红土为研究对象,在11个AMS-14C测年数据和沉积物主量元素分析的基础上探讨全新世以来该剖面的化学风化特征及古环境意义,对具有明确指示化学风化意义的脱硅富铝铁化指标Al2O3/SiO2和(Al2O3+TFeO)/SiO2进行分析,结合孢粉指示的古生态,确定了气候旋回与化学风化旋回之间的关系,为南亚热带地区全新世环境演变提供了地球化学证据。研究结果表明,西樵山全新统共记录了13次弱风化-冬季风事件,其中发生于2000 cal.a B.P.(xc1)、2900 cal.a B.P.(xc3)、4100 cal.a B.P.(xc4)、5300 cal.a B.P.(xc5)、7800 cal.a B.P.(xc10)、9300 cal.a B.P.(xc11)、9500 cal.a B.P.(xc12)和9700 cal.a B.P.(xc13)的事件可对应北大西洋深海沉积Bond事件1~8,前6次事件与南海陆坡北部的17940孔10 ka B.P.以来的6个弱季风事件相应,且这13个冷事件几乎都可与太阳黑子活动最小值阶段相对应。这意味着西樵山剖面全新世突变事件除受北半球高纬冰量变化的影响外,可能还在相当程度上受到太阳活动的强迫。     

"8.2 ka BP冷事件"的研究现状展望

统计了全新世早期气候突变事件"8.2 ka BP冷事件", 并对其触发机制及区域气候响应做了较深入的分析. 从各种气候记录的分布情况来看, 全新世早期的这次冷事件是全球性气候事件, 并非是一种局部气候变冷事件. 全新世早期Agassiz和Ojibway阻塞湖在大约8.47 cal ka BP时突然排泄, 可能是造成8.4～8.0 cal ka BP时期北大西洋地区突然降温的主要原因;另外, 8.4～8.0 cal ka BP期间的太阳辐射量减小或太阳活动减弱, 也可能对全新世早期的这次冷事件有一定强化作用. 由于西风带南移和季风环流减弱等原因的影响, 使得这次冷事件区域气候响应有明显的不同, 欧洲的中高纬度地区、东亚地区呈现一种冷干的气候状态;北美洲三分之二的地区降水量减少、风力加强;中美洲、非洲的大部分地区和阿拉伯半岛均以干旱为主;东欧、地中海地区呈现普遍的冷湿气候环境, 亚马逊盆地、智利玻利维亚高原呈现低湿的气候状况.     

Late Quaternary history of Washington Land, North Greenland

During the last glacial stage, Washington Land in western North Greenland was probably completely inundated by the Greenland Ice Sheet. The oldest shell dates from raised marine deposits that provide minimum ages for the last deglaciation are 9300 cal. yr BP (northern Washington Land) and 7600 cal. yr BP (SW Washington Land). These dates indicate that Washington Land, which borders the central part of Nares Strait separating Greenland from Ellesmere Island in Canada, did not become free of glacier ice until well into the Holocene. The elevation of the marine limit falls from 110 m a.s.l. in the north to 60 m a.s.l. in the southwest. The recession was followed by readvance of glaciers in the late Holocene, and the youngest shell date from Neoglacial lateral moraines north of Humboldt Gletscher is 600 cal. yr BP. Since the Neoglacial maximum, probably around 100 years ago, glaciers have receded. The Holocene marine assemblages comprise a few southern extralimital records, notably of Chlamys islandica dated to 7300 cal. yr BP. Musk ox and reindeer disappeared from Washington Land recently, perhaps in connection with the cold period that culminated about 100 years ago.     

8.2ka BP冷气候事件确实在中国发生过吗？

综合迄今中国境内湖泊沉积、冰心、泥炭、石笋、古土壤和洪积物获得的全新世数据及序列表明,早全新世气候变化是不稳定的,至少存在一次明显的降温事件,且表现为区域差异,其根本原因是受不同气候系统、复杂地形（特别是高原）的制约。但是,将不同地区、存在于9.0～7.6ka BP期间、500a至200a不等的气候突变或波动和记录与环北大西洋的8.2ka BP气候突变事件相对应,并归因于Laurentide冰盖的崩塌冰融水注入北大西洋造成的降温显然是草率的。中国主要地处季风气候区,加上目前我们所得序列的不同年代、样品精度、不同材料以及缺乏对气候事件前后精确的年代数据的控制,对于中国是否存在相同的或相似的气候降温事件是值得商榷的。如果真的存在,其时间跨度、降温幅度以及诱发机制又是什么,均需进一步认真研究。     

High‐resolution proglacial lake records of pre‐Little Ice Age glacier advance,northeast Greenland

Understanding Arctic glacier sensitivity is key to predicting future response to air temperature rise. Previous studies have used proglacial lake sediment records to reconstruct Holocene glacier advance–retreat patterns in South and West Greenland, but high‐resolution glacier records from High Arctic Greenland are scarce, despite the sensitivity of this region to future climate change. Detailed geochemical analysis of proglacial lake sediments close to Zackenberg, northeast Greenland, provides the first high‐resolution record of Late Holocene High Arctic glacier behaviour. Three phases of glacier advance have occurred in the last 2000 years. The first two phases (c. 1320–800 cal. a BP) occurred prior to the Little Ice Age (LIA), and correspond to the Dark Ages Cold Period and the Medieval Climate Anomaly. The third phase (c. 700 cal. a BP), representing a smaller scale glacier oscillation, is associated with the onset of the LIA. Our results are consistent with recent evidence of pre‐LIA glacier advance in other parts of the Arctic, including South and West Greenland, Svalbard, and Canada. The sub‐millennial glacier fluctuations identified in the Madsen Lake succession are not preserved in the moraine record. Importantly, coupled XRF and XRD analysis has effectively identified a phase of ice advance that is not visible by sedimentology alone. This highlights the value of high‐resolution geochemical analysis of lake sediments to establish rapid glacier advance–retreat patterns in regions where chronological and morphostratigraphical control is limited.