红河断裂带闭锁程度与滑动亏损分布的GNSS反演

使用1999~2007年及2009~2013年2期GPS速度场，利用TDEFNODE负位错-块体模型反演红河断裂带的闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率。结果表明，红河断裂带以右旋走滑为主，兼有部分拉张和挤压，2008年以前红河断裂平均走滑速率为3.8±2.5 mm/a，平均倾滑速率为1.2±2.5 mm/a，北段和中段表现为拉张，南段则为挤压。红河断裂带北段和中段0~15 km的闭锁系数在0.8~0.99之间，滑动亏损速率为4.5 mm/a，易于应变能的快速积累；南段0~10 km的闭锁系数在0.8~0.95之间，滑动亏损速率为4 mm/a。2008年以后，中段闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率有所减小，南段闭锁程度与亏损速率有所增大。     

陕西中南部现今地壳垂直形变研究

收集陕西中南部1970年以来的多期精密水准测量数据,用基于GPS垂直运动速率约束的动态平差方法获得区域垂直运动速度场。分析表明,地壳垂直运动总体表现为山地、高原相对隆升,盆地相对下沉。相对于关中盆地,西部秦岭、陇山上升速率为4~5 mm/a,北秦岭造山带为2~3 mm/a,盆地北部的鄂尔多斯南缘为3~4 mm/a;相对于北秦岭,汉中盆地下沉速率为1.0 mm/a左右,安康等北大巴山裂谷下沉速率接近20 mm/a;秦岭北缘断裂垂直滑动速率为1.3~1.8 mm/a,华山山前断裂为2.0~2.8 mm/a,渭河断裂小于1.0 mm/a,渭河盆地北缘断裂为1.0~2.5 mm/a,南部断裂为0.7~1.1 mm/a。     

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????2009~2011???GPS?????????????λ???????о??????????????????????????????????????????乹???????????????????????????????壬?????????????????????????????????89.37°??27.91°??-2.56°/Ma???? ??89.02°??28.94°??-2.87°/Ma???? ??85.03°??27.98°??-0.93°/Ma??????3????????????????????????????????????????????????4.5 mm/a??????2.2 mm/a????????????????????????????ε???????????6.75±0.9 mm/a?????ε??????????4.72±0.8 mm/a????????????о???????????????????????????????????????????????10 km??С???????????????     

川滇地区现今三维地壳运动特征

利用1999~2018年GPS观测资料和1974~2014年2期（1974~1984、2013~2014）精密水准资料研究川滇地区现今三维地壳运动特征。结果表明：1）水平运动以继承性运动为主,近年滇西南地区旋转明显减弱;汶川地震导致龙门山断裂带西侧及川滇菱形块体东边界构造应力重新调整,近年震后调整明显减弱,正在向震前状态恢复;2）垂直运动总体表现为差异性隆升运动,且川滇西北部的上升运动速率明显大于东南部;龙门山断裂带北部高原地区的隆升速率为3~4 mm/a,川西高原的隆升速率为1~3 mm/a,滇西北地区的隆升速率为1~2 mm/a,滇西南思茅-江西村地区的下降速率为2~3 mm/a,川滇其他地区的运动速率基本在-1~1 mm/a;3）主要活动断裂两侧基本均存在一定的垂直差异性运动,鲜水河和龙门山断裂带差异性运动明显,并且具有分段性;4）川滇地区水平运动和垂直运动在地质构造上具有较好的一致性,近期龙门山断裂带西侧高原的水平运动减缓,挤压变形减弱,可能预示该地区将逐渐进入新一轮的能量积累时期,需要持续关注。     

基于Argo海洋观测资料分析2005~2015年全球比容海平面变化的时空特征

利用3家机构（JAMSTEC、SIO、IPRC）发布的Argo海洋温度和盐度数据分析2005~2015年全球SSL在不同时间和空间尺度上的变化特征。结果表明,全球平均SSL（即由海水密度变化引起的）上升速率为1.08±0.38 mm/a;年际信号对SSL变化速率的估算结果存在显著影响,近期（2011~2015年）Argo数据的估算结果（2.16±0.50 mm/a）显著大于早期（2005~2010年）的结果（0.66±0.64 mm/a）。当前Argo产品用于全球平均SSL变化趋势的分析结果较为一致,差异为3家机构所得结果平均值的10%左右;而小尺度上(20°宽纬度带)的计算结果差异很大,能达到平均值的80%。对全球SSL的空间特征的分析结果也显示,3家机构产品估算的海平面比容变化周年振幅和线性速率在更小的尺度(±5°)上存在不可忽视的差异。     

川滇地区垂直形变和主要断层活动性研究

利用1990~2016年水准观测资料,以GNSS点的垂向速率作为先验值约束平差,利用距水准路线上距离小于10 km的GNSS连续站的垂向速率检验,获取川滇地区的垂直运动速率场,可靠性优于0.87 mm/a,且误差分布相对均匀。研究表明,川西地区处于快速差异性隆升阶段,位于鲜水河南东段的贡嘎山地区隆升速率最快,约5~6 mm/a;四川盆地垂向运动不明显,约0~1 mm/a;滇西南地区以0~2 mm/a的速率下沉。同时,通过水准速率剖面分析了川滇地区主要断层的张压特性。     

跨关中地区现今地壳垂直形变剖面

本文收集跨关中地区2006~2018年13期一等精密水准观测资料,利用线性动态平差方法,通过整体平差获得跨区域长时间尺度的地壳垂直运动速率场图像,基于获得的垂直运动速率结果,对跨关中地区垂直形变趋势特征进行定量定性分析。结果表明,除西安地区以外的渭河盆地地区下沉速率不足1 mm/a,鄂尔多斯地块南部隆升速率为3~5 mm/a,秦岭构造带北麓隆升速率为3 mm/a,而秦岭腹地的隆升速率不足1 mm/a。利用矩形位错模型对区域内断层的滑动速率和断层闭锁进行反演,结果显示,口镇-关山断裂的倾滑速率为6.55 mm/a,闭锁深度为4.6 km;渭河断裂的倾滑速率为3.21 mm/a,闭锁深度为3.4 km;秦岭北缘断裂的倾滑速率为5.34 mm/a,断裂闭锁深度较大,为9.8 km。基于以上结论,结合前人对关中地区的研究成果,探讨分析研究区现今地壳垂直形变特征与动力机制之间的关系,为区域地震危险性判定及动力学研究提供一定的帮助。     

基于SBAS InSAR方法的苏州地区2007-2010年地表形变时空变化研究

苏州地区位于中国苏锡常地面沉降带,地面沉降严重影响了该地区的经济社会发展,因此对其进行地面沉降监测具有重要的意义。本文基于SBAS InSAR方法,利用27景ERS-2 SAR数据,反演了苏州地区2007-2010年地表年平均沉降速率分布图和时序沉降变化图,分析了该时间段地表沉降的时空演化特征。结果表明,在整个研究观测期,苏州地区整体呈现出“老区沉降趋缓,新区沉降较快”的特点。老城区（姑苏区及邻近的吴中区）地面沉降趋于缓和,年平均沉降速率在10 mm/a以下,无明显的沉降中心;而相对新发展的区域（相城区、工业园区和吴江区）则表现出明显的沉降特征,沉降速率普遍大于10 mm/a。其中,相城区年平均沉降速率大约为10~20 mm/a,局部地区沉降严重,速率可达或超过20 mm/a;工业园区年平均沉降速率约20 mm/a,最大累计沉降量在50 mm左右。吴江区地面沉降最为严重,表现出面积广、速率大的特点,其年平均沉降速率在 20 mm/a左右,最大累计沉降量可达60 mm以上。     

基于InSAR的广义海原断裂带中东段现今深部运动特征

以InSAR技术获取的高空间分辨率震间形变速率场作为约束,利用最速下降程序包（SDM,steepest descent method）反演了广义海原断裂带中东段（毛毛山断裂、老虎山断裂、狭义海原断裂）断层面上整体的震间滑动速率空间分布。结合区域历史强震和现今中小地震活动情况,分析讨论断层面上的现今应力积累状态和活动特征。结果表明,广义海原断裂带中东段以左旋走滑运动为主,由东至西各段的最大滑动速率依次为3.5 mm/a、2.3 mm/a及3.4 mm/a,分别位于18~24 km、18~21 km及15~21 km深处;毛毛山断裂闭锁深度约为9 km,存在一定的应力积累,具备强震发生背景;老虎山断裂深部存在无震滑移,未来发生强震的可能性不大;狭义海原断裂活动存在分段差异,东、西两段断层滑移较明显,中段断层滑动速率较小(最大速率约为1.5 mm/a）,应在日常震情跟踪工作中予以关注。     

川滇菱形块体东边界现今应变积累特征及强震危险性

基于川滇地区2013~2018年GNSS速度场结果,解算区域地表应变率场,分析川滇菱形块体东边界现今地表应变特征,反演其断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损分布,并重点分析芦山地震后该区域的深部应变积累程度。结合已有历史地震破裂及断层库仑应力结果,综合分析芦山地震后川滇菱形块体东边界不同段的强震危险性。结果表明,川滇菱形块体东边界现今呈现出明显的左旋应变积累特征,三岔口地区剪切应变积累速率最大,最大量值为3.5×10^-8/a;同时,川滇菱形块体东边界还表现出NS-NE向的拉张和近EW-NW向的挤压变形,康定-石棉段EW向挤压应变率最高,为-3×10^-8/a;安宁河-则木河断裂带EW向挤压应变率为-2×10^-8/a ~ -3×10^-8/a,而小江断裂带由北至南挤压变形逐渐减缓,东川以南转为拉张变形;断层闭锁反演结果与GNSS应变率结果具有较好的一致性,同样反映出川滇菱形块体东边界左旋剪切应变兼局部挤压或拉张的应变积累特征。综合分析认为,鲜水河断裂带道孚-八美段、康定以南的磨西至安宁河断裂带及小江断裂带的巧家-东川段、宜良-建水段具有较高的闭锁程度和左旋滑动亏损速率,是强震危险性较高的段落。     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.     

Plate subduction,oxygen fugacity,and mineralization

Plate subduction is the largest natural factory that processes elements, which controls recycling and mineralization of a variety of elements. There are three major ore deposit belts in the world: the circumPaci?c, the central Asian, and the Tethys belts. All the three belts are closely associated with plate subductions, the mechanism remains obscure. We approached this problem from systematic studies on the behaviours of elements during geologic processes. This contribution summaries the recent progress of our research group. Our results suggest that porphyry Cu deposits form through partial melting of subducted young oceanic crust under oxygen fugacities higher than ? FMQ ～+1.5, which is promoted after the elevation of atmospheric oxygen at ca. 550 Ma. Tin deposits are associated with reducing magmatic rocks formed as a consequence of slab rollback. The Neo-Tethys tectonic regime hosts more than 60% of the world's total Sn reserves. This is due to the reducing environment formed during the subduction of organic rich sediments. For the same reason, porphyry Cu deposits formed in the late stages during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Tungsten deposits are also controlled by slab rollback, but is not so sensitive to oxygen fugacity. Subduction related W/Sn deposits are mostly accompanied by abundant accessory ?uorites due to the breakdown of phengite and apatite. Decomposition of phengite is also signi?cant for hard rock lithium deposits, whereas orogenic belt resulted from plate subduction promote the formation of Li brine deposits. Cretaceous red bed basins near the Nanling region are favorable for Li brines. Both Mo and Re are enriched in the oxidationreduction cycle during surface processes, and may get further enriched once Mo-, Re-enriched sediments are subducted and involved in magmatism. During plate subduction, Mo and Re fractionate from each other. Molybdenum is mainly hosted in porphyry Mo deposits and to a less extent, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, whereas Re is predominantly hosted in porphyry Cu-Mo deposits and sedimentary sul?de deposits.