黄土高边坡稳定性评价的改进可拓工程法

针对影响黄土路堑高边坡稳定性因素的复杂性和模糊性,将可拓工程方法与路堑边坡稳定性评价相结合,通过参数正交试验分析确定权重,提出了路堑边坡稳定性评价的物元关联函数及物元关联度的计算方法。建立了适合可拓学理论的边坡稳定性分类标准,实现了定性与定量评价黄土路堑边坡的结合。实例评价结果与定值计算、工程实际调查吻合良好。     

汕头市花岗岩残积土的工程特性及路堑边坡稳定分析

花岗岩残积土在汕头市分布广泛,具有不均匀性及各向异性、扰动性、软化特性和崩解性。在天然状态下它们具有较低的压缩性、较高的承载力和较大的抗剪强度,但遇水后力学性质显著降低。花岗岩残积土的扰动性通常导致室内试验指标失真,使压缩模量低于变形模量,因此,花岗岩残积土的变形模量和地基承载力应通过原位测试(主要是标准贯入试验)来确定,并为此建立了本区花岗岩残积土地基容许承载力与标准贯入击数的对应关系。同时对汕头市花岗岩残积土路堑边坡失稳的原因进行分析并提出切实可行的防护办法。     

Geomechanical characterisation of rock masses in Alpine regions: the Basque Arc (Basque-Cantabrian basin, Northern Spain)

The geomechanical characterisation of rock masses in Alpine regions is one of the main challenges currently facing rock mechanics. These rock masses, made up of very different materials and frequently tectonically disturbed, are affected by engineering works, giving rise to potentially important problems. Thus, in the Basque Country, these materials are at the cause of important fatalities occurring in recent years. In this context, we aim at characterising these materials with the ultimate purpose of predicting their behaviour. The characterisation is initially approached based on the GSI, m_i and σ_ci parameters, following the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. This information is supplemented with field and laboratory measurements, and by obtaining the RQD and RMR indices. Using the information obtained from 99 metering stations, we develop a graphic classification procedure, which allows us to distinguish materials based on their characteristics, behaviour, type and degree of associated problems, and type and effectiveness of solutions provided. Eight classes of material are established.     

边界条件对多年冻土路基热稳定性的影响分析

多年冻土区的年平均气温是影响冻土路基边界条件的重要因素. 在附面层原理的基础上,考虑采用带有相变的控制方程和数值方法,以相同尺度的路基模型为前提,选取不同的年平均气温为影响因素,对青藏工程走廊公路路基的人为冻土上限和年平均地温进行了研究. 结果表明：公路路基下年平均地温随着年平均气温的升高而升高,人为冻土上限随着年平均气温的升高而显著下降. 在年平均气温为-7.16 ℃时,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温为-3.61 ℃,其人为冻土上限为-0.97 m;年平均气温为-3.21 ℃的条件下,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温仅为-0.1 ℃,其人为冻土上限也降至-13.11 m. 因此,可以看出：在未来气候持续变暖的背景下,现有处于稳定状态的冻土路基将逐渐变得不稳定.     

基于TRMM降水数据的山区降水垂直分布特征

选择天山和祁连山区为典型区,利用台站降水数据验证以上两区多卫星降水数据(TRMM)精度的基础上,借助TRMM数据分析了所选山区年降水梯度效应,并探讨了天山及祁连山最大降水高度带.结果表明,多卫星降水数据在天山和祁连山区精度较高,天山及祁连山年降水量都明显受到海拔影响,降水随海拔升高而增加,但天山降水与海拔正相关关系最好,南、北和西坡相关系数分别为0.90、0.81和0.58,多年平均降水直减率分别为11.0mm/100 m、6.3 mm/100 m、7.4 mm/100 m,最大降水高度带则分别位于海拔2 200~3 500 m和3 200~3 700 m和3 000m左右;祁连山东、中、西段降水随海拔有增加趋势,但降水梯度效应在祁连山东段明显高于祁连山中西段地区,梯度效应由东向西呈现递减趋势,其最大降水带主要分布在东段4 000~4 500 m的高山带.     

路基坡脚积水对多年冻土路基稳定性的影响研究进展

多年冻土路基的稳定性很大程度上取决于其下伏多年冻土层的热稳定性. 当融雪、降雨或人为等外界因素形成的路基坡脚积水持续一段时间后,这些积水可能通过入渗对流换热、热边界侵蚀、补给冻胀水分等方式加剧或诱发多年冻土路基热稳定性的下降和丧失. 通过回顾国内外相关文献,从影响多年冻土路基稳定性的因素、积水对路基活动层冻融过程中水分迁移的影响、热融湖塘类积水对冻土路基的热影响、降雨和融雪积水入渗对冻土路基的热影响等方面,归纳总结了坡脚积水对多年冻土路基影响方面的研究进展;在此基础上,提出了对此问题进一步深入的研究展望和探讨.     

降雨作用下山区边坡稳定性分析

降雨是诱发边坡失稳破坏的主要原因,本文以坡地水文模型为基础,结合无限边坡稳定计算模型,研究降雨条件下边坡启动的临界降雨条件。通过工程算例表明:降雨量与边坡体稳定系数成反比;滑坡启动的临界降雨量随边坡坡度的增大而减少;随边坡土体内摩擦角的增加而逐渐增加,此分析对降雨型滑坡的研究有借鉴性的意义。     

Probabilistic assessment of rock slope stability using response surfaces determined from finite element models of geometric realizations

A methodology is developed for probabilistic rock slope stability assessment using numerical modelling that incorporates statistical analysis of the variability of joint set geometric parameters. Each probabilistic input parameter is substituted by its two point estimates. Half-factorial and central composite designs are implemented to obtain a minimum number of representative slope realizations to model. The output from the numerical models is used to construct mathematical prediction models or response surfaces. A response surface can be used to predict the factor of safety of arbitrary realizations without further numerical modelling and can be used to determine the probability of slope failure.     

A susceptibility mapping model of earthquake-triggered slope geohazards based on geo-spatial data in mountainous regions

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a susceptibility mapping model of earthquake-trigged slope geohazards based on geo-spatial data in mountainous region. A rapid-response mapping model of slope geohazards triggered by earthquakes that can be widely applied in practice can be constructed by a simple method of weighted superposition of related accessible factors. Based on site investigations into geological disasters in Wenchuan County caused by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008, the main influencing factors of the earthquake triggering slope geohazards were studied, including peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 6 geo-spatial data factors: distance from streams, distance from highway, slope gradient, slope position, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and micro-landforms. The order of the relative importance of each factor was determined by regression analysis, then the weight of each factor contributing to slope geohazards was calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The susceptibility mapping model of slope geohazards was derived from the map overlaying principle in ArcGIS platform, and finally, the results were re-classified to obtain the map concerning susceptibility areas of slope geohazards. The results, by comparing the geohazards points with the field survey, proved that over 63% geohazards points were located in high and very high susceptibility areas, while only about 14% geohazards points were located in very low and low susceptibility areas. The model showed a relative agreement between the points on the susceptibility mapping and onsite points of slope geohazards. Above all, predictions about the slope geohazards at meizoseismal areas of earthquakes occurring in mountainous regions can be based on geo-spatial data; so the model could be applied to study other areas which may be prone to the slope geohazards during the earthquakes.     

青藏高原山区某公路滑坡滑动机理及其稳定性分析

以青海省南部省道红土山段滑坡为例,在分析区域地质概况和滑坡特征的基础上,对滑坡机理及影响滑坡的因素进行分析,确定滑坡滑动模式;选取合理的计算参数进行滑坡稳定性计算,根据计算结果对滑坡稳定性进行分析。得到以下结论：产生滑坡体病害的主要原因是滑坡所处区域冻土深度较大,区域冬夏温差大,地表水下渗后冻胀,次年夏初消融,这使粘性土及泥岩泥化,粘聚力降低,周而复始,滑体不断蠕动下滑。采用传递系数法对滑坡在不同工况下的稳定性进行计算,结果表明,在天然状态下滑坡浅层滑面处于蠕动变形状态,深层滑面基本稳定;在考虑暴雨和地震的条件下,滑坡处于不稳定状态。     

多年冻土区不同路面材料路基热稳定性分析

针对多年冻土区路基路面病害多发的现状,从路面材料入手,对水泥混凝土和沥青两种路面下路基温度场的变化规律进行研究。研究结果表明,在计算高度范围内,对于8.5 m路面宽幅的路基来说,沥青路面下的最大融深大于混凝土路面下的最大融深,尤其在路基高度较低时两种路面下的融深差异更大。最大融化深度和最大融化深度发展速率均与路基高度和路面宽幅有紧密关系,通过研究可以提出有效的措施来保持路基热稳定性,从而减少路基路面病害的发生和公路的运营成本,为今后类似工程提供参考     

Three-dimensional undrained tunnel face stability in clay with a linearly increasing shear strength with depth

The undrained tunnel face stability in clay with a linearly increasing shear strength with depth was investigated by three-dimensional finite element analysis. Three parametric studies were performed to study the effects of the cover depth ratio, overburden stress factor and linear strength gradient ratio on the load factor of the undrained tunnel face stability. The influence of the linear strength gradient ratio on the predicted failure mechanism of the undrained face stability was discussed and examined. An approximate closed-form solution was proposed for three-dimensional undrained tunnel face stability in clays with constant or linearly increasing shear strength profiles with depth.     

土坡稳定分析圆弧法的解析解及应用

土坡稳定性分析的圆弧条分法的原理简单,公式简洁,至今仍被工程界广泛应用。但该方法的具体计算过程烦琐,在搜索最危险滑动面时,每给定一个滑动面,都要重新确定分条的边界、高度、宽度和分条数目等参数;而且要反复试算,存在着不确定性。为此,笔者曾提出了搜索最危险滑动面的一种方法,本文结合该方法对圆弧法作了进一步推导。首先是将地面线用分段直线方程表示,将滑动面用一圆弧方程表示,这样可以将原公式中的求和部分化为积分式,从而推导出了求解稳定系数的解析式,进一步推导出用于具有后缘拉裂的边坡稳定性计算式。     

定量评估我国西北干旱区土地利用变化对植被指数的影响

在全球变化的背景下,定量区分人类活动和气候波动对干旱区植被的影响具有重要意义。采用多种统计学方法,分析了我国西北干旱区1990-2010年土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）和1982-2010年归一化植被指数（NDVI）的时空变化特征,并定量评估了LUCC对NDVI变化的影响。结果表明：1990-2010年,西北干旱区耕地增加量最多,高达13 476 km²,其次是林地和水域,各地类增加的面积主要来自草地（12 590 km²）和未利用地（6 025 km²）。各土地类型变化速度快慢依次为：耕地 > 建设用地 > 水域 > 林地 > 草地 > 未利用地。2000-2010年,研究区土地利用程度综合指数（0.79）明显高于1990-2000年（0.23）,表明近年来人类活动对土地利用变化的影响程度显著增强。1982-2010年,西北干旱区NDVI呈增加态势,但近年来（2002-2010年）NDVI略有下降。其中,1990-2000年,LUCC对西北干旱区NDVI总变化的贡献率较低,仅为2.9%;而1990-2010,LUCC的贡献率为26.7%,表明气候变化对植被指数变化的贡献率高达73.3%。     

Assessment of rock slope stability along the proposed Ankara–Pozantı autoroad in Turkey

 The main objective of this study is the determination of the slope stability and excavatability category of discontinuous rock exposed between 53+000 and 58+000 km of the proposed Ankara–Pozantı autoroad in Turkey to provide secure access. The study area is mostly in the outcrops of highly jointed sandstone with minor layers of marl. This Maastrichtian–Eocene Group also contains conglomerate and limestone bands of flysch character called the Pas˙ada* Group. Quaternary alluvial deposits occur throughout the site. The area was divided into four design sectors based on cut slope locations. Rock slope stability was assessed kinematically as well as through utilizing limit equilibrium analyses. The excavation category was determined to range from hard to extremely hard ripping. Remedial measures for unstable rock slopes are discussed. Received: 22 July 1997 · Accepted: 14 April 1998     

多年冻土区钻孔灌注桩基础早期热稳定性研究现状与展望

多年冻土区钻孔灌注桩基础施工带来的热扰动削弱了桩基础的早期热稳定性, 降低了桩基承载力。通过早期热稳定性影响因素、 热稳定性对承载力的影响及其改善措施三个方面对钻孔灌注桩基础早期热稳定性的研究现状进行归纳总结。研究表明： 首先, 多年冻土区钻孔灌注桩基础具有热扰动范围大、 回冻时间长的特点, 其中水化热及胶凝材料、 入模温度、 成孔方式作为主动影响因素是热扰动的主要来源, 桩基特征及冻土工程地质条件作为间接因素也对早期热稳定性产生次要影响; 其次, 钻孔灌注桩热扰动显著降低了桩基早期的承载力, 延缓了上部结构施工时间; 在削弱桩基早期热扰动方面, 人工制冷、 热管等措施具有良好的加速回冻效果。基于桩基承载力与冻土地温的密切关系, 未来还需进一步定量评估冲击钻成孔施工方式、 灌注桩施工季节、 群桩设计参数对桩基早期热扰动的影响, 深入认识早期热扰动作用下桩基承载力的变化规律、 设计荷载与冻土蠕变的关系及其对工期的影响, 并研发施工更加便利、 效果更加显著、 适用范围更广的低水化热胶凝材料和钻孔灌注桩控温措施, 有效提高钻孔灌注桩早期的承载力。     

西南某滑坡成因机制及稳定性评价

根据对该滑坡的变形破坏特征及形成条件分析，其属滑移-拉裂型滑坡。在漫长地质历史时期．经受诸如地震、自重应力，构造应力、卸荷变形、降雨以及地下水等内外地质作用因素，斜坡岩体沿软弱结构面发生滑移变形，随着剪裂面上的拉应力集中而产生拉裂缝，一旦破坏面贯通，则导致滑坡破坏。变形发展可能具有间歇性。通过参数反演，对滑坡的稳定性进行了定量评价。从评价结果可见，在天然及暴雨情况下．滑坡均处于稳定状态。而在考虑地震时，其稳定性迅速降低，基本处于不稳状态。因此，对该大型滑坡进行合理的评价，科学的预测就显得非常必要。结合西南某滑坡的形态、结构特征，分析滑坡的形成机制；在成因机制分析基础上．采用不平衡推力法对该滑坡天然状态及不利组合条件下的稳定性进行评价，为滑坡治理设计提供了重要的地质依据。     

岩体稳定性评价的模糊概率方法

岩体稳定性受多种不确定性因素的影响,不仅具有随机性,也具有模糊性,属于模糊概率的范畴,利用经典的模糊综合评判方法进行研究将会导致不合理的结果。在模糊概率理论的基础上,建立了一类新的岩体稳定性综合评价方法——模糊概率方法,并提出了模糊权重的概念,从而避免了权重取值带来的不确定性。结合所选取的5个影响岩体稳定性的因素,建立了这5个影响因素的隶属函数与模糊权重;利用该方法对某一地下岩体工程进行分析,并与其他方法评价的结果进行比较,表明了其方法的合理性与可靠性。     

三峡库区老坟园残留阶地型斜坡稳定性评价

通过老坟园斜坡天然条件及不利复合条件稳定性评价，阐明了诱发阶地型斜坡滑动变形的外界条件，为斜坡治理工程设计提供了重要地质依据。     

黄河上游某滑坡坝渗透稳定性评价

为了对黄河上游某滑坡坝的渗透稳定性进行较深入研究，作者首先通过试验资料确定了坝体与湖底纹泥渗透稳定的可能破坏形式、临界水力坡降和允许水力坡降，在此基础上应用数值模拟方法(Modflow程序)对滑坡坝在正常湖水位与极限湖水位两种工况进行了渗透稳定性评价。具体评价方法为，在每种工况下先评价计算范围内最大水力坡降方向每一格点(计算剖分网格)的渗透稳定性，进而评价整个坝体的渗透稳定性。研究结果表明，在正常湖水位与极限湖水位两种工况下，坝体均不会出现渗透稳定性问题，在极限湖水位下，坝体的渗漏量变化不大(由2775m^3／d增加为3138m^3／d)。说明在漫长的历史过程中，堰塞湖已形成了很好的防渗铺盖，当水位高于溢洪道时，湖水主要通过溢洪道向外排泄。研究结果为下游某大型水电站的设计、施工与安全运营提供了理论依据。