Analysis of accumulation factor of cesium 137 in bottom sediments of surface water bodies

The accumulation factor of radionuclides in river and water body bottom sediments K is an integral magnitude and depends on many parameters. With a two-compartment migration model (water-bottom sediments) an analytical relation is established for the conditions of a steady-state process of radioactive transfer for calculating K depending on the known parameters of radionuclide migration in the aquatic environment. With a reference to cesium 137 the calculated factor value is found for silty sediments in rivers and water bodies under characteristic summertime parameters of migration. The numerical analysis showed that the coefficient of radionuclide distribution in the water-suspension system and turbidity influence mostly the K value for cesium 137. For the practical use of this coefficient, a scheme of its correction is suggested depending on turbidity. An example of its practical use for calculating cesium 137 in water is considered. The calculated and measured volumetric activity values are intercompared.     

Metabolised Tritium and Radiocarbon in Lichens and Their Use as Biomonitors

Lichens are now well known for their potential as bio-indicators of environmental pollution, but less is known about their suitability as quantitative biomonitors for atmospheric emissions of tritium (mainly as tritiated water, HTO) and radiocarbon (as ¹⁴CO₂) from nuclear facilities, although both radionuclides could result in non-trivial individual or collective radiation doses due to their high environmental mobility and their long half-lives. ³H and ¹⁴C are fixed in lichens mainly by the photosynthesis of the algal partner and then stored in the organic molecules of both alga and fungus. They have the advantage of allowing the monitoring of atmospheric water vapour without interference of soil water or soil organic substances as long as soil-inhabiting species are avoided. Lichens were collected in the surroundings of (military and civil) nuclear facilities, in areas away from any direct source of contamination and some were transplanted from a contaminated area to a non-contaminated one. The influence of the nuclear facilities can be clearly traced, sometimes in a spectacular way and the first results of analyses after transplants give a base for estimating the effective half-life of ³H in lichens.     

支持向量机方法在南京太阳总辐射推算中的应用

利用1981、1996和2001年逐日南京站太阳总辐射和日照时数观测资料,建立了基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)方法的太阳总辐射推算模型,预测了1982、1997和2002年的太阳总辐射,并把推算结果和采用线性的气候学方法所得到的推算结果分别与实测值进行对比。采用线性方法得到的1982、1997和2002年的太阳总辐射预测值与实测值间基于1:1线的决定系数(R~2)分别为0.800、0.859和0.838,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为3.250、2.649和2.925 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。采用SVM方法得到的1982、1997和2002年的R~2分别为0.894、0.938和0.936,RMSE分别为2.353、1.726和1.804 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。SVM方法得到的太阳总辐射预测值与实测值之间的误差较小,预测精度高于线性方法,更适用于实际太阳总辐射的计算。     

鄱阳湖流域生态系统服务价值评估

为定量评估鄱阳湖及五河(赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修河)流域生态系统服务价值,以及为江西省生态文明建设提供决策参考,文中收集整理了2015年流域水资源、农作物及水产品产量、污染物排放量、水土流失等数据,运用市场价格法、替代成本法等对江西省鄱阳湖及五河流域年度流域物质生产、水资源供给、水环境承载力、蓄水功能和水土保持五大功能价值进行定量评估。结果表明:鄱阳湖及五河流域2015年流域生态系统服务功能总经济价值为4.53×10~(11)元,各生态服务功能价值的比例最高的是流域物质生产,为54%,这反映了江西省是一个拥有丰富农业资源的农业大省。江西省流域生态系统服务功能价值的水资源供给、水环境承载力、蓄水、水土保持等其他功能价值方面有很大的发展空间,随着经济社会的不断发展,其服务功能价值将得到更大的体现。     

Estimation of hydroxyl radical concentrations in the marine atmospheric boundary layer using a reactive atmospheric tracer

Hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations in the atmospheric boundary layer over a number of remote ocean locations are calculated from the measured diurnal variation in atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS). By using averaged DMS data sets from extended periods, the calculation yields OH concentrations averaged over periods from several days to weeks. These average OH concentrations range from 7×10⁵ to 2.9×10⁶ molecules cm^-3, corresponding to midday maxima of 3 to 12×10⁶ molecules cm^-3. The lowest values correspond to studies with the lowest light intensity (Antarctic summer and South Atlantic winter), and the highest values to regions with probable anthropogenic influence. In addition to the long term averages, daily average OH levels can be calculated for most days in a two week period from a cruise in the tropical eastern Pacific. These calculations are in good argeement with global average OH levels derived from other tracers, and are consistent with model OH calculations when allowance is made for variation in ambient ozone levels between the studies. Estimates of gas exchange made from the diurnal variation of DMS suggest that either the gas exchange coefficient of DMS or the boundary layer mixing depth may have been overestimated in past analyses.     

A parameterized yet accurate model of ozone and water vapor transmittance in the solar-to-near-infrared spectrum

A parameterized transmittance model(PTR) for ozone and water vapor monochromatic transmittance calculation in the solar-to-near-infrared spectrum 0.3-4 μm with a spectral resolution of 5 cm-1 was developed based on the transmittance data calculated by Moderate-resolution Transmittance model(MODTRAN).Polynomial equations were derived to represent the transmittance as functions of path length and airmass for every wavelength based on the least-squares method.Comparisons between the transmittances calculated using PTR and MODTRAN were made,using the results of MODTRAN as a reference.Relative root-mean-square error(RMSre) was 0.823% for ozone transmittance.RMSre values were 8.84% and 3.48% for water vapor transmittance ranges of 1-1×10 18 and 1-1×10 3,respectively.In addition,the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II(SAGEII) ozone profiles and University of Wyoming(UWYO) water vapor profiles were applied to validate the applicability of PTR model.RMSre was 0.437% for ozone transmittance.RMSre values were 8.89% and 2.43% for water vapor transmittance ranges of 1-1×10 18 and 1-1×10 6,respectively.Furthermore,the optical depth profiles calculated using the PTR model were compared to the results of MODTRAN.Absolute RMS errors(RMSab) for ozone optical depths were within 0.0055 and 0.0523 for water vapor at all of the tested altitudes.Finally,the comparison between the solar heating rate calculated from the transmittance of PTR and Line-by-Line radiative transfer model(LBLRTM) was performed,showing a maximum deviation of 0.238 K d-1(6% of the corresponding solar heating rate calculated using LBLRTM).In the troposphere all of the deviations were within 0.08 K d-1.The computational speed of PTR model is nearly two orders of magnitude faster than that of MODTRAN.     

Estimation of Hourly Solar Radiation at the Surface under Cloudless Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau Using a Simple Radiation Model

In this study,the clear sky hourly global and net solar irradiances at the surface determined using SUNFLUX,a simple parameterization scheme,for three stations(Gaize,Naqu,and Lhasa) on the Tibetan Plateau were evaluated against observation data.Our modeled results agree well with observations.The correlation coefficients between modeled and observed values were > 0.99 for all three stations.The relative error of modeled results,in average was < 7%,and the root-mean-square variance was < 27 W m 2.The solar irradiances in the radiation model were slightly overestimated compared with observation data;there were at least two likely causes.First,the radiative effects of aerosols were not included in the radiation model.Second,solar irradiances determined by thermopile pyranometers include a thermal offset error that causes solar radiation to be slightly underestimated.The solar radiation absorbed by the ozone and water vapor was estimated.The results show that monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by the ozone is < 2% of the global solar radiation(< 14 W m 2).Solar radiation absorbed by water vapor is stronger in summer than in winter.The maximum amount of monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by water vapor can be up to 13% of the global solar radiation(95 W m 2).This indicates that water vapor measurements with high precision are very important for precise determination of solar radiation.     

我国的大气透明状况

根据全国65个甲种日射站自建站起至1978年9:30,12:30,15:30各时次直接辐射的观测资料,计算了大气透明系数。为了便于各地间的比较和绘制全国分布图,所有各时次的资料都统一订正到M=2的情况下,计算中太阳常数取值S_0=1.98卡厘米~(-2)分~(-1)。 就我国的具体情况而论,地势对大气透明度的影响最为显著,直接的结果是:高原为透明度高值区,盆地为低值区。 分析了影响大气透明度的两个重要因子——水汽和气溶胶的分布特点,以及它们之间的比例关系。水汽对辐射的吸收系根据探空资料求得的整层大气的含水量按Mugge和Muller的公式计算的。     

Analysis of solar radiation over Egypt

Summary  The database utilized in this analysis consisted of daily sunshine duration and hourly global and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface (for Matruh Cairo, and Aswan), and normal incidence beam radiation (for Cairo and Aswan only). Monthly-average hourly and daily values are reported for each of these three types of measured radiation, together with the calculated monthly-average daily values for the components of global radiation, horizontal beam and diffuse radiation. The monthly-average hourly and daily clearsky index values have also been calculated and analyzed. Monthly-average daily frequency distributions of the clearsky index values are reported for each month. The annual-average daily global irradiation values are 19.4, 18.67, and 21.78 MJ/m² and for diffuse irradiation they are 6.34, 6.65 and 6.23 MJ/m² for Matruh, Cairo and Aswan, respectively. For the normal incidence beam irradiation the annual-average daily values are 16.94 and 24.46 MJ/m² for Cairo and Aswan, respectively. The annual-average daily fractions of the direct component of horizontal global radiation are 0.70, 0.61 and 0.72 for the three stations, respectively. The annual-average daily values for the clearsky index are 0.585, 0.566, and 0.648, and the average frequency of clear days annually are 67.3, 42.3 and 77.6% respectively. The annual variations and trend analysis were analyzed for daily global, direct, and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface, daily sunshine duration, and for the daily ratios G/G₀, and D/G for the stations Matruh, Cairo and Aswan. The distribution of these components of radiation and their ratios over the study stations in Egypt is also discussed. The results show that Egypt is characterized by relatively high average-daily radiation rates, both global and direct, and a relatively high frequency of clear days. Cairo, due to its urbanization and high pollution, has relatively low average-daily radiation rates, particularly in direct radiation, and the frequency of clear days. Received February 26, 1998 Revised February 4, 1999     

Wet deposition of radionuclides derived from the Chernobyl accident

Chernobyl radioactivity in precipitation was measured at Tsukuba, Japan, as were both surface-air concentrations and particle-size distributions of Chernobyl-released radionuclides. To understand the wet removal processes of the Chernobyl radionuclides, i.e.¹³⁷Cs,¹⁰³Ru, and⁹⁰Sr, wet deposition velocities were calculated. The wet deposition velocities of the Chernobyl radioactivity for individual rainfall events varied largely. The wet deposition velocity is given as the product of washout ratio and rainfall rate. Typically, it was found that the washout ratios of⁹⁰Sr are systematically larger than those of¹³⁷Cs. In order to explain this fact, we examined the relationship between the washout ratios and particle sizes of radionuclide-bearing aerosols. A positive correlation between corrected washout ratios and particle size was found with a particle diameter range from 0.35 to 1.2 µm. The result strongly suggests that the factors controlling the wet removal of the Chernobyl radioactivity for individual rainfall events are surface air concentration, particle size, and rainfall rate, rather than precipitation amount, which is in agreement with previous understandings. This suggests that high contamination areas of radioactivity are formed during heavy rainfall events with high rainfall rates in the case of tropospheric injection such as the Chernobyl accident.     

An Attempt to Improve Kessler-Type Parameterization of Warm Cloud Microphysical Conversion Processes Using CloudSat Observations

Improvements to the Kessler-type parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes (also called autoconversion) are proposed based on a large number of CloudSat observations between Jun...     

Carbon sequestration and environmental effects of afforestation with Pinus radiata D. Don in the Western Cape, South Africa

A three-step methodology to assess the carbon sequestration and the environmental impact of afforestation projects in the framework of the Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism) was developed and tested using a dataset collected from the Jonkershoek forest plantation, Western Cape, South Africa, which was established with Pinus radiata in former native fynbos vegetation and indigenous forest. The impact of a change in land use was evaluated for a multifunctional, a production and a non-conversion scenario. First, the carbon balance was modelled with GORCAM and was expressed as (1) C sequestration in tC ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in soil, litter, and living biomass according to the rules of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, and (2) CO₂ emission reductions in tC ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, which includes carbon sequestered in the above-mentioned pools and additionally in wood products, as well as emission reductions due to fossil fuel substitution. To estimate forest growth, three data sources were used: (1) inventory data, (2) growth simulation with a process-based model, and (3) yield tables. Second, the effects of land use change were assessed for different project scenarios using a method related to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The method uses 17 quantitative indicators to describe the impact of project activities on water, soil, vegetation cover and biodiversity. Indicator scores were calculated by comparing indicator values with reference values, estimated for the climax vegetation. The climax vegetation is the site-specific ecosystem phase with the highest exergy content and the highest exergy flow dissipation capacity. Third, the land use impact per functional unit of 1 tC sequestered was calculated by combining the results of step 1 and step 2. The average baselines to obtain carbon additionality are 476 tC ha⁻¹ for indigenous forest and 32 tC ha⁻¹ for fynbos. Results show that the influence of the growth assessment method on the magnitude of C sequestration and hence on the environmental impact per functional unit is large. When growth rate is assessed with the mechanistic model and with the yield table, it is overestimated in the early years and underestimated in the long term. The main conclusion of the scenario analysis is that the production forest scenario causes higher impacts per functional unit than the multifunctional scenario, but with the latter being less efficient in avoiding CO₂ emissions. The proposed method to assess impacts on diverse components of the ecosystem is able to estimate the general tendency of the adverse and positive effects of each scenario. However, some indicators, more specifically about biodiversity and water balance, could be improved or reinterpreted in light of specific local data about threat to biodiversity and water status.     

一个压力坐标海洋环流模式(PCOM1.0)的基本模拟性能评估

参照Griffies et al.(2009)提出的海洋—海冰耦合模式参考试验(Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments,COREs),设计了一个800年积分的数值试验,对一个质量严格守恒的压力坐标海洋环流模式(Pressure Coordinate Ocean Model,PCOM1.0)的基本模拟性能进行了评估,并与观测资料和再分析资料进行了对比。结果表明,PCOM1.0模拟的温盐场和基本流场与COREs模式的模拟水平基本接近。其中,模拟的大西洋经向翻转流在45°N附近达到18 Sv(1 Sv=106 m3 s-1),与观测估计值接近;对海表面温度的模拟误差主要集中在北太平洋黑潮区和北大西洋湾流区等中高纬度急流区;模拟的热带太平洋温跃层过于深厚;模拟的经德雷克海峡的体积输送达130 Sv,比大部分COREs模式及再分析资料都更接近于观测估计值。     

基于水生态功能分区的寇河水系水环境容量研究

河流水环境容量是实行污染物排放总量控制的理论依据,也是河流水环境管理的科学基础。本文采用综合标识指数法识别河流水质污染状况及主要污染指标,对寇河水系水生态功能分区进行水质评价,水生态功能分区是基于对流域水生态系统的区域差异的研究而提出的一种分区方法;采用一维稳态水质模型模拟河流水质变化规律,并结合线性规划模型,计算寇河上游水生态较高功能区、寇河中游水生态较低功能区、南城子水生态较高功能区的COD_Cr和NH₄-N的水环境容量。结果表明：寇河上游水生态较高功能区COD_Cr和NH₄-N的水环境容量分别为852.22t·a^-1、47.96t·a^-1;寇河中游水生态较低功能区COD_Cr和NH₄-N的水环境容量分别为410.33t·a^-1、23.09t·a^-1;南城子水生态较高功能区CODCr和NH4-N的水环境容量分别为25.23t·a^-1、1.58t·a^-1。     

A study on absorption characteristics of the atmospheric window in microwave band

The absorption characteristics of the atmospheric window in the microwave band (λ=8.5 mm and 3.2 cm) are studied. The results measured in Beijing by using both solar radiation method and atmospheric radiation method are compared with the values calculated from the radiosonde data so as to analyze their correlativity. The relationship between atmospheric window absorption and total column water vapour content is also discussed. The effects of clouds on the absorption are described.     

Model analysis of seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide over East Asia

Temporal-spatial variations in tropospheric ozone concentrations over East Asia in the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2004 were simulated by using the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with meteorological fields calculated by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The simulated concentrations of ozone and carbon monoxide were compared with ground level observations at two remote sites, Ryori (39.03°N, 141.82°E) and Yonagunijima (24.47°N, 123.02°E). The co...     

轻型百叶箱和玻璃钢百叶箱气温对比研究

为揭示轻型百叶箱和玻璃钢百叶箱气温的差异变化特征,利用上海枫泾区域自动气象站2012年4月至2013年9月分钟级数据,采用线性分析、线性拟合、多元回归等方法,对两种百叶箱的气温和日极值进行月尺度对比,揭示两种百叶箱气温测值差异程度,分析不同云量、不同升(降)温速率、不同风速、不同降水强度下两种百叶箱气温差特征,探讨产生气温差的原因,并计算不同季节的轻型百叶箱气温订正方程。研究发现:两种百叶箱气温差、气温差的离散度、气温日极值差均存在季节性差异。轻型百叶箱春、夏和秋季的日最高气温参考价值较低,高温日参考价值较低。太阳辐射和红外(红外冷却)辐射对两种百叶箱气温差影响较大,辐射量越大,则气温差异越大。单一风速条件或单一降水条件对气温差的影响较小。而降水条件下,大风和低风速时的红外冷却辐射会导致气温差异增大。轻型百叶箱气温测量值对环境气温变化的敏感度要高于玻璃钢百叶箱,更能反映非周期性变化特点。结果表明:材质和结构决定轻型百叶箱防辐射性能较低,是导致两种百叶箱测温差异的主要原因。     

Comparison of the performance of net radiation calculation models

Daily values of net radiation are used in many applications of crop-growth modeling and agricultural water management. Measurements of net radiation are not part of the routine measurement program at many weather stations and are commonly estimated based on other meteorological parameters. Daily values of net radiation were calculated using three net outgoing long-wave radiation models and compared to measured values. Four meteorological datasets representing two climate regimes, a sub-humid, high-latitude environment and a semi-arid mid-latitude environment, were used to test the models. The long-wave radiation models included a physically based model, an empirical model from the literature, and a new empirical model. Both empirical models used only solar radiation as required for meteorological input. The long-wave radiation models were used with model calibration coefficients from the literature and with locally calibrated ones. A measured, average albedo value of 0.25 was used at the high-latitude sites. A fixed albedo value of 0.25 resulted in less bias and scatter at the mid-latitude sites compared to other albedo values. When used with model coefficients calibrated locally or developed for specific climate regimes, the predictions of the physically based model had slightly lower bias and scatter than the empirical models. When used with their original model coefficients, the physically based model had a higher bias than the measurement error of the net radiation instruments used. The performance of the empirical models was nearly identical at all sites. Since the empirical models were easier to use and simpler to calibrate than the physically based models, the results indicate that the empirical models can be used as a good substitute for the physically based ones when available meteorological input data is limited. Model predictions were found to have a higher bias and scatter when using summed calculated hourly time steps compared to using daily input data.     

地面臭氧光化学过程规律的初步研究

给出了1996年夏季在广东肇庆鼎湖山对光化辐射、地面O3、NO、NO2浓度的观测结果,对影响地面O3、NO、NO2的主要因子进行了分析。晴天,地面O3、NO、NO2浓度有明显的日变化;阴天,它们的日变化比较复杂。晴天和阴天,在lnQUVB/m和lnQvis/m(其中QUVB为紫外B辐射,Qvis为可见光辐射,m为大气质量)与地面O3、NO,NO2浓度、整层大气水汽含量(q1、q2、q3、q4)之间存在着很好的相关关系。利用得到的关系式计算了地面O3浓度,在紫外和可见光波段,计算值与观测值符合得都比较好。     

Light hydrocarbons in the surface water of the mid-Atlantic

During a cruise of RV Polarstern over the Atlantic in September/October 1988, C₂–C₄ hydrocarbons were measured in surface sea water. The ship passed through three different ocean regions divided by divergences at 8° N and 3° S. Hydrocarbon concentrations differed considerably in these regions. The highest values were obtained for ethene with mean concentrations of 246 pMol/l between 35° N and 8° N, 165 pMol/l between 8° N and 3° S, and 63 pMol/l between 3° S and 30° S. Low values were found for i- and n-butane and acetylene between 32 pMol/l and 1 pMol/l. The alkene concentrations were in general higher than the concentrations of their saturated homologs. Concentrations decreased with increasing carbon numbers. The various alkenes were well correlated with one another as were the various alkanes. Oceanic emission rates of the light hydrocarbons were calculated from their sea water concentrations using an ocean atmosphere exchange model. The averaged fluxes ranged from about 10⁸ molec cm^-2 s^-1 for the alkenes and ethane to less than 10⁷ molec cm^-2 s^-1 for the C₄ alkanes. Acetylene emissions were below 3×10⁶ molec cm^-2 s^-1. Based upon these rates budget estimates of NMHC in the ocean surface layer were made with a simple model considering production and destruction processes in the water. The emissions to the atmosphere appear to be the dominant loss process between 35° N and 8° N, whereas destruction in the water seems to be dominant in the latitude ranges 8° N-3° S and 3° S-30° S.