1980年夏季华北干旱时期东亚阻塞形势的位涡分析

本文用准地转位涡对1980年夏季（7月1日—9月10日）华北干旱时期东亚阻塞形势的平均特征及其维持机制进行了诊断分析。发现东亚阻塞高压是一个具有异常低位涡的深厚暖性反气旋系统。它的维持一方面与上游乌拉尔长波槽的涡旋强迫输送有关，另一方面，更为重要的与来自青藏高原上空的低位涡空气输送有关。准地转位涡的收支计算表明，涡动强迫作用与平均气流的平流作用基本上相平衡，因而涡动对位涡的输送是使阻塞区维持异常低的平均位涡，阻止阻塞高压向下游平流的重要机制。     

The effect of topographic forcing on the formation and maintenance of blocking

A barotropic channel model in β-plane is used to study the effect of topographic forcing on the formation and maintenance of blocking. The approximate analytical solution of potential vorticity equation can show the main property of the whole process of blocking. It is indicated that the topographic forcing is one of the main factors caus-ing the blocking process. The results suggest that the nonlinear interaction plays a very important role in the stable “Ω” situation of blocking. The atmospheric circulation with periodic and low-frequency oscillation, perhaps, is partly caused by topographic forcing.     

强迫耗散非线性系统的局域阻塞流型

本文将正压涡度方程约化为强迫耗散的KdV方程,求得了该方程的一个定常解.这个定常解描述了非绝热加热、耗散、非线性平流和线性频散共同作用所形成的阻塞流型.在确定性初条件、随机性初条件和随机热源扰动的情况下,积分时间大于60天的三组试验表明:该阻塞流型闭合高压中心位置维持定常,而阻高中心强度的演变显示出清晰的准两周或一个月左右的低频振荡现象.     

地形强迫正压大气异常持续类型的确定及其对可预报性的影响

使用地形强迫正压涡度方程模式的输出资料，讨论了流函数异常EOF展开时间系数的特征时间尺度。由此研究了异常持续类型的确定及其对可预报性的影响问题。结果表明:异常持续类型与环流的演变有十分密切的关系，初始状态环流的结构对可预报性有明显的影响。最后探讨了对中期和延伸期数值预报的可能应用。     

Tracking surface cyclones with moist potential vorticity

1. Introduction There have been two di?erent approaches used fortracking extratropical cyclones. The traditional andmost common approach is to follow the minimum sur-face pressure of a cyclone (e.g., Petterssen, 1956; Car-nell and Senior, 1998; Serreze…     

Discussion on the complete-form vorticity equation and slantwise vorticity development

The complete form of the vertical vorticity tendency equation (the complete-form vorticity equation) is derived from the Ertel potential vorticity equation to contain thermodynamic factors. In this study, a new complete-form vorticity equation, which has the same form as the original complete-form vorticity equation, is deduced from the absolute vorticity vector equation combined with the continuity equation and the expression of three-dimensional (3D) entropy gradient. By comparing the complete-form vorticity equation with the classical vertical vorticity equation, it is found that regardless of whether or not the isentropic surface is tilting, the two vorticity equations are in essence the same. The “baroclinic term” of the complete-form vorticity equation is exactly equal to the solenoidal term of the classical one, and there is a significant amount of cancellation between the two baroclinic items (the “slantwise term” and the horizontal vorticity change term) in the complete-form vorticity equation. In operational weather analysis, the tilt of the isentropic surface can be diagnosed according to the density of the isotherm on the upper-level isobaric map. For synoptic-scale motion, the vertical vorticity produced by the tilt of the isentropic surface is due to the contribution of atmospheric baroclinicity, which is measured by the solenoid. The 3D solenoid is parallel to the isentropic surface, so the more tilted the isentropic surface, the bigger the projection of the 3D solenoid in the vertical direction. The baroclinic contribution can be interpreted based on the PV thinking theory, but the relationship between the vorticity field and the potential vorticity field is not immediate.     

用自由模对1998年夏季阻塞形势的诊断分析

签于大气自由模和阻塞高压的重要性 ,首先简要介绍阻塞高压与中国夏季降水的关系及 1998年夏季 5 0 0hPa异常环流场 ;然后利用 2 1波菱形截断的谱方法求出无粘性、无强迫正压涡度方程的自由解 ,即和实际大气流场十分接近的大气自由模 ,并讨论其特征 ;最后利用大气自由模的特征诊断分析了实际大气的环流特征 ,并重点用其分析了 1998年夏季的大气环流异常形势。结果表明大气自由模能很好地反映大气环流大尺度特征 ,而略去了中、小尺度涡旋 ;大气自由模的流场和绝对涡度场之间的散点图反映了 (q ,Ψ )的函数关系是分段线性或非线性的 ,尽管实际流场与绝对涡度场之间的点阵图反映两者之间成不同斜率的线性函数关系 ,但点阵比较发散 ,不能突出某些重要系统 ;1998年夏季实际大气自由模态突出了大气环流的重要特征 ,例如 ,越赤道气流、西风急流、副热带高压、阻塞高压及两极的边界效应等 ;通过自由模态的特征可以识别出纬向流及阻塞高压的持续异常 ,利用自由模的稳定性判断阻塞高压的稳定性 ,不稳定模态可以维持一段较长的时间 ,且由于这些不稳定的模存在 ,才使 1998年 6月中旬到下旬的中高纬阻塞高压稳定维持。     

鄂霍茨克海阻高发展过程的正斜压涡度和涡度拟能的演变特征

用正斜压分解法，对1998年发生在鄂霍茨克海的阻高进行涡度和涡度拟以分析，结果发现：在阻高的不同阶段，正压涡度和正压涡度拟能远大于斜压涡度和斜压涡度拟能且在不同的阶段有着不同的演变过程；在阻塞的酝酿阶段正压和斜压涡度和涡度拟能不稳定增长，且向西南传播；在维持阶段，正压和斜压涡度和涡度拟能的增长达到最大值，阻塞形势建立并维持在阻塞区域内；在消亡阶段，正压涡度和涡度拟能与斜压涡度拟能则呈现出不稳定减少，向东南传播，阻塞崩溃，然后又增长。     

On the Significance and Use of the Generalized Moist Potential Vorticity Equation

In this paper,the continuity and thermodynamic equations including moisture forcings were derived.Using these two equations and the basic momentum equation of local Cartesian coordinates,the budget equation of generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) was derived.The GMPV equation is a good generalization of the Ertel potential vorticity(PV) and moist potential vorticity(MPV) equations.The GMPV equation is conserved under adiabatic,frictionless,barotropic,or saturated atmospheric conditions,and it is closely associated with the horizontal frontogenesis and stability of the real atmosphere.A real case study indicates that term diabatic heating could be a useful diagnostic tool for heavy rainfall events.     

NONLINEAR BAROTROPIC INSTABILITY INCLUDING FRICTION DISSIPATION,THERMAL DRIVING AND LARGE TOPOGRAPHY*

From a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation including frictional dissipation,thermal driving and large topography used by Charney in investigation of the multiple flow equilibria and blocking,using the Serrin-Joseph energy method and the variational principle,we found the nonlinear barotropic stability criteria of the zonal basic flow with the total energy,total enstrophy and their linear combination respectively,and compared the criteria with Charney's results.     

Polar vortex oscillation viewed in an isentropic potential vorticity coordinate

The stratospheric polar vortex oscillation （PVO） in the Northern Hemisphere is examined in a semiLagrangian θ-PVLAT coordinate constructed by using daily isentropic potential vorticity maps derived from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis Ⅱdataset covering the period from 1979 to 2003. In the semi-Lagrangian θ-PVLAT coordinate, the variability of the polar vortex is solely attributed to its intensity change because the changes in its location and shape would be naturally absent by following potential vorticity contours on isentropic surfaces. The EOF and regression analyses indicate that the PVO can be described by a pair of poleward and downward propagating modes. These two modes together account for about 82% variance of the daily potential vorticity anomalies over the entire Northern Hemisphere. The power spectral analysis reveals a dominant time scale of about 107 days in the time series of these two modes, representing a complete PVO cycle accompanied with poleward propagating heating anomalies of both positive and negative signs from the equator to the pole. The strong polar vortex corresponds to the arrival of cold anomalies over the polar circle and vice versa. Accompanied with the poleward propagation is a simultaneous downward propagation. The downward propagation time scale is about 20 days in high and low latitudes and about 30 days in mid-latitudes. The zonal wind anomalies lag the poleward and downward propagating temperature anomalies of the opposite sign by 10 days in low and high latitudes and by 20 days in mid-latitudes. The time series of the leading EOF modes also exhibit dominant time scales of 8.7, 16.9, and 33.8 months. They approximately follow a double-periodicity sequence and correspond to the 3-peak extratropical Quasi-Biennial Oscillation （QBO） signal.     

湿位涡方程及其应用

本文在湿绝热、无摩擦条件下，推导了湿位涡方程及其近似表达式。然后通过尺度分析得到了大尺度条件下湿位涡守恒的性质，其形式与干位涡一样。由于考虑了水汽的作用，使用它较干位涡更为方便。最后，我们把湿位涡用于江南岭北3 月有无连阴雨的分析，其结果与预报员经验是一致的。     

地形强迫对偶极型阻塞形势的影响分析

本研究运用多尺度变换和摄动法简化具有地形强迫的正压准地转涡度方程,得到带有扰动项的非线性Shr?dinger方程,在此基础上,采用孤立子直接微扰理论研究地形强迫对偶极型阻塞结构的作用。研究表明:地形强迫对偶极型阻塞发展具有增强和持续作用,其增长率与大地形山体的斜率成正比。      

Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the NAO and PNA

In the Northern hemisphere, regions characterized by an enhanced frequency of atmospheric blocking overlap significantly with those associated with the major extra-tropical patterns of large-scale climate variability—namely the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific North American (PNA) pattern. There is likewise an overlap in the temporal band-width of blocks and these climate patterns. Here the nature of the linkage between blocks and the climate patterns is explored by using the ERA-40 re-analysis data set to examine (1) their temporal and spatial correlation and (2) the interrelationship between blocks and the NAO/PNA. It is shown that a strong anti-correlation exists between blocking occurrence and the phase of the NAO (PNA) in the North Atlantic (western North Pacific), and that there are distinctive inter-basin differences with a clear geographical (over North Atlantic) and quantitative (over North Pacific) separation of typical blocking genesis/lysis regions during the opposing phases of the climate patterns. An Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis points to a significant influence of blocking upon the NAO pattern (identifiable as the leading EOF in the Euro-Atlantic), and a temporal analysis indicates that long-lasting blocks are associated with the development of negative NAO/PNA index values throughout their life-time. In addition an indication of a cause-and effect relationship is set-out for the North Atlantic linkage.     

Heatwaves in Europe: areas of homogeneous variability and links with the regional to large-scale atmospheric and SSTs anomalies

This work presents a methodology to study the interannual variability associated with summertime months in which extremely hot temperatures are frequent. Daily time series of maximum and minimum temperature fields (T _max and T _min, respectively) are used to define indexes of extreme months based on the number of days crossing thresholds. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied to the monthly indexes. EOF loadings give information about the geographical areas where the number of days per month with extreme temperatures has the largest variability. Correlations between the EOF principal components and the time series of other fields allow plotting maps highlighting the anomalies in the large scale circulation and in the SSTs that are associated with the occurrence of extreme events. The methodology is used to construct the “climatology” of the extremely hot summertime months over Europe. In terms of both interannual and intraseasonal variability, there are three regions in which the frequency of the extremely hot days per month homogeneously varies: north-west Europe, Euro-Mediterranean and Eurasia region. Although extremes over those regions occur during the whole summer (June to August), the anomalous climatic conditions associated with frequent heatwaves present some intraseasonal variability. Extreme climate events over the north-west Europe and Eurasia are typically related to the occurrence of blocking situations. The intraseasonal variability of those patterns is related to the amplitude of the blocking, the relative location of the action centre and the wavetrain of anomalies downstream or upstream of the blocking. During June and July, blocking situations which give extremely hot climate conditions over north-west Europe are also associated with cold conditions over the eastern Mediterranean sector. The Euro-Mediterranean region is a transition area in which extratropical and tropical systems compete, influencing the occurrence of climate events: blockings tend to be related to extremely hot months during June while baroclinic anomalies dominate the variability of the climate events in July and August. We highlight that our method could be easily applied to other regions of the world, to other fields as well as to model outputs to assess, e.g. the potential change of extreme climate events in a warmer climate.     

正压大气中大尺度运动的涡度熵

本文在引入涡度熵概念的基础上，在绝热和无摩擦作用的情况下，对正压大气中大尺度运动的涡度熵的产生进行了讨论。指出β效应，辐散效应和地形作用是产生涡度熵的因子，而且我们还用涡度熵的概念对大气中偶极子阻塞的形成过程进行了解释，加深了我们对偶极子阻塞形成过程的理解。     

Rossby波的能量、能量通量与Lagrange函数

利用正压涡度方程计算波动能量通量时,它的形式将不同于直接利用运动方程所求得的通量,这是一个于六十年代初所提出的问题。在本文中,对此问题进行再次分析与研究。结果表明,如果将运动方程进行改写,使其包含了与涡度方程相等的条件,对于波动而言,就整个波动范围求平均且假定波动振幅为常数,则可得到相同的表示式。于文中,还利用此改写的运动方程,导得了波动位能的表示式,这为进一步研究非线性Rossby波提供了一个物理基础。     

On no-slip boundary conditions for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Two local implementations of no-slip boundary conditions are investigated for both the vorticity—streamfunction and momentum—pressure formulations of the time-dependent planar incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, as applied to barotropic ocean circulation modelling. The objective is to determine the extent to which the local accuracy and numerical consistency of these conditions affects the global solution. The effects of a non-local implementation of no-slip conditions for the vorticity—streamfunction equations are also studied. In all cases, boundary condition effects are measured by comparing time-averaged dynamics of turbulent solutions of numerical models based on the two formulations.In the model interior, the energy and enstrophy conserving Arakawa Jacobian is used for the vorticity—streamfunction equations while an extension of the energy and potential enstrophy conserving Arakawa and Lamb finite difference scheme is used for the momentum-pressure equations.Numerical experiments performed with a non-linear model similar to Bryan's barotropic ocean reveal no significant differences between the time-averaged solutions obtained with either of the two formulations, with each using either of the two local boundary conditions. A simple one-dimensional analogue of the vorticity—streamfunction equations is solved algebraically to explain the experimental results. A similar analogue suggests that an apparent inconsistency in the no-slip boundary conditions within the Cox stratified, primitive equation, ocean circulation model should not affect the accuracy or convergence of the global solution.     

ENERGY,ENERGY FLUX AND LAGRANGIAN OF ROSSBY WAVE

The energy flux derived from the barotropic vorticity equation differs from that obtained directly from the momentum equation.We re-study this problem raised in the early 1960s.The results show that if the momentum equation is rewritten in such a way that it contains the same conditions as that for the barotropic vorticity equation,then the same form of average energy flux can be obtained for the waves with constant amplitudes.With this new momentum equation,the potential energy of Rossby wave is derived and Lagrangian of nonlinear barotropic vorticity equation can be approximately found with this potential energy.This provides a physical basis for studying the dynamics of nonlinear Rossby wave with the approach of calculus of variation.     

Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development and the complete vorticity equation with mass forcing

The moist potential vorticity (MPV) equation is derived from complete atmospheric equations including the effect of mass forcing, with which the theory of Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development (USVD) is proposed based on the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD). When an air parcel slides up along a slantwise isentropic surface, its vertical component of relative vorticity will develop, and the steeper the isentropic surface is, the more violent the development will be. From the definition of MPV and the MPV equation produced here in, a complete vorticity equation is then put forward with mass forcing, which explicitly includes the effects of both internal forcings, such as variations of stability, baroclinicity, and vertical shear of horizontal wind, and external forcings, such as diabatic heating, friction, and mass forcing.When isentropic surfaces are flat, the complete vorticity equation matches its traditional counterpart. The physical interpretations of some of the items which are included in the complete vorticity equation but not in the traditional one are studied with a simplified model of the ChangjiangoHuaihe Meiyu front. A 60-h simulation is then performed to reproduce a torrential rain event in the ChangjiangoHuaihe region and the output of the model is studied qualitatively based on the theory of USVD. The result shows that the conditions of the theory of USVD are easily satisfied immediately in front of mesoscale rainstorms in the downwind direction, that is, the theory of USVD is important to the development and movement of these kinds of systems.