Mercury in river sediments, floodplains and plants growing thereon in the drainage area of the Idrija mine, Slovenia

Half a millennium mercury production at Idrija is reflected in increased mercury contents in all environmental segments. The bulk of roasting residues from the middle of the 19th century to 1977 was discharged directly into the Idrijca River, and the material was carried at high waters to the Soca River and farther into the Adriatic Sea. It has been estimated that 45500 tons of mercury were emitted into the environment during the operating period of the mine, which ceased production in 1994. In the lower reaches of the Idrijca the riverine deposits with high mercury contents have been, and will be in the future a source of mercury polluted sediment. Stream sediments were monitored at the same locations along the Idrijca and Soca rivers （70 kin） every 5 years since 1991 （1991-2005）. Grain size distribution was determined by dry sieving and fractions for geochemical analysis were prepared （〈0.04 and 〈0.125 mm）. Soils on river terraces were sampled at 5 localities in the lower course of Idrijca. At two locations of the terrace profiles the samples of averaged meadow forage and plantain （Plantago lanceolata） were collected within a 50-meters radius. We found that there was no decrease in mercury concentration in active river sediments during the last 20 years. Upstream from the Idrija Town the mercury concentrations in active river sediments vary from 1 to 10 mg/kg （average 3.3 mg/kg）. From Idrija to Spodnja Idrija the mercury concentrations increase extremely and vary greatly （32-4,121 mg/kg, the average is 734 mg/kg）. From Spodnja ldrija to the Idrijca-Soca confluence is the average 218 mg/kg, and 57 mg/kg downstream in the Soca River sediments.     

武汉城市湖泊汞的环境地球化学评价

汞由于其在环境中的持久性、生物地球化学可循环性以及潜在的生态威胁性而受到格外关注。对武汉远郊、城乡结合部和市区三种环境中6个湖泊的水、沉积物和生物(鱼)中汞污染特征进行了调查采样,用原子荧光光谱仪进行了汞含量的测定。采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法直接评价了武汉湖泊汞的生态效应。结果表明,与国家食品卫生标准鱼肉中汞含量(≤300ng/g)相比,除梁子湖乌鱼(汞含量为676ng/g)外,6个湖泊3种鱼肉中汞含量均未超标,表明武汉城市湖泊汞元素尚未造成明显的生态效应;与国家Ⅲ类水质汞含量标准(0.1μg/L)相比,除金银湖水汞含量(0.137μg/L)略有超标外,其他湖水汞含量分布在0.048～0.081μg/L之间,均在合格标准线以下,武汉地区湖水中重金属汞污染不严重,不会构成严重的环境问题;应用Hakanson评价模型,据单个金属的潜在生态危害系数,排出所研究湖泊沉积物汞污染程度的序列为:东湖>墨水湖>金银湖>梁子湖>汤逊湖>鲁湖。     

江西九江城门山铜矿汞气测量找矿方法

在城门山铜矿系统开展了土壤壤中汞、热释汞、全汞的测量.结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩和破碎带上覆的土壤中具有明显的壤中汞气、热释汞的富集,土壤中汞气的主要源是深部的硫化物矿体.汞异常能够准确地反映出下伏矿体的赋存部位.土壤全汞因为本底汞的影响不能很好地反映矿化信息,利用土壤全量汞与热释汞含量的比值来抑制本底汞,突显热释汞,能更清晰地显示深部的矿化信息,是示踪深部矿化信息的有用的地球化学指标.     

江西九江城门山铜矿汞气测量找矿方法

在城门山铜矿系统开展了土壤壤中汞、热释汞、全汞的测量。结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩和破碎带上覆的土壤中具有明显的壤中汞气、热释汞的富集,土壤中汞气的主要源是深部的硫化物矿体。汞异常能够准确地反映出下伏矿体的赋存部位。土壤全汞因为本底汞的影响不能很好地反映矿化信息,利用土壤全量汞与热释汞含量的比值来抑制本底汞,突显热释汞,能更清晰地显示深部的矿化信息,是示踪深部矿化信息的有用的地球化学指标。     

江西九江城门山铜矿汞气测量找矿方法

在城门山铜矿系统开展了土壤壤中汞、热释汞、全汞的测量。结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩和破碎带上覆的土壤中具有明显的壤中汞气、热释汞的富集,土壤中汞气的主要源是深部的硫化物矿体。汞异常能够准确地反映出下伏矿体的赋存部位。土壤全汞因为本底汞的影响不能很好地反映矿化信息,利用土壤全量汞与热释汞含量的比值来抑制本底汞,突显热释汞,能更清晰地显示深部的矿化信息,是示踪深部矿化信息的有用的地球化学指标。     

河流沿岸土壤对上游矿山及矿山开发的环境地球化学响应——以广西刁江流域为例

刁江流域上游的矿山和矿山开发引发了显著的土壤环境地球化学变化,突出表现是沿岸形成了严重的土壤重金属污染带。污染带的分布与近20多年来的洪水淹没区和引水灌溉区呈现高度的一致性。上游地带的土壤污染区有明显的尾砂沉积,污染呈显性状态,而下游地带的尾砂沉积现象不明显,污染表现为隐性。无论是上游还是下游,土壤中的As、Pb、Zn、Cd含量均异常高。水田的犁底层对污染物质具有明显的隔断作用,而旱地淀积层中的污染物含量比较高,对污染物质的隔断作用不明显。污染耕地上生产的玉米中的Cd、Pb、Zn含量和大米中的Cd、Pb含量超过国家食品卫生标准。     

马兰煤矿矿井水水质变化特征及成因

通过对山西省马兰煤矿2号煤层采掘面在开采和封闭时期的矿井水和沉积物的研究,揭示采掘面封闭前后对矿井水水质和沉积物的影响机理。研究结果表明：马兰煤矿矿井水均为SO₄-Ca型水质,矿井水均富含SO₄^2-和Fe离子;随着上部煤层的不断开采,3处矿井水呈现相同的变化规律,矿井水的pH值升高,Eh值降低,SO₄^2-、Fe、Mn和Zn离子浓度随之下降,其中北一暗斜井处的矿井水水质变化最显著;矿井水水质指标和流速变化能够控制其沉积物的矿物组成和结晶程度,北一暗斜井处的沉积物在两次采样中由斯沃特曼铁矿变为针铁矿,而其他两处的矿井水沉积物矿物组分没有发生变化,主要由针铁矿组成。研究结果能够提高对老空区积水水质的预测精度,并对煤矿突水水源判识具有重要意义。     

The Distrbution of Various Mercury Species in Soil

According to the mercury species with different solubilities,the analytical procedure involving sequential chemical extraction has been applied to partitioning the mercury species in soils into seven fractions.Soil samples collected from five localities in different areas (the high-mercury ares.the man-made mercury-polluted area and the reference area)were an alyzed for the seven mercury species.It is found that high mercury contents of soils can be attributed to both man-made pollution and geological processes,but the two kinds of solis show obvious differences in the distribution of their mercury species.     

Environmental impacts from mining at Taojiang Mn ore deposit, central Hunan, China

The Taojiang Mn ore deposit was exploited in the early 1960s, and waste rocks were developed since then. Because the Mn ores were hosted within the metal-enriched black shales （Peng et al., 2004）, the continuous mining has led to the exposure of an immense quality of black shales, which might cause serious impacts on environments. The present study deals with this environmental issue with samples from the waste rocks, and from the surrounding soils and surface water. The mineralogy of the waste rock was studied using EMPA, then a large number of elements in all waste rock, soil, and water samples were analyzed at a wide range of concentrations with high accuracy using an Elan6000 ICP-MS machine at Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The waste rock is composed mostly of black shales, with minor Mn carbonates. Both black shales and Mn carbonates of the waste rock contain many sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite, with minor galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and others. The waste rocks are enriched in many metals including Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, U, Mo, Sb, Sn, Tl, and others, and the metals are mostly hosted within the sulfides. Weathering of waste rocks might cause emission of the following metals： V, Cd, Ni, Th, U, Mo, Sb, Tl, Sc, Cr, Cu, Zn, Sn, and minor Co, and Pb. The surrounding soils are highly enriched in Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cd, Tl, and Pb, with the enrichment factors of 2.67.3.8, 7.26, 7.27, 8.2, 5.7, 13, and 5.4, respectively. The element ratios （Rb/Cs, Fe/Mn, Nb/Zr, Hf/Zr, and Ba/Sr） and REE distribution patterns of the soils are similar to those of the waste rocks and bedrocks.     

Mercury speciation in tailings of the Idrija mercury mine

Five hundred years of mercury (Hg) mining activity in Idrija, Slovenia caused widespread Hg contamination. Besides Hg emissions from the ore smelter, tailings have been found to be the major source of river sediment contamination. In the present study, solid phase binding forms and the aqueous mobility of Hg have been investigated in tailings of the Idrija Hg mine by means of a pyrolysis technique and aqueous Hg speciation. Results show that Hg binding forms differ with the age of the tailings due to the processing of different ores with different roasting techniques. In older tailings, the predominant Hg species is cinnabar (HgS), due to incomplete roasting, whereas in tailings of the 20th century the amount of cinnabar in the material decreased due to a higher efficiency of the roasting process and the increasing use of ores bearing native Hg. In younger tailings, metallic Hg (Hg⁰) sorbed to mineral matrix components such as dolomite and Fe-oxyhydroxides became the predominant Hg binding form in addition to unbound Hg⁰ and traces of HgO. Leaching tests show that in younger tailings high amounts of soluble Hg exist in reactive form. In older tailings most of the soluble Hg occurs bound to soluble complexes. It might be assumed that in the long term, matrix-bound Hg⁰ could be bound to humic acids derived from soils covering the tailings. This means that, despite the lower total Hg concentrations found in the younger tailings, the long-term risk potential of its mobile matrix-bound Hg⁰ is higher than that of older tailings bearing mostly immobile cinnabar.     

湖泊沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学

概要地回顾了近年来国内外湖泊沉积物中重金属环境污染方面的研究成果,介绍了湖相沉积物重金属研究的主要内容、方法和可能的发展方向。认为就重金属成因方面应加强区分其主要来源是岩石和矿物风化的碎屑产物、大气降尘、人类活动等的研究;重金属污染方面更应重视污染物质的生物有效性、迁移转化机理和重金属“二次污染”的研究;研究手段上,注重运用同位素示踪与定年技术来研究重金属的来源和污染历史,应用高分辨率沉积物钻心研究环境的变迁。最后提出加强多学科的综合研究,建立中国湖泊基准数据库,为探讨湖泊湿地的可持续发展提供依据。     

南京地区表土镉汞铅含量的空间统计分析

在南京城区和周围郊区近2500km2的区域内,采集了670个表层土壤样品,分析了Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属含量。在ARCGIS等地理信息系统软件的支持下,用地统计学等空间分析方法,分析了数据的概率分布特征、空间自相关特征以及变异函数特征。结果表明,研究区内表层土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属元素平均含量显著高于其全国平均水平;并且不同的元素具有不同的空间自相关特征;变异函数分析显示,Cd和Hg的分布具有明显的空间异质性,而Pb的方向性不明显。元素空间分布特征的研究对研究污染源和污染扩散具有一定指示和引导作用。     

桂林市及近郊土壤汞的分布和污染研究

通过对桂林市区及近郊表层、底层土壤汞的系统取样,测试和编图,阐明了本区土壤汞的分布规律,确定了土壤汞的污染区段和污染程度。在上述工作的基础上,结合基岩汞测量、热释汞方法和重金属元素组合分析,对土壤汞的来源、污染无比汞的赋存状态进行了初步探讨。     

土壤／沉积物中汞污染地球化学及污染防治措施研究

本文综述了汞的来源,介绍了汞的形态及形态分析方法的研究进展,讨论了影响汞吸附和解吸的主要因素,比较了对土壤/沉积物中汞污染进行风险评价的方法,提出了生物修复、减少汞污染的排放等治理我国汞污染的有效措施。最后对汞在土壤/沉积物中的地球化学行为等研究方面进行了展望。     

Geochemical characteristics of acid mine drainage and sediments from coal mines, Shanxi Province, China

In this study, geochemical characteristics of acid mine drainage （AMD） and its sediments from the Malan and Sitai coalmines, Shanxi Province, China, were investigated. Many analytical approaches such as IC, ICP-MS, XRD, XRF, and modeling calculation of hydrogeochemistry using PHREEQCI software were employed. The AMD is characterized by higher concentrations of iron and sulfate, a low pH, and elevated concentrations of a wide variety of heavy metals. The results of modeling calculation by PHREEQCI software demonstrate the metals in AMD are present mainly as Me^n＋ and MeSO4^n-2 species. The sediments of AMD are composed mainly of iron-beating minerals such as goethite and schwertmannite, which are controlled by pH, Fe and SO4^2- concentrations. The schwertmannite mineral has been found for the first time in China.     

内蒙古废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染生态环境评价及成因分析

为研究内蒙古赤峰市废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及成因分析，共采集83份表层土壤样品和6个土壤钻孔。采用ArcGIS空间插值分析方法研究As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mo和Zn的空间分布，构建重金属扰动指数函数研究重金属受人类活动的污染程度，利用地累积指数法验证矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度，通过相关性分析判断重金属来源并讨论污染成因。结果表明：矿区周围土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Mo平均含量明显高于矿区周边背景值，高含量主要分布尾矿库周围，主要来源为矿山采选活动；Cr和Ni基本无污染，主要来源为母岩风化。通过重金属扰动指数函数计算发现：采用区域背景值对矿区周围进行重金属污染评价夸大了矿山采选活动对矿区周围土壤重金属的污染，矿区周围土壤重金属污染是由于天然重金属富集和采矿活动共同作用下的“双驱动模式”导致，尾矿库周围土壤重金属污染程度随着与尾矿库水平距离的增加和深度的加大而逐渐降低。降水量丰富程度是影响重金属迁移能力的关键因素，该矿处于降水量匮乏地区，尾矿库对周围土壤重金属污染范围有限，对生态环境影响轻微。     

Evolution of mine-pool chemistry at the Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada, and its implications for mine decommissioning

The Sydney Coalfield is the largest in Atlantic Canada in which about 100 coal mines with varied lifespan have been opened since 1720. In the Glace Bay sub-basin, coal seams subcrop close to the Atlantic coast and dip seaward. Coal has been mined at 〉1200 m depth and 11 km from the coastline. Deposited possibly under a marine influence, the coals are enriched in pyrite. During mining abundant acidic sulfates such as melanterite, rozenite, copiapite and halotrichite have accumulated in the underground workings due to pyrite oxidation. The dissolution of these efflorescent salts upon mine flooding at closure gives rise to acidic mine pools wherever insufficient acid-neutralizing materials are present. A major challenge of mine decommissioning in the area is to prevent the discharge of this acidic water into the open ocean. Water monitoring in the 1B Hydraulic System, which consists of ten mines connected at various depths by natural or man-made conduits, shows that the mine pool chemistry varies with the mining practice employed. Although coal has invariably been mined by the room and pillar method, the extent of pillar removal varies from mine to mine. In mines with minimal pillar removal, coal extraction could be as low as 45%, leaving much pyrite for oxidation prior to eventual flooding and an acidic mine pool occurs. In contrast, in mines with extensive pillar removal, coal extraction could amount to 85%, leaving much less pyrite for oxidation. Moreover, the extensive pillar removal caused the collapse of the overlying strata which in some areas include limestone. The infilling of mine workings with carbonate-rich material offsets the effects of acidic effiorescent salts and a mine pool with near-neutral pH results. Geochemical modeling has affirmed the control of local water chemistry by the prevalent mineral assemblage.     

湘西金矿尾矿—水相互作用：1．环境地球化学效应

湘西金矿在生产过程中产生了大量的尾矿。该区尾矿－水相互作用强烈，并引起了尾矿中重金属元素的释放、迁移和对水体－土壤、蔬菜等表生环境的重金属污染。污染程度较大的元素均为Au、Sb、As、Cd、Hg、W等，与尾矿中元素的富集特征相一致。尾矿中重金属元素的水迁移能力由大到小顺序为Au、Cd、W、Sb、Pb、As、Zn、Cu。元素的生物吸收系数由大至小顺序为Cd、Au、Zn、Hg、Sb、Cu、Pb、As、W。植物中金属元素浓度主要受土壤中的浓度、植物种类和吸收的影响。     

炼锌固体废渣中重金属(Pb、Zn)的存在状态及环境影响

利用XRD、TEM/EDS和连续提取实验研究了土法炼锌固体废渣中重金属的矿物学特征及不同粒度中重金属的相态分布特征。与通常发现的重金属一般富集在小粒径废渣中的情况不同,本工作所研究的废渣样品中大粒径废渣与细粒径废渣相似,甚至有更高的金属含量。化学形态研究表明,冶炼过程形成的矿物(或玻璃质)集合体和堆积后的风化过程形成的次生矿物是废渣中重金属存在的主要化学相。同时发现Pb的残渣态很少(0.39%～15.75%),而Zn的残渣态较高(14.3%～46.2%),这可能与冶炼工艺所形成较多Zn的硅酸盐矿物有关。尽管可交换态Pb、Zn在不同相态中的相对比例非常小(Pb0.03%～1.30%;Zn0.03%～3.30%),但其绝对含量却比一般土壤或沉积物要高(Pb1.5～385μg/g;Zn3～590μg/g)。由于重金属可交换态有比其他化学相态更高的活动性和生物可利用性,因此,对环境有较大的潜在影响。废渣样品的微束分析表明,Pb在废渣中见有金属Pb存在形式或呈纳米金属Pb颗粒包裹于其他矿物或铁合金及熔球集合体中。同时不排除有Pb的碳酸盐矿物存在的可能。而以硅锌矿Zn2(SiO4)、锰硅锌矿(Zn,Mn)2犤SiO4犦和纤维状的丝锌铝石Zn8Al4犤(OH)8(SiO4)5犦·7H2O等矿物形式存在以及Fe、Mn等的铝硅酸盐形式存在的Zn,可能是导致Zn的残渣态较高的原因。与连续提     

矿山开发过程中重金属污染研究综述

矿山固体废物和酸性废水已成为矿山资源开发的两大环境公害,与此产生的矿山重金属污染也成为人们关注的焦点。矿山重金属和类金属元素在人类改造过的环境中发生的活化、迁移和再分配,必然对矿山开发区和邻近区的地球化学平衡带来新的扰动。研究重金属元素在这种地球化学过程中的扰动与平衡,可以揭示污染元素的迁移循环、形态转化规律及其对生态环境的危害,对矿山重金属的污染治理、环境影响评价和生态修复具有重要的指导意义。