浙江西部晚奥陶世五峰期沉积及奥陶系—志留系的分界

浙江西部晚奥陶世五峰期沉积包括三种相:(一)笔石页岩相:由二部分组成,上部堰口组有笔石Diplograptus bohemicus带及三叶虫Dalmanitina sp.,下部于潜组有四个笔石带:(4)Paraorthograptus yuqianensis,(3)Climacograptus venstus,(2)Dicellograptus szechuanensis,(1)Pseudoclimacograptus anhutensis(二)混合相:上部为文昌组,下部为长坞组,(三)壳灰岩相:上部为文昌组，下部为三巨山组，有Toeniolites, Proheliolites等。本区的Dralmdnitina-Hrrnantio层出露清楚，且Da.和H.与Diplograptus bohemicus共生，时代属晚奥陶世晚期。     

“南郑页岩”时代的再认识

<正> “南郑页岩”是卢衍豪(1959)建立的一个地层单位,用以代表奥陶纪宝塔灰岩之上,志留纪龙马溪页岩之下约6m厚的一段地层,产以Dalmanitina为主的三叶虫,及笔石、瓣鳃类等化石。“南郑页岩”的时代,卢衍豪(1943)最初曾“疑其为上奥陶纪产物”,在正式命名时(1959)认为“放在志留纪底部为宜”。此后,对其时代归属的问题争论颇多,有     

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CHU-ILIYSKIYE MOUNTAINS

Great variety of lithic facies and abundance of varied faunas makes the Ordivician of this area ideal for study. Numerous detailed sections show that although many kinds of rock are exemplified the great majority are detrital in nature, with limestones constituting a lesser part. In order to conform to local stratigraphic circumstances, the Caradoc stage is redefined to include only the zones of Climacograptus wilsoni and Dicranograptus clingani. Similarly the Ashgill stage is redefined to include the zone of Pleurograptus linearis in addition to the zone of Dicellograptus complanatus. Throughout the section there are conflicts among the brachiopod, trilobite, cephalopod, and graptolite elements of the faunas concerning correct dating. In each case these have been resolved locally. Almost all the Ordovician series or formations overlap Precambrian rocks uncofformably at one place or another. This is particularly true of rocks below the Caradoc. The basal Akshal suite of limestones of questionable Tremadoc age is locally overlain by massive pink limestones which are of possible Arenig age. The Kopaly horizon believed to be of Llanvirn age is richly fossiliferous and composed of approximately 170 meters of detrital rocks with some impure limestones. This unit is considered Middle Ordovician because abundant trilobites and brachiopods resemble closely those of the overlying Karakan horizon believed to be of Llandeilo age. Despite the similarity of shelly faunas the graptolites of these two horizons differ markedly. The Beke series known as the “Green Flysch” overlies the Karakan to a thickness of 650 meters gradationally, and is believed to top the Llandeilo. The Caradoc Anderkenyn beds and the Caradoc and Ashgill Dulan-kara beds constitute sedimentary cycles from basal conglomerates to higher shales and limestones, as does a sequence including Upper Ashgill, Kyzyl-sai “Dark Flysch, ” the Chokpar horizon, and Lower Silurian Ul'kuntas limestone.—R. J. Ross, Jr.     

A biogeographically mixed late Guadalupian (late Middle Permian) brachiopod fauna from an exotic limestone block at Xiukang in Lhaze county, Tibet

A total of 17 brachiopod species belonging to 15 genera are recorded from a limestone block of about 3×4 km² in the Indus–Tsangbo suture zone at Xiukang in Lhaze County of Tibet. The brachiopod fauna generally indicates a Late Guadalupian age (late Wordian–Capitanian, late Middle Permian) based on its association with the Timorites-bearing ammonoid fauna and the presence of the brachiopod Urushtenoidea crenulata. Palaeobiogeographically, the fauna exhibits transitional/mixed characters between the warm-water Cathaysian and cold to temperate Gondwanan faunas and may have developed on a carbonate build-up or seamount on the oceanic crust.     

A Changhsingian (Late Permian) brachiopod fauna from Son La, northwest Vietnam

A small brachiopod fauna is described from the upper part of the Yenduyet Formation near Son La, northwest Vietnam. The fauna includes the following species: Peltichia kwangtungensis (Zhan), Acosarina minuta (Abich), Rhipidomella hessensis King, Schuchertella cf. cooperi Grant, Derbyia sp., Waagenites soochowensis (Chao), Spinomarginifera chenyaoyanensis Huang, and a Marginiferinae gen. and sp. indet. The fauna is most closely correlated with brachiopods from the lower Changhsingian Stage of South China and the lyttoniid fauna from the Huai Tak Formation of northwest Thailand. In view of these correlations, an early Changhsingian (Late Permian) age is proposed for the Son La brachiopod assemblage.     

论北天山西段奥陶纪含笔石地层及笔石群的划分

笔者把下奥陶统新二台组分为三个岩性段,下奥陶统新建五个笔石带、北天山西段以笔石带化石的混生为显著特点,除巳公布的Cardiograptus-Oncograptus混生外,Anisograptus和Triograptus的混生为一新的例证、Anisograptus和Triograptus在我国华南它们分别是新厂期X_1和X_2的笔石带化石,而在果子沟它们上延到相当华南新厂期X_3的层位、此两笔石属的个别分子可继续上延到Tetragraptus(Etagraptus)approximatus带的底部和T.fruticosus带、风沟组被厘定为中奥陶统下部.在科古琴地区发现有中奥陶统上部层位和晚奥陶世地层.     

上扬子区晚奥陶世海退的生态地层证据与冰川活动影响

<正> 根据海域范围的不断窄缩,上扬子区晚奥陶世的海退现象,从古地理的变迁角度,早已证实(刘鸿允,1955;卢衍豪,1959;张文堂,1962;穆恩之等,1981等)。除了古地理方面外,是否还存在着其它的,例如生态地层(Ecostratigraphy)方面的证据呢?此外,引起上扬子区晚奥陶世海退的主要原因是什么?广布于上扬子区的赫南特贝动物群(Hir-     

α- and β-diversity Change of Late Ordovician Hirnantia Fauna of Changning, Sichuan, Southwest China

A continuous Ordovician-Silurian boundary section from the upper Wufeng Formation through the Kuanyinchiao Formation to the lower Lungmachi Formation has been carefully measured and collected at Shuanghe of Changning, southern Sichuan Province. For the first time, the temporal changes of α- and β-diversities of the Hirnantia fauna have been discussed in great detail. The general trend of brachiopod diversity change, increasing upward, is consistent with the regional trend of the Yangtze Platform, which had been controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the sudden drop of diversity for a short period in the upper Kuanyinchiao Formation might have been controlled by environmental factors rather than normal faunal turnover. Synecological analysis using numerical methods recognizes two brachiopod-dominated associations of the Hirnantia fauna, the Dalmanella-Kinnella Association and the Mirorthis Association, both living in an offshore, deeper water environment corresponding to BA3-upper BA4, particularly lower BA3.     

华南下/中奥陶统界线附近笔石相的分异与全球下/中奥陶统界线生物标志的选择

通过对宜昌黄花场(扬子地台中部)大湾组剖面和重庆城口(扬子地台北部)的湄潭组剖面笔石动物群特征的分析,结合江西崇义地区(盆地相)、江南过渡带笔石动物群的研究成果,讨论了华南下／中奥陶统界线附近笔石相分异的现象,并探讨了下／中奥陶统界线附近笔石动物和牙形石的相互关系。认为宜昌黄花场剖面完全具备建立全球下／中奥陶统界线层型剖面和点(GSSP)的条件,牙形石B.triangularis的首次出现(FAD)是良好的界线生物标志。     

关于奥陶系最上部赫南特(Hirnantian)亚阶全球层型的建议

在对鄂西宜昌王家湾和分乡、黔北桐梓红花园、黔东北松桃陆地坪 4条剖面的相关地层和主要门类化石做了新的无间断采集和重新鉴定笔石和腕足动物这两个重要化石门类的基础上 ,发现奥陶纪最末期—志留纪最早期的完整笔石序列与腕足动物等新的化石材料 ,初步了解奥陶纪末集群灭绝后生物幸存的基本特征。经过选择 ,特推荐宜昌王家湾公路旁穿越奥陶 -志留纪界线地层剖面作为建立国际赫南特亚阶的首位候选 (leading candidate)层型 ,并推荐桐梓红花园相关剖面作为辅助候选 (auxiliary candidate)层型。对建立全球赫南特亚阶界线层型的基本条件和国外相关剖面的优缺点作了分析。本文所识别的赫南特亚阶相当于两个笔石带 :下部 N ormalograptus ex-traordinarius- N.ojsuensis带和上部 N.persculptus带。典型的 H irnantia动物群的整体地质历程为奥陶纪最末期 ,相当于 N ormalograptus extraordinarius- N.ojsuensis带和 N.persculptus带的一部分。     

川西南荥经坳陷川荥页1井奥陶系沉积相与古生物特征及地层厘定

对川西南荥经坳陷内三口页岩气井尤其是川荥页1井奥陶系开展了系统的岩心观察和分析。三口钻井在梁山组之下均发育十余米厚的灰黑色泥岩,其中川荥页1井灰黑色泥岩厚近16m。沉积相分析认为灰黑色泥岩为浅水陆棚相,泥岩之下发育的大套砂岩为滨岸近滨亚相,总体向上海水逐渐变深。砂岩中发育丰富的沉积软变形构造及波状交错层理、浪成沙纹层理、平行层理、斜层理等构造。川荥页1井上部泥岩中见大量三叶虫、笔石和腕足等化石及其碎片,鉴定表明含有代表中下奥陶统的常见生物分子,如对笔石(Didymograotus sp.)、大洪山虫(Taihungshania sp.)等。该套砂泥岩组合在沉积相及古生物化石等方面明显区别于荥经坳陷周缘奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组,与研究区及邻区中下奥陶统红石崖组、湄潭组、大湾组、大官山组中段等层位相当。     

早-中奥陶世之交笔石动物群全球分布及其控制作用

为研究笔石动物群在早一中奥陶世之交全球分布的控制因素,从以下3个方面进行了分析和研究:①分析了穿越扬子地台笔石动物群的分布特征;②在对笔石体形态功能分析的基础上,探讨了水体深度对笔石动物群分布的影响;③根据当时的古地理格局,并参考现今的洋流分布,建立了早一中奥陶世之交的洋流分布图.在以上研究的基础上,对前人以水体深度作...     

扬子北缘京山-钟祥地区下奥陶统地层序列及其区域对比

湖北京山-钟祥一带的下奥陶统特征与毗邻的峡东及随南地区存在明显差异,在此开展了岩石地层和生物地层研究对比有助于更好地了解扬子北缘早奥陶世的古地理特征及演化.通过详细的剖面测制和地层对比研究,将钟祥-京山地区下奥陶统自下而上分为娄山关组、温峡口组（新建）、钟祥组（新建）和大湾组.新建的温峡口组以竹叶状灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩为主,属于台地边缘浅滩-浅水陆棚相沉积.根据温峡口组中所产的腹足、腕足和头足类化石,认为其沉积时代为特马豆克期中-晚期至弗洛期早期.钟祥组为灰色-灰黑色笔石页岩夹薄层粉砂岩及少量生物碎屑灰岩透镜体,产丰富的腕足、三叶虫、海百合茎、笔石、头足类等生物化石,属于深水陆棚区沉积,其地质时代为早奥陶世弗洛期.通过区域地层对比,温峡口组与峡东南津关组、分乡组、红花园组和随南高家湾组底部层位相当,而钟祥组则与峡东大湾组下段的下部和随南高家湾组中-上部可以对比.      

渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期冰川事件的沉积响应

奥陶纪末的赫南特期爆发全球冰川事件,渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期沉积的观音桥组,从岩相、古生物组合、古环境等方面表现出该地区对赫南特期冰川事件的响应。通过对观音桥组沉积特征的分析,发现其主要分为3类:一类为颗粒灰岩,细分为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩和亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩等,含珊瑚等化石,代表了中高能量的浅滩环境;一类主要为粉砂质灰岩、粉砂质泥灰岩组合,含腕足类及三叶虫动物群,沉积环境为潮坪。这两类是近岸沉积,主要受相对海平面下降的影响。另一类为形成于浅海陆棚环境的混合岩相,包括泥灰岩与钙质泥岩组合、粉砂质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩组合及含炭泥灰岩;生物包括三叶虫、笔石及腕足等,尤其是标志性冷水型Hirnantia动物群的短暂繁盛,表明其受海水温度变凉的影响较大。潮坪靠近黔中古陆分布,局部发育浅滩,远离古陆变为浅海陆棚环境。总体上,观音桥组沉积环境比五峰组与龙马溪组黑色笔石相页岩的缺氧滞留深水陆棚环境更浅、相对海平面及水温更低,是赫南特期冰川事件直接影响的结果。     

Glyptograptus? persculptus (Salter), its tectonic deformation,and its stratigraphic significance for the Carys Mills Formation of N.E. Maine,U.S.A.

The Carys Mills Formation of NE Maine represents the SW extension of the Matapedia Group and the White Head Formation of southern Gaspé, Quebec. This formation has yielded two main collections, one hitherto considered of Middle Ordovician age (zone 13 of Berry's 1960 Marathon, Texas, zonation) with 7 species referred to 4 genera, and one of the Early Silurian age. A revision of the supposed Middle Ordovician collections reveals that the graptolites are basal Silurian and consist of only one species, Glyptograptus? persculptus. Several hundred specimens, preserved both flattened and in three dimensions, the latter in iron pyrites, allow an analysis of both the rhabdosome changes wrought by diagenetic flattening and those caused by severe tectonic deformation. It is shown that those specimens lying parallel to the bedding plane lineation caused by a high-angle main cleavage have a silhouette appearance close to Glyptograptus tamariscus (Nicholson), whilst those at right angles to this direction superficially resemble robust Amplexograptus spp., or Diplograptus s.s., or Diplograptus s.l. spp., thus explaining the stratigraphic assignment of earlier workers. An analogue video reshaper confirms the above conclusions. This determination assigns the whole Carys Mills Formation to the Lower Silurian, but the possibility that part of the formation is of Late Ordovician age cannot be excluded. This much is suggested by the Matapedia Group and the White Head Formation which are of Late Ordovician to Early Silurian age, and the Honorat Group, which has yielded graptolites of late Middle Ordovician age.     

New chitinozoans from the historical type area of the Hirnantian Stage and additional key sections in the Wye Valley,Wales, UK

The type locality for several core elements of the Hirnantia brachiopod fauna is a small disused quarry on the western slopes of Cwm Hirnant. There, the Hirnant Limestone Member of the Foel‐y‐Ddinas Mudstone Formation yields a new, well‐preserved chitinozoan assemblage, attributed to the Spinachitina taugourdeaui Biozone. This allows tight correlation with the Hirnantian of Baltica and Laurentia and neatly ties the chitinozoan zonation with the classical brachiopod fauna. Nearby, the chitinozoan assemblage from the Caradoc Cymerig Limestone Member at Gelli‐grîn belongs to the Spinachitina cervicornis Biozone?, and is identical to that recovered from the Burrellian in the Onny Valley, Welsh Borderland. A Silurian assemblage higher up section, discovered in the Cwm‐yr‐Aethnen Formation, is attributed to the globally recognized Eisenackitina dolioliformis Biozone. Attempts to integrate the chitinozoan and graptolite biozonation, in the central Welsh Rhayader area, were less successful. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华南上扬子区中奥陶统十字铺组的岩相与生物相

华南上扬子区中奥陶统十字铺组是跨越达瑞威尔阶中上部到桑比阶底部的一个岩石地层单位,自命名以来,许多学者对其进行过研究报道,但迄今缺乏系统综述。通过查阅大量相关资料并结合野外观察和研究,对十字铺组的岩相和生物相进行了总结:十字铺组以发育一套钙质泥岩夹有少量泥质灰岩并产有丰富的华美正形贝动物群为特色;在靠近古陆的上扬子台地西部,十字铺组的同期地层类型多样,主要为碎屑岩;而向东,在距古陆较远的地区,发育着岩相稳定的碳酸盐岩,以牯牛潭组为主。十字铺组及其同期地层中的腕足类化石,在黔北、黔东北及川西南等地的多样性较高,而向其他方向(更近岸或更远岸)多样性都呈下降的趋势。     

鲁西豫东地区奥陶系顶部岩溶储集层特征及有利控制因素*

基于野外露头、岩心、薄片和测录井等地质及地球物理资料分析,并结合区域地质背景,深入研究了鲁西豫东(东濮)地区奥陶系顶部峰峰组和上马家沟组岩溶储集层发育特征、演化过程,并进一步分析优质储集层形成的主控因素,预测了有利储集层分布区。结果表明,奥陶系顶部储集层主要岩性为颗粒石灰岩、云质石灰岩、泥晶石灰岩、粉细晶白云岩、含膏白云岩和藻粘结白云岩等,裂缝和溶洞是主要储集空间类型。白云岩类储集层平均孔隙度为2.5%,平均渗透率为7.43×10^-3μm²;石灰岩类储集层平均孔隙度为2.2%,平均渗透率为2.72×10^-3μm²。储集层经历了沉积—准同生期成孔(寒武纪—中奥陶世)→风化淋滤(晚奥陶世—早石炭世)→矿物充填(晚石炭世—白垩纪末期)→溶蚀改造(古近纪)4个演化阶段。沉积相、成岩作用及构造应力控制了研究区优质储集层的形成。颗粒滩及潮坪相带、断裂发育带、白云石化作用和准同生岩溶、表生岩溶、埋藏岩溶作用6项叠合区储集层质量最优;颗粒滩及潮坪相带、白云石化作用和准同生岩溶作用、表生岩溶作用4项叠合区,以及断裂发育带、表生岩溶作用、埋藏岩溶作用3项叠合区储集层质量次之;颗粒滩及潮坪相带、断裂发育带、白云石化作用和准同生岩溶作用、埋藏岩溶作用5项叠合区储集层质量一般。     

中国南方奥陶纪构造古地理及年代与生物地层的划分与对比

岩相、生物区系和构造组合特征的重新研究表明,在我国南方奥陶纪可以识别出三种不同类型的构造古地理区,即扬子浅海碳酸盐岩台地相区、江南和南秦岭陆棚斜坡过渡相区和华夏陆缘岛弧和边缘盆地相区。前二者应归属于扬子地块;而沉积、生物组合特征以及槽模所指示NW320°的水流方向说明,后者似应归属于华夏地块,而不是华南地块。海南岛作为一个漂移地体,奥陶系可能属于印支地块台缘陆棚相区。年代和生物地层划分和对比研究表明,我国吉林白山大阳岔小阳桥寒武系与奥陶系界线剖面发育了完整的、具有广泛对比意义的牙形石和笔石序列,建议以牙形石Cordylodus intermedius的首现取代在分类上有争议且罕见的Iapetognathus fluctivagus,作为全球寒武系奥陶系界线划分的生物标志。湖南益阳南坝泥江口剖面保存了完整特马豆克期晚期至弗洛期早期笔石序列,建议用益阳阶取代“道保湾阶”作为我国奥陶系区域年代地层单位,易于与瑞典弗洛阶金钉子剖面对比。对宜昌附近黄花场、分乡、陈家河和普溪河等以及湖南慈利茅草铺大湾组至宝塔组含牙形石碳酸盐岩地层的系统采集和研究表明,大湾组自下而上可以分为上Oepikodus communis、Oepikodus evae (s.s.)、Periodon flabellum、Microzarkodina russica、Baltoniodus triangularis、Baltoniodus navis、B.norrlandicus和Lenodus antivariabilis等8个牙形石生物带,并讨论了它们与相关笔石带的对应关系。随着牙形石Protopederodus liripipus在黄花场和普溪河剖面宝塔组底界之上2~3 m出现以及相应碳同位素偏移,说明在扬子碳酸盐岩台地上奥陶统凯迪阶下界应置于宝塔组下部,与Hamarodus? europaeus牙形石带近底部大致相当或接近。据高分辨率离子探针(SHRIMP-II)锆石U-Pb年龄测定,宜昌岩屋咀晚奥陶世五峰组底部Dicellograptus complexus笔石带之下20 cm所发现斑脱岩夹层的年龄为(448.6±4.8) Ma;而田家场Paraorthograptus pacificus笔石带顶部斑脱岩夹层的年龄为(446.5±2.1) Ma,暗示宜昌地区五峰组大约经历了5.4 Ma的沉积时间。     

A proposed GSSP for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series： the Huanghuachang section,Yichang, China

The Huanghuachang section near Yichang, southern China meets the requirements of Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series and the yet-to-be-named third stage of the Ordovician System (or lower stage of Middle Ordovician Series). The conodont succession at the section is complete across the Lower to Middle Ordovician series boundary and several excellent phylogenetic lineages of Baltoniodus, Trapezognathus, Periodon, and Microzarkodina are represented. The definition of the base of the Middle Ordovician is proposed to be the first appearance datum (FAD) of Baltoniodus? triangularis in the section. It is followed closely by the FAD of Microzarkodina flabellum, which is taken as a reasonable proxy for the boundary. This level approximates the boundary between the lower and upper intervals of the Azygograptus suecicus graptolite Biozone, and nearly coincides with the base of the Belonechitina henryi chitinozoan Biozone.The proposed GSSP for the base of the international Middle Ordovician Series is located in a roadside exposure at the base of Bed (SHod) 16, 10.57 m above the base of the Dawan Formation in the measured Huanghuachang section near Yichang City, southern China. The same faunal succession is also recorded from the Chenjiahe (formerly Daping) section, 5 km to the north of the Huanghuachang section. The proposed boundary horizon can be recognized and correlated globally with high precision in both relatively shallow-water carbonate facies as well as in deep-water graptolite facies.