赣州农业巨灾保险气象灾害指数设计

农业巨灾保险可有效分散灾害的风险,气象灾害是造成农业巨灾的主要灾害之一,因此设计合理的气象灾害保险指数可为农业巨灾保险提供科学的技术支撑.利用赣州市17个县(市、区)国家气象站1981—2020年和区域气象站2011—2020年观测资料,结合赣州气候以及气象灾害出现特点,经专家咨询和调研,确定暴雨、冰霜冻害、干旱和大风等4种气象灾害作为赣州农业巨灾保险的气象灾种.根据不同灾害出现的气候概率以及投保单位的要求,设计了赣州农业巨灾保险不同等级的气象灾害指数,并确定农业巨灾保险气象灾害赔付的触发概率范围为45％—70％.经验证,赣州农业巨灾保险气象灾害指数可用.     

Spatiotemporal analysis of the agricultural drought risk in Heilongjiang Province,China

Droughts are natural disasters that pose significant threats to agricultural production as well as living conditions, and a spatial-temporal difference analysis of agricultural drought risk can help determine the spatial distribution and temporal variation of the drought risk within a region. Moreover, this type of analysis can provide a theoretical basis for the identification, prevention, and mitigation of drought disasters. In this study, the overall dispersion and local aggregation of projection points were based on research by Friedman and Tukey (IEEE Trans on Computer 23:881–890, 1974). In this work, high-dimensional samples were clustered by cluster analysis. The clustering results were represented by the clustering matrix, which determined the local density in the projection index. This method avoids the problem of determining a cutoff radius. An improved projection pursuit model is proposed that combines cluster analysis and the projection pursuit model, which offer advantages for classification and assessment, respectively. The improved model was applied to analyze the agricultural drought risk of 13 cities in Heilongjiang Province over 6 years (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014). The risk of an agricultural drought disaster was characterized by 14 indicators and the following four aspects: hazard, exposure, sensitivity, and resistance capacity. The spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of the agricultural drought risk in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed. The spatial distribution results indicated that Suihua, Qigihar, Daqing, Harbin, and Jiamusi are located in high-risk areas, Daxing’anling and Yichun are located in low-risk areas, and the differences among the regions were primarily caused by the aspects exposure and resistance capacity. The temporal variation results indicated that the risk of agricultural drought in most areas presented an initially increasing and then decreasing trend. A higher value for the exposure aspect increased the risk of drought, whereas a higher value for the resistance capacity aspect reduced the risk of drought. Over the long term, the exposure level of the region presented limited increases, whereas the resistance capacity presented considerable increases. Therefore, the risk of agricultural drought in Heilongjiang Province will continue to exhibit a decreasing trend.     

Changes in pick beginning date and frost damage risk of tea tree in Longjing tea-producing area

We analyze the pick beginning date and frost damage risk trends of Jiukeng, Longjing-43, and Wuniuzao tea trees with time, using meteorological data from 12 station pairs over the period 1971–2010 in the Longjing tea-producing area. The pick beginning date of Jiukeng, Longjing-43, and Wuniuzao varieties had no statistically significant trends before 1990. The pick beginning date of Jiukeng variety had statistically significant decreasing trends after 1990, and there were no statistically significant trends in the start date after 1990 for Longjing-43 and Wuniuzao varieties. The average pick beginning dates of Longjing-43 and Wuniuzao varieties before 1990 are later than those after 1990 by 3.8–4.8 and 2.0–3.1 days, respectively. We used the trend of difference between beginning date of tea plucking (BDTP) and 0 °C terminal date to analyze frost damage risk trends. Eleven counties had no statistically significant frost damage risk trends for Jiukeng, Longjing-43, and Wuniuzao varieties, leaving only one county with statistically significant trends.     

Evaluating historical simulations of CMIP5 GCMs for key climatic variables in Zhejiang Province,China

Assessing the regional impact of climate change on agriculture, hydrology, and forests is vital for sustainable management. Trustworthy projections of climate change are needed to support these assessments. In this paper, 18 global climate models (GCMs) from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are evaluated for their ability to simulate regional climate change in Zhejiang Province, Southeast China. Simple graphical approaches and three indices are used to evaluate the performance of six key climatic variables during simulations from 1971 to 2000. These variables include maximum and minimum air temperature, precipitation, wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity. These variables are of great importance to researchers and decision makers in climate change impact studies and developing adaptation strategies. This study found that most GCMs failed to reproduce the observed spatial patterns, due to insufficient resolution. However, the seasonal variations of the six variables are simulated well by most GCMs. Maximum and minimum air temperatures are simulated well on monthly, seasonal, and yearly scales. Solar radiation is reasonably simulated on monthly, seasonal, and yearly scales. Compared to air temperature and solar radiation, it was found that precipitation, wind speed, and relative humidity can only be simulated well at seasonal and yearly scales. Wind speed was the variable with the poorest simulation results across all GCMs.     

浙江省四季划分方法探讨

利用1971—2011年浙江省63个站逐日气温资料,结合物候观测资料,经过统计计算及对比分析,发现运用候温法来判断换季时间常造成换季偏晚;运用气象学法和气候学法则会造成换季偏早,也很容易造成换季偏晚;各种方法造成的换季异常在各地区呈现出不同的特征。而分析各种方法造成换季时间异常的主要原因,基本都是由于期间几天的气温波动导致换季条件不满足造成的,波动持续时间一般不长,以3～5天为主,波动幅度一般也不大。因此充分考虑各种方法的优缺点,并考虑尽量减少气温波动的影响,总结出一套能够解决这些方法存在的问题,并且相对合理、适用于浙江地区的四季划分方法,得到的结果大大减少了其他方法偏早或由弱冷空气造成的偏晚现象,全省平均四季换季时间分别为3月16日、5月29日、9月30日、12月8日,换季明显偏早或偏晚的频次较其他方法明显减少,在全省各地区均比较符合物候现象。     

冬季气温急剧升、降日期与东北夏季低温的联系

利用通化市所属5个气象站1954—2006年日平均温度组成的区域平均时间序列资料、季平均温度资料,分析了短期气温的剧烈变化(本文称之为寒潮和气温骤升)与后期季温度异常的关系,结果发现,冬季短期气温的剧烈变化与后期春、夏季气温距平存在联系,表现在一些特定的寒潮(或气温骤升)爆发日期段总是与后期季的高或低温相对应。在一定的年代背景下,一些日期段还与极端季温度距平存在明显的联系。与后期气温异常联系明显的寒潮爆发、气温骤升日期段存在着周期性,与春季低温对应明显的寒潮爆发日期有5 d的时间间隔;与春季低温对应明显的气温骤升的日期存在着9~11 d的周期,且随着日期的变化,爆发日期之间的间隔有规律的延长和缩短。一些寒潮爆发和气温骤升日期与东北夏季低温冷害存在明显的联系。     

浙江省高温精细化的评估方法

利用浙江省历史上144例高温过程研究建立了高温精细化评估方法,首先根据高温日数和高温累积量两项指标构建单站高温强度评估模型并将单站高温强度划分为"特强、强、较强、一般"4个等级,再根据1～4级高温范围和平均高温强度等指标构建全省高温强度评估模型,将全省高温强度也划分为同样Ⅰ～Ⅳ个等级;通过计算验证了该方法;另外评估结果显示,浙江省Ⅳ级以上高温平均每年可出现2.8次,近年来Ⅰ级(特强)高温有多发和重发的趋势;以杭州的西南部、金华的大部分以及丽水的中北部地区高温致灾危险性指数为最高(高危险区),从内陆到沿海、中部向南北两侧相应由"较高危险区→中等危险区→较低危险区"过渡,海岛及沿海个别地区属相对低危险区。     

强台风韦帕登陆浙江 东北华北气温偏高——2007年9月——

2007年9月，全国平均气温为16．8℃，较常年同期（16．O℃）偏高0．8℃。其中，北京9月区域平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高；河北、内蒙古、辽宁为次高。全国平均降水量为67．9mm，接近常年同期（66．2mm）。月内，强台风韦帕登陆浙江，浙苏闽鲁等地受灾；东北西部及内蒙古东部干旱持续发展；云南、广西等地遭受局地暴雨洪涝灾害；北方部分地区遭受初霜冻灾害；南方部分地区出现低温阴雨天气。     

贵州省近36a凝冻气候特征及一次凝冻天气分析

利用1981-2017年10月至次年4月贵州省共84个自动站雨凇观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、统计分析等方法研究贵州省冻雨气候特征,并结合2018年1月底的一次冻雨天气过程对冻雨的发生、发展和形成机制进行研究,结果表明：贵州省冻雨天气月变化趋势呈抛物线分布,1月冻雨发生频率最高,各地冻雨总体呈现中西部出现时间早,结束时间晚,东、南部出现时间晚,结束时间早的现象;贵州省的中部一线为冻雨的高发中心,冻雨持续时间长;而东北部及南部冻雨出现频率较低。2018年1月底的一次冻雨天气过程长时间维持主要是由于阻塞高压、横槽转竖、东亚极涡共同影响,强冷空气多次补充及准静止锋西推导致。     

2003年嘉兴市持续高温天气分析

2003年嘉兴市出现了37天高温天气，并刷新了多项历史纪录，无论从持续时间、强度上都可说是50年一遇。分析发现：2003年的高温天气是7～8月西太平洋副热带高压异常强大，而极涡强度、西风环流指数偏弱所造成的，同时也是天气气候变暖的必然趋势；小波分析结果表明：高温天气主要存在16年和8年周期，2001年起为准两年振荡。     

绍兴市短期天气预报实时测评检验系统

介绍了绍兴市短期天气预报实时测评检验系统，在预报业务过程中可实现对数值预报产品、客观预报方法以及预报员主观预报的逐日逐段即时测评检验，有利于预报员及时了解数值预报产品性能和客观预报方法优劣，检验预报员订正数值预报产品和客观预报方法误差的能力，同时使预报质量的评定成为预报员总结经验、再学习的过程，有效地促进了预报准确率的提高。     

Detection of trends in precipitation extremes in Zhejiang, east China

Extreme weather exerts a huge impact on human beings and it is of vital importance to study the regular pattern of meteorological and hydrological factors. In this paper, a selection of seven extreme indices is used to analyze the trend of precipitation extremes of 18 meteorological stations located in Zhejiang Province, east China using the Mann–Kendall test. Then the precipitation trends in the plum season (from May to July) and typhoon season (from August to October) are studied separately. The results show that the precipitation trend varies from east to west. There is a positive trend in the east and a negative one in the west. The largest part of Zhejiang Province shows a positive trend in heavy precipitation and the most significant upward trend is detected in Dinghai with 3.4?mm/year for precipitation on very wet days. Although the upward trend of extreme precipitation is not prevailing, the range of increase in specific areas is apparent, like Dinghai with 1.3?mm/year. Precipitation intensity exhibits an upward trend in most areas and a typical upward trend can be found in Dachendao, Tianmushan, and Yuhuan with 0.04, 0.02, and 0.05?mm/year respectively. Precipitation intensity in both plum and typhoon seasons has increased too, especially for the coastal stations.     

浙江省禽流感流行的风险期研究

利用浙江省1971～2000年月平均气温、湿度等气候资料以及传播禽流感的迁徙候鸟经停浙江省的主要时段等资料和途径,并根据已有研究提出的适宜禽流感流行的温度等气象指标,对禽流感在浙江省流行的风险期进行分析和研究.结果表明:浙江省11月到次年3月的气候条件适宜禽流感病毒存活与传播.其中2～3月为浙江省禽流感流行的高风险时段,12月和次年1月为中风险时段.     

一次浙江对流云催化数值模拟试验

为了研究吸湿性催化剂、碘化银催化剂及两者的联合催化效果,利用双参数三维对流云催化模式,对浙江南部一次对流云降雨过程分别进行盐粉暖云催化、碘化银冷云催化和冷暖混合催化试验,对比研究不同催化方案对对流云降雨的可能影响。结果表明：盐粉催化导致先增雨后减雨,主要通过盐溶滴与云滴碰并增长,及雨滴碰并和霰粒子碰冻过程消耗。在上升气流区和降雨前期进行催化的增雨效果更好,30 μm粒径的盐粉催化剂量为12.5/L时,可增加降雨量17.8%。在降雨过程的不同发展阶段进行AgI催化,表现出先减雨后增雨的催化效果。盐粉和碘化银的联合催化,由于两者催化效果的不同步,使得不同吸湿性催化剂和碘化银催化剂量配置会导致不同的催化效果。当30 μm的盐粉,催化剂量12.5/L,联合碘化银100/L的冷区催化,可取得19%的增雨效果。     

GPM反演降水数据IMERG在浙江省的适用性研究

【目的】为了研究全球降水测量计划（GPM）综合多卫星检索降水产品（IMERG）在浙江省的适用性。【方法】以浙江省为研究区域,基于浙江省自动观测站降水数据,利用相关系数、均方根误差、相对偏差、分类指数统计法分别从年尺度、季尺度、月尺度、日尺度以及小时尺度GPM在浙江省的适用性。【结果】（1）春、秋、冬季的GPM和自动站对应效果远好于夏季,月尺度、日尺度、小时尺度下GPM和自动站降水数据对应效果较好,但整体上存在高值区略低估、低值区略高估现象;（2）年尺度与季尺度下GPM与自动站降水平均值的变化趋势一致,但GPM降水平均值较高,其中秋季表现最好;（3）年、月、日3个尺度下,尺度越精细化,相关系数越高、相对偏差越小,均方根误差越小;小时、日、月3个尺度下,降水阈值越低,产品尺度越粗糙,估测能力越高;降水阈值越低,产品尺度越精细,误报降水的比例越低;降水阈值越低,综合探测能力越高;（4）在小时尺度下,在0.5~1 mm·h-1区间,GPM虽然对降水事件略有高估,但拟合效果较好。【结论】综合来看,GPM日尺度降水数据产品精度在浙江省有较大应用潜力。     

赤水市金钗石斛低温冻害气象保险指数研究

调查表明赤水市金钗石斛在冬季受低温冻害较重,本文通过分析赤水市金钗石斛受低温冻害与气象因子的关系表明：赤水市金钗石斛冬季受低温冻害的影响与低温冻害日数相关性最大,低温冻害日数与石斛减产率的二次回归方程为y=137.95-20.942x+0.858x2 。当低温冻害日数≧5d时与石斛损失程度呈正相关,考虑不同海拔石斛年平均受低温冻害情况差异,根据不同海拔历年平均受灾情况,以高于平均受灾情况的损失视为起赔指标,建立赤水市金钗石斛低温冻害气象保险指数,结果表明:赤水市金钗石斛种植低温冻害的保险纯费率从海拔300-400m范围的0.5%逐渐增大到海拔600-700m范围的2.5%。     

丽水雷击森林火灾天气分析

丽水地处浙西南丘陵地带,属于南岭山脉的余脉,是华东地区唯一的全国生态示范区,森林覆盖率达79%以上。该地森林火灾多发于冬春干燥季节,且人为因素居多,但近年来由于异常干旱,雷击引起相当比例的森林火灾。文章主要应用天气形势分析和物理量分析的方法,从地表状况和天气条件两方面分析了2003和2004年发生在丽水境内4次比较典型的引起森林火灾的雷击天气过程,从中归纳出一些有利于引发雷击森林火灾的地表条件和气象条件,为森林火险的预报和防灾救灾提供参考。     

气候变化背景下宁波市茶叶早春霜冻灾害风险评估北大核心

基于自然灾害风险理论,利用1971—2020年宁波市127个气象站气象观测资料和茶叶生产相关资料,分析了宁波市茶叶早春霜冻空间分布规律,并通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)和专家经验相结合的方法,构建了宁波市茶叶早春霜冻风险因子集,通过加权指数求和的方法建立了宁波市茶叶早春霜冻风险模型,对早春霜冻灾害风险进行了综合和分年代的评估。结果表明,宁波市茶叶早春霜冻出现的年平均天数分布总体呈现西低东高的特征,霜冻年平均天数的范围在0.23~21.43 d;宁波市茶叶早春霜冻高风险区主要集中在余姚南部的四明山区域、宁海西部和宁海东北部的茶山区域,低风险区主要分布于宁波东部沿海地区;20世纪70—90年代宁波市茶叶早春霜冻低风险和较低风险区域基本呈增长趋势,中风险和较高风险区域呈减少趋势,高风险区域80年代最多、90年代次之、70年代最少,21世纪00—10年代,宁波市茶叶早春霜冻低风险和中风险区域呈减少趋势,较低风险、较高风险和高风险区域呈增长趋势。     

2007—2013年浙江省雷电灾害特征统计分析

In order to provide scientific references for lightning protection, the spatial and temporal distribution of lightning disasters and the characteristics in different industries are analyzed based on the lightning disaster data during 2007-2013 and specifications for statistic of lightning disaster state(QX/T 1912013) in Zhejiang province, from aspects of grade, time, space, casualty, damaged industry and facility, etc. The result shows that there are 3395 lightning disasters in Zhejiang province during 2007-2013, and June to August is the peak time. Besides, lightning disasters have strong regional characteristics, which are higher in Hangzhou, Jinhua and Lishui, and the lowest in Zhoushan. The injuries and deaths caused by lightning shows decreasing tendency from 2007 to 2013, and the number is higher in the rural than in city. The dangerous regions where injuries and deaths may caused by lightning are buildings without lightning protection systems, temporary buildings and structures, open area, or under trees. Lightning disaster are most harmful to the industries of manufacturing, rural residences, production and supply industries of electric power, gas and water, and telecommunication, while the greatest loss of economy is in the industries of manufacturing, rural residences, production and supply industries of electric power, gas and water.