Deep seismic soundings on the 1-AP profile in the Barents Sea: Methods and results

Profile 1-AP with a length of 1300 km intersects the Barents Sea from The Kola Peninsula to Franz Josef Land. The combined Common Depth Point (CDP) and Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) seismic studies were carried out on this profile. The DSS measurements were conducted with the standalone bottom seismic stations with an interval of 5–20 km between them. The stations recorded the signals generated by the large air guns with a step of 250 m. Based on these data, the detailed P-velocity section of the Earth’s crust and uppermost mantle have been constructed for the entire profile and the S-velocity section for its southern part. The use of a variety of methods for constructing the velocity sections enabled us to assess the capabilities of each method from the standpoint of the highest reliability and informativity of the models. The ray tracing method yielded the best results. The 1-PR profile crosses two large basins—the South Barents and North Barents ones, with the thickness of the sediments increasing from 8 to 10 km in the south to 12–15 km in the north. The Earth’s crust pertains to the continental type along the entire profile. Its thickness averages 32 to 36 km and only increases to 43 km at the boundary between the two basins. The distinct change in the wave field at this boundary suggests the presence of a large deep fault in this zone. The high-velocity blocks are revealed in the crust of the South Barents basin, whereas the North Barents crust is characterized by relatively low velocities.     

Methods and some results of investigations of the scattering properties in the crust and mantle

Results derived from analyses of mainly forward-scattered seismic waves are reported. Major findings are that the strongest scattering originates in the crust and upper and lower mantle, while the central parts of the mantle appear relatively homogeneous. In the upper mantle the extent of the heterogeneities exhibits regional variations. Interestingly, scattering observations do not appear to be time-invariant in certain regions, thus being indicative of active evolutionary processes.     

地震前兆观测数据处理系统

作者用Visual foxpro开发的《地震前兆观测数据处理系统(台站版)》是专门为地震台站的需要而设计的，系统用登录表单的方式来选择形变、流体学科的4种观测手段，通过不同的菜单，不但能完成前兆观测资料的日常处理，又能完成资料入库、资料解释、资料预处理等工作，从而帮助台站观测人员及时分析处理本区的观测资料，做好地震短临预报工作。     

大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井的垂直地震剖面测量

南黄海海相地层的地震波场特征和层位标定一直是困扰地震勘探的重要问题.为了近距离、高精度和高分辨率地观测井周围构造特征和岩石性质引起的波场变化,为地震资料的采集、处理与解释提供地震波衰减规律、速度与层位标定等信息,对大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井实施了近零偏移距垂直地震剖面（VSP）观测.针对海相地层顶部强反射界面地震波穿透难的问题,采用了大容量气枪震源并设计了气枪阵列组合方式,提高了激发地震波的能量,获得了强反射界面之下清晰的PP、PS下行波和上行波信号.采用了三分量偏振合成、组合滤波和波场分离等处理方法,对VSP观测数据进行处理,获得了海相三叠系—志留系的精细的纵波、横波速度结构和地层吸收因子等物性数据,建立了钻井地层、测井、VSP上行波和多道地震剖面对应关系,实现了不同尺度的地质和地球物理属性资料的有效衔接,标定了钻井地质剖面上各深度地质体的地震反射特性,厘定了过井地震剖面上反射同相轴的地质属性.此次观测取得的纵波、横波速度信息,成为建立南黄海海相地层速度模型主要的资料来源,也是地震资料的岩性反演处理不可缺少的信息.

     

Some results of laboratory investigations of magnetic rock samples (Serpentinites)

Summary In this paper the results ofLauterbach, Jubelt & Others are completed by photomicrographic, thermomagnetic and X-ray investigations. The rock samples consists of antigoritisated serpentinite containing veins. The material of the veins consists of magnetite and -Fe₂O₃. Some crystal physical considerations concerning the process of antigoritisation are represented.

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Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird über ergänzende photomikrographische, thermomagnetische und röntgenanalytische Untersuchungen zu den Ergebnissen vonLauterbach, Jubelt & Mitarbeitern berichtet. Es handelt sich hierbei um antigoritisierten Serpentinit mit eisenoxydhaltigen Zerrklüften. Einige strukturphysikalische Betrachtungen gelten den Antigoritisierungsvorgängen.

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Paper presented at the XII. General Assembly IUGG, Helsinki, 1960, Comitee on Secular Variation and Paleomagnetism.     

微机处理测震分析资料工作程序的改进

简要地论述了为克服微机处理测震数据程序(名为 DBJ)出现的缺点而进行改进的几点设想,改进思路,能产生备份文件及部分进行数据编辑的程序结构及模块,改进程序的特点和使用效果。     

Results of joint processing of data on nuclear and chemical explosions recorded on the long-range Quartz profile (Murmansk-Kyzyl)

The long-range seismic profile Quartz, measured by the GEON Center (Ministry of Geology of the USSR), crosses a few large geostructures: the East European platform, Timan-Pechora plate, Northern Urals, West Siberian plate (WSP), and Altai. Observations of nuclear and chemical explosions were conducted on the profile. Joint processing of records from sources of both types provided detailed structures of the crust and upper mantle. They have confirmed the known patterns in the structure of these shells of the Earth and revealed new ones. Mountain roots are observed beneath the Urals and Altai, and areas of a higher heat flow are matched by lower velocity zones in the upper mantle. Moreover, it is shown that the Timan-Pechora plate is characterized by a two-layer crust untypical of other young plates of central Eurasia and the upper mantle has the same velocities beneath the ancient East European platform and the young Altai orogen. It is also shown that the vast region including the Timan-Pechora plate, Urals, and WSP is bounded on both sides by deep faults in the upper mantle dipping toward the center of Western Siberia. A few nearly continuous reflectors traceable in the upper mantle are represented by thin-layered heterogeneous beds. The largest horizontal heterogeneity is observed in the upper 100-km layer, often underlain by a lower velocity zone. The asthenosphere, as a layer of lower seismic velocities at the depth of a possible solidus (200–250 km), has not been revealed. The latter is evidently a feature specific to inner parts of the Eurasian continent; in marginal regions, e.g., in Western Europe, the asthenospheric layer is identified almost ubiquitously.     

VSP正反演综述

垂直地震剖面法是一种发展很迅速的地球物理方法,由于垂直地震剖面法是在介质内部点上直接观测,因而能够避开或减弱剖面上部低速带的干扰及外界噪声干扰,可以更直接、更有效地研究波的运动学和动力学特征,解决其地质问题,因此在地球物理勘探领域中最为活跃.本文从垂直地震剖面正反演的角度,并结合国内外实际的例子来介绍垂直地震剖面,同时讨论了垂直地震剖面未来发展的方向.     

地震干涉偏移在随钻地震资料处理中的应用

地震干涉偏移是新发展起来的地震成像方法,它是在地震干涉理论基础上进行的成像处理.地震干涉偏移不需要速度模型,算法快捷,能够解决某些特殊条件下的地震成像问题,具有消除震源子波影响和提高分辨率的优点.本文结合实际工区F158随钻地震资料,通过反褶积干涉处理,得到高分辨率高信噪比的记录,然后进行了干涉偏移成像.通过与实际地震...     

Initial results of bio-potential signal (Seismic Electric Signal) related to seismic activities

In recent year, there has been growing interest in the possible use of electromagnetic observations to study earthquakes and possible precursors prior to seismic activity, in response to the success in United States, Japan, Russia, China, and other countries using seismo-electromagnetic methods. We have established a new experimental setup (i.e., biopotential sensor) in Farah region (geographic coordinates: 27.17°N, 77.47°E), Mathura, India. The setup has started operating and analyzed the data since November 2011. The data have been tested by various methods and a good correlation with seismic events was found; thus, a real-time analysis from 21:00 p.m. through 8:00 a.m. every day was initiated. First, we recorded the amplitude enhancement in bio-potential and found positive correlation with seismic activities (near Delhi and Rajasthan) and analyzed the data with solar flares and magnetic storms during the same period, finding a negative correlation of these events. The studies of these events are in progress with statistical analysis of the data. We chose the observing site in Farah region because this region is well known for being a site of a conductive channel of seismic activity.     

Time-lapse processing of 2D seismic profiles with testing of static correction methods at the CO2 injection site Ketzin (Germany)

The Ketzin project provides an experimental pilot test site for the geological storage of CO₂. Seismic monitoring of the Ketzin site comprises 2D and 3D time-lapse experiments with baseline experiments in 2005. The first repeat 2D survey was acquired in 2009 after 22 kt of CO₂ had been injected into the Stuttgart Formation at approximately 630 m depth. Main objectives of the 2D seismic surveys were the imaging of geological structures, detection of injected CO₂, and comparison with the 3D surveys. Time-lapse processing highlighted the importance of detailed static corrections to account for travel time delays, which are attributed to different near-surface velocities during the survey periods. Compensation for these delays has been performed using both pre-stack static corrections and post-stack static corrections. The pre-stack method decomposes the travel time delays of baseline and repeat datasets in a surface consistent manner, while the latter cross-aligns baseline and repeat stacked sections along a reference horizon.Application of the static corrections improves the S/N ratio of the time-lapse sections significantly. Based on our results, it is recommended to apply a combination of both corrections when time-lapse processing faces considerable near-surface velocity changes. Processing of the datasets demonstrates that the decomposed solution of the pre-stack static corrections can be used for interpretation of changes in near-surface velocities. In particular, the long-wavelength part of the solution indicates an increase in soil moisture or a shallower groundwater table in the repeat survey.Comparison with the processing results of 2D and 3D surveys shows that both image the subsurface, but with local variations which are mainly associated to differences in the acquisition geometry and source types used. Interpretation of baseline and repeat stacks shows that no CO₂ related time-lapse signature is observable where the 2D lines allow monitoring of the reservoir. This finding is consistent with the time-lapse results of the 3D surveys, which show an increase in reflection amplitude centered around the injection well. To further investigate any potential CO₂ signature, an amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis was performed. The time-lapse analysis of the AVO does not indicate the presence of CO₂, as expected, but shows signs of a pressure response in the repeat data.     

Acquisition and processing of high-resolution reflection seismic data from a survey within the complex terrain of the Bavarian Folded Molasse

A high‐resolution reflection seismic survey was carried out in the southern part of the Bavarian Molasse Basin in 1998 and 1999. The survey aimed to investigate the near‐surface structure of the complicated transition from the unfolded Foreland Molasse to the Folded Molasse, and the Folded Molasse to the internally complicated thrust systems of the Helveticum, the Ultrahelveticum and the Rhenodanubian Flysch. The study is linked to the TRANSALP seismic project, and the results help to fill the gap between the surface and the upper 300–500 ms two‐way traveltime (TWT), typical of deep‐reflection seismic experiments. The environmental conditions encountered in the study area required that particular attention be paid to the acquisition parameters for the three seismic lines (each about 4 km long). The energy source was a small vibrator; the geophone spread, spacing and frequency range were adjusted to image reflectors, which were expected to dip steeply southwards. In general, the unprocessed field records did not show signals that could be attributed to specific reflectors. Individual trace processing considerably improved the data quality, taking into account the influence of the Quaternary cover and also the strong lateral velocity variations of the shallow subsurface. The effects of the various processing steps, such as muting, refraction statics, residual statics and velocity analysis, are discussed. To assess the NMO velocities, the qualitative analysis of the seismic energy in a common‐shotpoint gather offered advantages over an analysis in a common‐midpoint gather or in a stacked section, and proved to be very effective. As demonstrated along the Miesbach 9801 line, low‐velocity zones extend locally down to about 400 ms, adjacent to zones of extremely high velocities close to the surface, reflecting steeply dipping strata. Besides the Quaternary cover on top, the Miesbach 9801 and Miesbach 9802 lines exhibit many horizontal reflections, in places down as far as 1400 ms TWT, indicating the sedimentary sequences of the unfolded Foreland Molasse. The southern part of both lines is dominated by southward‐dipping reflection bands, indicating units of the Folded Molasse. The reflection pattern shown by the Miesbach 9901 line suggests that there is almost no Quaternary cover. Southward‐dipping elements reflect the internal structure of the Folded Molasse, whereas a rather diffuse reflection signature may be attributed to Rhenodanubian Flysch units.     

Influence of geological factors on seismic ground-motions (seismic microzoning of Prague)

Summary Seismic microzoning of Prague was performed using geological data and seismic response (ground shaking) computations. The Prague territory was covered by a square grid, each square 250 m×250 m being characterized by a simplified geological cross-section from the Earth's surface to the bedrock boundary. The data were obtained from detailed engineering-geological maps 1:5000. The geological cross-sections were transformed into a set of layered models, specified by the thicknesses of individual layers and corresponding compressional and shear-wave velocities, densities and parameters of the causal absorption. The seismic responses were computed by the matrix method. The main amplitude and frequency characteristics of the responses are demonstrated in the form of microzoning maps. The maps do not depend on the specific type of seismic excitation. They make it possible to predict the relative amplification of P and S waves, with respect to the bedrock outcrop, all over the city.     

Study of changes in the rock formation medium of the Karadzha section (Azerbaijan) from the results of petromagnetic investigations

The petromagnetic characteristics of marine and subaqueous deposits on the upper marine terrace of the Karadzha section (Azerbaijan) are investigated. These deposits correspond to the great Khvalynsk transgression of the Paleocaspian. Thirteen meters of the section encompassing an age interval of ～45–20 ka are sampled continuously. Regular along-section changes are revealed, and their relation to environmental changes is established. Magnetite, maghemite, and hematite that were formed in the process of alteration of the maternal rocks in the Paleocaspian wash-down basin are the main ore minerals of the studied rocks. The ratios of these minerals in the deposits depend on the degree of alteration of the maternal rocks. Both the total amount of ore mineral (K and SIRM parameters) and the rigidity parameter B _cr regularly increase in the basal part of the section and in the sediments reflecting finer variations in the basin level. An increased magnetic rigidity and the sensitivity of petromagnetic parameters to weak variations in the sea level are characteristic features of sediments in this part of the Paleocaspian compared with normal marine sediments.     

用浅层地震剖面研究大城东断裂的活动性

地震方法是针对厚覆盖区断裂的一种不可替代的探测技术,在大城东断裂上采用浅层地震探测方法,获得了2条高质量叠加时间剖面图以及深度剖面图,这些图像清晰地显示了大城东断裂的浅部构造特征以及活动特征。本次探测工作中,在大城东断裂的东侧发现了1条倾角较陡的断裂,表明大城东断裂是由2条断裂组成的断裂带。     

Determination of dispersive phase velocities by complex seismic trace analysis of surface waves (CASW)

A method for deriving experimental dispersion curves of surface waves from active source recordings is presented. The method is based on the complex seismic trace analysis of surface waves (CASW) and is applicable when only two receivers are available.     

地震波实时处理系统在自贡台网地震速报中的应用分析

着重介绍了自贡地震台网地震波实时处理系统在地震速报中的作用，并利用台网1997－2001年地震速报资料，统计分析了发震时刻、震中位置、震级及速报速度等，在地震波实时处理系统参与后，自贡台网速报质量均有大幅度的提高。     

高密度资料面元细分与速度分析关系研究

速度分析是地震资料处理的重要环节,制作准确的速度谱,可为动校正提供可靠的速度资料,并最终决定叠加资料的质量.本文在对速度分析的基本估算方法和应用要素做系统的概括总结后,对面元细分与速度分析关系进行了详细的理论研究和实际资料的检验.理论模型数据和胜利油田永新工区高密度实际资料处理表明,面元细分对速度谱的主要影响是覆盖次数,覆盖次数较低时,要准确获知速度较难;覆盖次数增大,速度谱变好,但其精度并不按覆盖次数线性增大.要实现高密度资料分辨率品质的提高,必须提高检波器接收精度.