生物炭修复重金属污染土研究进展

随着城市化进程的加快及工业生产的迅速发展,土壤重金属污染日益加剧,对生态环境造成严重的危害。生物炭是缺氧或限氧条件下加热生物质制得的高度芳香化富含碳的固态物质,其在重金属污染土修复方面具有显著效果,受到广泛关注。基于近些年来国内外围绕生物炭修复重金属污染土所取得的研究成果,分别从生物炭的制备及性质、修复效果及其影响因素、修复机理等方面总结了该领域的研究现状及进展,取得如下主要认识:（1）生物炭具有价格低廉,修复效率高,改良土壤、环境友好等优势;（2）生物炭的理化性质主要受原材料和热解温度的影响,采用活化、磁化、氧化和消化等方法能改善生物炭的性质,提高修复效率;（3）生物炭对土壤中重金属迁移性和生物有效性的影响包括两个方面:固定重金属减少生物有效性或者迁移重金属增加生物有效性,后者可通过改性方法来降低重金属的迁移性和生物有效性;（4）生物炭对土体的固化效果一般,但可与其他固化材料共同使用,以改善土体的力学性质;（5）生物炭修复机理固定重金属的效果为:沉淀作用>络合作用>静电作用,离子交换>物理吸附。最后,针对该领域的研究现状,提出了未来的研究重点和方向,主要包括:建立划分生物炭的统一标准;探讨生物炭对多种重金属共同污染的修复效率;阐明生物炭吸附重金属的机理及其贡献率;扩大研究尺度;开展基于生物炭的固化试验及力学性质研究。     

Biochar effects on metal bioaccumulation and arsenic speciation in alfalfa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa L</Emphasis>.) grown in contaminated soil

Mining and geogenic activities can lead to elevated concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil. Biochar amendment to soil is a cost-effective technology and environmentally friendly approach to control soil pollution, improve phytoremediation and mitigate health risks due to agricultural products. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk biochar on alfalfa biomass, metal bioaccumulation and arsenic speciation. Results indicated that rice husk biochar amendments to contaminated soil increased plants biomass by improving soil fertility and available nutrients. Biochar also increased soil cation change capacity, dissolved organic carbon, while decreased available concentrations of potentially toxic elements (except for arsenic). The accumulation of nickel, lead, cadmium and zinc (except for chromium and arsenic) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased as compared with unamended control plants. In addition, increases were observed for inorganic arsenite and arsenate. Current findings demonstrate that rice husk biochar can be used as a beneficial amendment for contaminated soil. However, further field experiments are needed to validate its long-term effectiveness where environmental factors are diverse and complex.     

Biochar application to hardrock mine tailings: Soil quality,microbial activity,and toxic element sorption

Waste rock piles from historic mining activities remain unvegetated as a result of metal toxicity and high acidity. Biochar has been proposed as a low-cost remediation strategy to increase soil pH and reduce leaching of toxic elements, and improve plant establishment. In this laboratory column study, biochar made from beetle-killed pine wood was assessed for utility as a soil amendment by mixing soil material from two mine sites collected near Silverton, Colorado, USA with four application rates of biochar (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% vol:vol). Columns were leached seven times over 65 days and leachate pH and concentration of toxic elements and base cations were measured at each leaching. Nutrient availability and soil physical and biological parameters were determined following the incubation period. We investigated the hypotheses that biochar incorporation into acidic mine materials will (1) reduce toxic element concentrations in leaching solution, (2) improve soil parameters (i.e. increase nutrient and water holding capacity and pH, and decrease compaction), and (3) increase microbial populations and activity. Biochar directly increased soil pH (from 3.33 to 3.63 and from 4.07 to 4.77 in the two materials) and organic matter content, and decreased bulk density and extractable salt content in both mine materials, and increased nitrate availability in one material. No changes in microbial population or activity were detected in either mine material upon biochar application. In leachate solution, biochar increased base cations from both materials and reduced the concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in leachate solution from one material. However, in the material with greater toxic element content, biochar did not reduce concentrations of any measured dissolved toxic elements in leachate and resulted in a potentially detrimental release of Cd and Zn into solution at concentrations above that of the pure mine material. The length of time of effectiveness and specific sorption by biochar is variable by element and the toxic element concentration and acidity of the initial mine material.     

黏土掺入生物炭后的持水特性及其影响机制

生物炭具有疏松多孔、高比表面积和强吸附等特性,在土体改良以及修复受污染土体方面展现出应用潜力。添加生物炭可改善土体结构,进而增强土体持水特性等,其中,生物炭掺量和粒径对改良效果有较大的影响。为了研究生物炭掺量和粒径对生物炭?黏土混合土持水特性的影响,通过蒸汽平衡法控制土样的吸力,确定吸力平衡后土样的含水率和体积等,得到吸湿过程中不同生物炭掺量（0%、5%、10%和15%）、不同粒径范围（＞74、40～74、20～40 μm和＜74 μm）生物炭?黏土混合土在高吸力（3.29～286.7 MPa）范围的土?水特征曲线,并结合扫描电镜（SEM）和压汞（MIP）试验结果分析其微观孔隙结构。试验结果表明：（1）当掺入生物炭的粒径较小时,随着生物炭掺量的增加,土样的持水特性有较明显的提高,随着掺入生物炭粒径的增大,生物炭掺量对土样的持水特性影响不大。（2）当生物炭的掺量较少时,不同粒径生物炭?黏土混合土的土?水特征曲线基本相同,随着生物炭掺量提高,小粒径生物炭对混合土持水特性的影响逐渐显现。（3）由生物炭?黏土混合土微观孔隙结构的演变规律进一步阐释生物炭掺量、粒径对生物炭?黏土混合土持水特性的影响机制。     

塔里木盆地塔河地区中下奥陶统鹰山组碳酸盐岩层系内幕不整合识别特征*

为论证T⁶₇界面性质并探索碳酸盐岩层系不整合的识别方法,文章综合利用柯坪—巴楚地区露头和塔河地区钻井、测井和地震资料,研究了塔里木盆地塔河地区中下奥陶统鹰山组内幕不整合面T⁶₇。在露头上, T⁶₇界面表现为岩相转换面,但在不同剖面的暴露强度存在差异。在地化数据上, T⁶₇不整合面之下碳酸盐岩地层碳氧同位素值出现明显偏负;Sc,Co,Ni,Ba,U,Sr等微量元素表现出同样的特点,而Li和V在T⁶₇界面之下富集。在自然伽马测井与自然伽马能谱测井曲线上, T⁶₇不整合面之下的鹰山组下段自然伽马测井曲线明显较界面之上的鹰山组上段齿化剧烈,经过滤波处理的Th/U曲线在T⁶₇界面处呈现出明显的低值。在地震剖面上,难以从地震同相轴反射终止现象中识别出T⁶₇界面,但“串珠”状反射沿T⁶₇不整合面发育,这些串珠状反射被解释为与喀斯特作用相关的岩溶洞穴。T⁶₇界面属于海平面相对下降形成的短暂暴露面(<1,Ma),其主要受控于海平面升降和古地貌,在塔河不同区域的暴露、剥蚀强度不同,强暴露区主要位于中东部,弱暴露区域主要位于西北部。T⁶₇不整合面对塔河地区鹰山组内幕碳酸盐岩储集层发育具有重要意义,既可为层间岩溶的发育提供条件,亦可与断裂构成连通体系为大气淡水提供通道,从而对塔河地区深部碳酸盐岩储集层起到积极的改造作用。     

北方典型内陆盆地高砷地下水的水化学特征及处理技术

我国高砷地下水分布广泛,是受砷污染最严重的地区之一,严重危害居民身体健康,开发经济、高效、环境友好的高砷地下水修复治理技术极具必要性。以大同盆地、呼包平原、河套平原和银川平原为代表性研究区域,归纳总结了北方干旱、半干旱地区典型高砷地下水区水化学特征。通常情况下,高砷地下水的pH值较高,共存阴离子(HCO^-3、SO^2-₄和Cl^-)浓度较大,溶解性有机碳含量较高,并且As(Ⅲ)为主要砷形态。开展了针对北方典型高砷地下水特定水化学环境特点(如pH值、共存阴阳离子以及溶解性有机物等)的改性天然菱铁矿除砷性能研究。结果表明,改性天然菱铁矿对溶液pH值具有良好的缓冲能力,其除砷性能基本不受pH值、共存阴离子、Ca/Mg阳离子及以腐殖酸为代表的溶解性有机物等典型高砷地下水水化学特征因素的影响,表明吸附剂对砷具有良好的吸附选择性。另外,改性天然菱铁矿对As(Ⅲ)的去除效果优于对As(V)的去除效果,因此,利用改性天然菱铁矿作为反应介质材料,将其应用于处理主要以As(Ⅲ)形式存在的高砷地下水具备良好的发展前景。     

渤南洼陷北带沙四上亚段储层成岩流体演化

渤南洼陷北带沙四上亚段在埋藏过程中经历了多期酸碱流体演化,同时经历了多期油气充注作用,导致储层物性经历了复杂的演化过程。对渤南洼陷北带沙四上亚段埋藏演化史、有机质热演化、膏盐层脱水等综合研究,结合各种烃类和盐水包裹体特征分析,确定了渤南洼陷北带沙四上亚段成岩流体演化序列：(1)沙四上亚段沉积时期气候干旱,原始地层水呈弱碱性。(2)开始沉积至距今42.5 Ma,有机质尚未成熟,地层流体仍保持弱碱性,成岩作用主要为压实排水作用,形成早期球粒状黄铁矿胶结物。(3)距今42.5~30 Ma,为有机酸控制下的酸性环境,发生长石溶解、石英加大。(4)距今30~24.6 Ma,有机酸发生脱羧,同时沙四上亚段顶部膏盐层脱出大量碱性水,使地层水pH值呈碱性,发生碳酸盐胶结和石英溶解,其中距今28.8~24.6 Ma,发生第一期油气充注;距今24.6~6 Ma,地层经历抬升及再沉降,在抬升过程中有机质再次生成有机酸,使地层水pH值呈酸性,发生第二期酸性溶解、石英加大,其中距今10~6 Ma,发生第二期油气充注。(5)距今6 Ma至现今,沙四上亚段膏盐层发生脱水,地层流体呈碱性,发育少量晚期黄铁矿胶结等。     

阴离子捕获剂及其在污染防治与环境修复领域中的应用

综述了阴离子捕获剂的结构、性能、制备与表征方法、吸附专属性及其在环境修复方面的应用。阴离子捕获剂是一种具有层状结构的阴离子粘土，由于其特殊的结构和性能，可通过层间阴离子交换、层状结构重建等机制来吸附环境中的阴离子，从而清除环境中的污染物。大量研究表明。阴离子捕获剂对环境中以络阴离子形式存在的重金属污染物有很强的吸附能力，并能有效吸附水体中的N、P、As、Se和放射性元素。此外，阴离子捕获剂还能吸附有机污染物，如农药、酚类化合物、洗涤剂和腐殖质等。从环境中除去不同类型的有毒有害组分。需使用不同类型的阴离子捕获剂。其吸附能力主要由捕获剂本身的特点和外部理化条件所决定。阴离子捕获剂的研究已成为当前环境保护工程和技术研究的一个新热点。     

Biochar application in a tropical,agricultural region: A plot scale study in Tamil Nadu,India

A plot-scale evaluation of biochar application to agricultural soils was conducted in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India, to investigate the potential of biochar to improve soil fertility and moisture content. Biochar feedstocks need to be sustainably sourced: several locally available feedstocks (rice husk, cassia stems, palm leaves and sawdust) were analysed as proposed soil amendments so that no single biomass material is depleted to maintain biochar addition. The biochars from different biomass feedstock contained >20% C and were high in macro- and micronutrients. The results suggest that an application rate of 6.6 metric tonnes ha^?1 cassia biochar was enough to initiate C-accumulation, which is reflected in an increase in OM and a net reduction in soil bulk density.     

蔗渣生物质炭对喀斯特农田石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响

生物质炭对于土壤中不同形态氮库的含量影响已有较多研究,但对西南喀斯特区石灰性土壤氮素形态,尤其是控制氮素形态的转化过程研究较为缺乏。本研究设置土壤中添加1%(C1)和3%(C2)蔗渣生物质炭2个用量水平,并以不施用蔗渣生物质炭作为对照(CK),共3个处理,通过 15 NH 4 NO 3 和NH^15 4 NO 3 成对标记技术,结合MCMC氮素转化模型研究了不同用量的蔗渣生物质炭对石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响,为该地区蔗渣资源化利用和土壤氮保持提供理论支撑。结果表明,与CK相比,添加蔗渣生物质炭能够快速提高土壤pH和有机碳含量。添加生物质炭并没有显著改变土壤氮的矿化、铵态氮(NH^+ 4 )和硝态氮(NO^- 3 )的微生物同化和异养硝化速率,但NH^+ 4 吸附速率随生物质炭用量的增加而提高,以添加量最高的C2处理最大。添加生物质炭同样提高了土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率,但C1和C2处理的土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率并无显著性差异。与CK和C1处理相比,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭通过抑制自养硝化速率而显著降低了硝态氮净产生速率。这些结果表明,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭于石灰性土壤中可快速实现对NH^+ 4 吸附,降低自养硝化速率,减少NO^- 3 产生,从而降低了其损耗和淋失风险。