尼泊尔Mw7.8地震对珠峰区域内冰川形变及流速的影响

本文以L波段的ALOS PALSAR-2数据为基础,采用长时间序列InSAR技术对2014年9月至2019年8月的青藏高原区域进行动态监测,结合偏移量追踪法获取部分冰川在尼泊尔地震前后分别在距离向、方位向和水平方向的冰川流速分布结果.结果表明:在监测时段内,研究区普遍存在沉降现象,仅在个别年份出现小幅度的抬升,研究区最...     

芦山地震前后川滇地区地壳水平形变特征研究

为获取芦山地震前后川滇地区地壳的形变特征,利用陆态网2009—2013年和2014—2016年两期全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)水平速度场资料分别计算并对比分析了地震发生前后主应变率场、最大剪应变率场、面膨胀率场及基线长度的变化情况。结果显示芦山地震之前龙门山断裂带主要以压缩应变为主,面压缩应变和最大剪应变均处于高值区,震后能量部分释放,压缩形变程度减弱,但其西南方向的安宁河断裂带和鲜水河断裂带南段出现明显的压缩应变高值区,同时南汀河断裂带附近也呈现较明显的压缩应变。岷江断裂带附近区域的压缩应变虽然减弱,但仍然没有改变它的应变状态,这可能促使了2017年九寨沟Ms7.0地震的发生。     

Variations in the accuracy of gravity recovery due to ground track variability: GRACE,CHAMP, and GOCE

Following an earlier recognition of degraded monthly geopotential recovery from GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) due to prolonged passage through a short repeat (low order resonant) orbit, we extend these insights also to CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) and GOCE (Gravity field and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer). We show wide track-density variations over time for these orbits in both latitude and longitude, and estimate that geopotential recovery will be as widely affected as well within all these regimes, with lesser track density leading to poorer recoveries. We then use recent models of atmospheric density to estimate the future orbit of GRACE and warn of degraded performance as other low order resonances are encountered in GRACE’s free fall. Finally implications for the GOCE orbit are discussed.     

Monitoring of ground deformation in Liulin district,China using InSAR approaches

Coalbed methane (CBM) exploration generally refers to a technique that extracts natural gas from coal beds. The development of CBM in Liulin, China, has experienced a significantly growth period during the past two decades. Previous research mainly focused on the coal geological background or CBM technique itself, while time series InSAR (TS-InSAR) technique was conducted in this work to study the potential land deformation induced by CBM extraction from 2003 to 2011. In total, 21 ALOS-1 PALSAR images (acquired from 22 December 2006 to 2 January 2011) and 14 ENVISAT ASAR scenes (captured between 29 October 2003 and 7 November 2007) were used. The TS-InSAR outcome revealed that the annual deformation rates were ranging from 15 to ?40?mm?yr^?1 over the study region. Then the time series deformation evolutions were analysed over 8 CBM sites (No. 4 coal seam) out of 20, and the subsidence rates between 1.9 and ?6.5?mm?yr^?1 were derived. In addition, the average subsidence rate and standard deviation among these eight measurements were ?3.0 and 2.6?mm?yr^?1 respectively, suggesting that these CBM extraction sites were quite stable and no obvious subsidence had been observed during this eight-year period.     

地面摄影测量在井架变形监测中的应用研究

本文简述了井架变形监测的几种方法,重点讨论了井架变形监测的地面摄影测量方法。通过对武钢程潮铁矿和山西省浮山北峰铁矿主井井架变形监测的试验,阐述了井架变形监测中摄影标志设计、摄影站选择、摄影方式的安排、现场摄影与摄影处理以及像片量测等环节的主要问题,同时利用光束法平差程序,计算分析了三种方案,即利用6个控制点的平差计算分析,利用4个控制点的平差计算分析和没有控制点的平差计算分析,结果表明,前两种方案的精度较高,第三种方案的精度稍差,但三种方案的计算结果均能满足井架变形监测的精度要求,说明采用地面摄影测量方法进行井架变形监测是可行的,值得在实际工程中推广应用。     

青海省地震灾后地物变化的快速识别

地震灾后救援时间宝贵,有效利用灾后数据,快速对救援路线及居民情况进行准确的评估,能有效避免地震带来的进一步损害。地震并不是一次即停止,灾后余震同样威胁灾区群众的生命和财产安全。因此,根据灾区地质及居民分布制定后续可持续救援方案,也是灾后救援的重点,这不仅能使救援稳步进行,也可进一步规划安置居民。本文通过比较神经网络和传统机器学习方法,提出了自适应方法的地物分割算法,根据航拍影像的复杂程度使用神经网络和传统算法相结合的方式,通过比较识别出地物与原有测量数据的差别变化,判断灾后道路扭曲和地质变化,为救援工作提供准确的科学依据。     

A nonlinear inversion of InSAR-observed coseismic surface deformation for estimating variable fault dips in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Satellite Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is playing an increasingly important role in the observation of coseismic surface deformation caused by earthquakes, and has been used to invert for subsurface fault structure and reveal earthquake source mechanisms. However, the mapping of complex non-planar or curved (e.g., listric-shaped) faults still remains a challenging task due to variable dips along the underground depth and the impenetrability of the deep crust. Here, we develop a set of new inversion algorithms to determine the listric fault geometry with InSAR- and GPS-observed surface deformation as the significant constraints. The fault surface with variable dip angles is discretized into consecutive sub-fault layers along the down-dip direction. A nonlinear iteration algorithm is used to minimize the objective function to determine the dip angle for each sub-fault layer. The proposed method is first tested using synthetic data to show its effectiveness for retrieval of varying fault geometry dips, and then applied to the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake that ruptured the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault for over 320 km along the southwest-northeast strike. The inversion shows that the dip angle of the seismogenic fault is up to 76° near the surface layer, and gradually decreases along the down-dip direction. A significant decrease in dip occurs within the depths of 6–15 km with a dip of 32° at a depth of 15 km. The dip angle decreases to 2° at a depth of 20 km, and finally merges with the subparallel PengGuan fault, which is basically consistent with geological investigations and seismic waveform data inversion. Using the inferred fault geometry, the slip model associated with the event is estimated. Five high-slip concentrations along the strike of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault are recognized. The inversion misfit of InSAR data is reduced to 7.1 cm with a significant improvement compared to previous studies.     

天山中段水平地壳形变特征研究

针对天山中段地区水平地壳形变特征最新动态的研究问题,提出了利用GPS连续站及流动站资料,基于速度场结果进行GPS剖面分析的方法来进行研究。结合速度场及剖面结果可以看出,北西走向的喀什河断裂带,1992—2011背景走滑运动为右旋走滑,2009—2014年右旋运动有所减弱,2013—2015年仍然较弱;天山中部的滑脱断层,1992—2011年的结果显示其走滑运动较不明显,但2009—2014期的结果表明出现了一定的左旋运动,2013—2015年的左旋运动加剧;天山中部的滑动速率结果显示出天山中段博罗科努断裂带中段变形速率较东西两侧均较小,值得进一步关注。研究结果利用了最新数据,显示了天山中段水平地壳形变的最新特征,为判定天山中段地区的地震危险性提供了支持。     

主断面沉陷曲线的复合幂函数模型

分析了现有的开采沉陷预计的剖面函数模型如负指数函数、双曲正切函数等模型具有表达式过于复杂,坐标原点、参数在实际使用时较难确定等缺点,研究了矩形采空区上方地表沉陷观测数据的特征,提出了一种新的开采沉陷预计的主断面拟合函数。这种新的拟合函数表达式简单,在实际工作中容易确定相关参数。某矿山的实测资料验证说明,提出的该拟合函数与实测资料吻合程度较高。     

Atmospheric correction to IRS-P6 AWiFS data and its validation with ground measurements: A study over the semi-arid region

In this study, we have implemented a fast atmospheric correction algorithm to IRS-P6 advanced wide field sensor (AWiFS) satellite data for retrieving surface reflectance under different atmospheric and surface conditions. The algorithm is based on MODIS climatology products and simplified use of Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in Solar Spectrum (6S) radiative transfer code. The algorithm requires information on aerosol optical depth (AOD) for correcting the satellite dataset. The atmospheric correction algorithm has been tested for IRS-P6 AWiFS False colour composites covering the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Farm, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India, under varying atmospheric conditions. Ground measurements of surface reflectance representing different land use/land cover, i.e. red soil, chick pea, groundnut and pigeon pea crops were conducted to validate the algorithm. Terra MODIS AOD₅₅₀ validated with Microtops-II sun photometer–derived AOD₅₀₀ over the urban region of Hyderabad exhibited very good correlation of ～0.92, suggesting possible use of satellite-derived AOD for atmospheric correction.     

2017年“8.8”九寨沟地震滑坡自动识别与空间分布特征

2017年8月8日发生的7.0级九寨沟地震诱发九寨沟熊猫海附近产生大量的滑坡体,造成道路阻塞,严重影响地震应急救援进度。为快速准确地识别滑坡分布范围,本文在深入分析滑坡遥感影像特征的基础上,引入面向对象分析方法,实现了基于无人机影像的震后滑坡体的自动识别。通过多尺度分割算法获取滑坡多层次影像对象,利用SEaTH算法自动构建每一层次特征规则集,实现基于不同层次分析的滑坡体自动识别。分析滑坡体在地形、活动断层等因子中的空间分布特征,为地震滑坡预测与危险性评价奠定基础。与人工目视解译结果相比较,基于面向对象的滑坡自动识别方法提取精度可达94.8%,Kappa系数为0.827,在电脑配置相同的情况下,自动识别方法的效率是人工目视解译效率的一倍。空间分布特征分析表明,地震滑坡的空间分布与斜坡坡度、地形起伏度呈正相关关系,与地表粗糙度存在负相关关系,研究区滑坡体分布存在明显的断层效应。     

Time variations of the Earth's gravity field and crustal deformation due to the establishment of the Three Gorges reservoir

A method is developed with which to predict time variations of the Earth's gravity field and crustal deformation due to mass loading. Using this method, changes to the original geodetic datums can be estimated. This is applied to the Three Gorges area of China, due to the construction of the Yangtze river dam. Results indicate that the probable maximum crustal deformation and changes in gravity, elevation and deflection of the vertical will be 7.8mm, 4.7mgal, 19.0mm and 0.61 arc seconds, respectively. These changes are of importance for the establishment of monitoring operations both during and upon completion of the dam.     

Research on ground deformation monitoring method in mining areas using the probability integral model fusion D-InSAR,sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking

With the aim of addressing the problem of accurately monitoring complete deformation fields over mining areas by means of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), this paper proposes a solution to obtain complete deformation fields using the probability integral model to fuse deformation data derived from Differential Interferometric SAR (D-InSAR), sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking. This method is used for small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale deformation monitoring using D-InSAR, sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking, respectively. Finally, the probability integral model is utilized to integrate the three deformation fields, and a complete deformation field with high-accuracy over the study area can be obtained. The method is tested on 13 TerraSAR-X (TSX) images from December 2, 2012 to April 24, 2013 of the working face 52,304 of the Daliuta mining area in Shaanxi province, China. The complete deformation field of the working face during the 113-day mining period is obtained. The results show that during the process of working face advancing, the subsidence basin has been expanding along the direction of excavation. The relationship between the average maximum subsidence rate and the advancing distance of the working face can be described by a quadratic polynomial. It has been also observed that, when the underground mining reaches the full mining condition, the maximum subsidence value does not increase further. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified against the global positioning system field survey data. The root mean square errors in the strike and dip directions are 0.134 m and 0.105 m, respectively. Due to the support provide by the reserved coal pillars, the subsidence value above the reserved coal pillars is smaller.     

A seafloor experiment to monitor vertical deformation at the Lucky Strike volcano, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Decades of cruise-based exploration have provided excellent snapshots of the structure of mid-ocean ridges and have revealed that accretion is a mixture of steady-state and quantum events. Observatory-type studies are now needed to quantify the temporal evolution of these systems. A multi-disciplinary seafloor observatory site is currently being set up at the Lucky Strike volcano, in the axial valley of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic ridge as a part of the MoMAR (monitoring of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) initiative. The aim of this observatory is to better understand the dynamics of the volcano and the hydrothermal vents hosted at its summit as well as their plumbing systems. In August 2006, the GRAVILUCK cruise initiated an experiment to monitor the deformation of Lucky Strike volcano. A geodetic network was installed, and seafloor pressure, gravity and magnetic data were collected. In this paper, we present the method used to monitor volcanic deformation, which involves measuring relative depth difference between points within a seafloor geodesy network. We show that, taking into account oceanographic variability and measurement noise, the network should be able to detect vertical deformations of the order of 1 cm.     

无源卫星导航系统星地双向无线电时间比对实现

介绍了无源卫星导航系统星地无线电时间比对的原理，给出了星地无线电时间比对在扩频测控信道中实现的方法，并对各种误差因素进行了分析。     

The spatial response pattern of coseismic landslides induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake to the surface deformation and Coulomb stress change revealed from InSAR observations

The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake triggered plenty of coseismic giant landslides, which resulted in almost one third of total fatalities and economic losses during the event. Previous studies investigated the spatial relations between landslide distribution and topographic and seismic factors such as elevation, slope aspect, distance from rupture trace and seismic intensity. However, few studies are performed exploring the effects of coseismic surface deformation and Coulomb stress change on triggering landslides due to lack of adequate deformation observation data and stress calculation model for slope failure. In this study, we develop an envelope method to map an entire coseismic deformation field in both near- and far-field areas of seismic faults through the data fusion from InSAR and pixel offset-tracking (POT) techniques. The change in static Coulomb stress (SCS) acting on coseismic landsliding surface caused by the event is determined using the faulting model derived from the joint inversion of InSAR and GPS data, and also with the use of the elastic half-space dislocation theory and the generalized Hook’s law. The analysis suggests the spatial response pattern of seismic landslides to the coseismic ground motion and stress change, especially in the vicinity of fault rupture trace. The landslide density dramatically rises with the stress increase within the range from Yingxiu to Beichuan areas along the major surface rupture. Moving further and eastward along the fault strike, most of large landslides are triggered as the zone of positive SCS change narrows. Moreover, the high-magnitude surface displacements are possibly responsible for the giant landsliding events in the easternmost section. From the analysis of the stress transfer, the occurrence of landslides in the study area is largely controlled by the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault with overwhelming rupture length and fault slip, yet the Pengguan fault indeed shows dominance in the area between the two faults. The results show that coseismic surface deformation (derived from InSAR data in this study) and static Coulomb stress change can serve as two significant controlling factors on seismic landslide distribution and that the stress factor seems more significant in the vicinity of surface rupture.     

Artificial ionospheric wave number 4 structure below the F2 region due to the Abel retrieval of radio occultation measurements

We analyzed the effect of the Abel inversion on the wave number 4 (WN4) structure from the GPS radio occultation (RO)–measured electron densities by using the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F-3/C) observations under the equinox condition. The Abel-retrieved electron density from both the F-3/C observations and the simulated results by an empirical model with an imposed WN4 structure in the F layer are investigated. It is found that the Abel inversion can reproduce the real WN4 structure well in the F2 layer. However, it will result in pseudo and reversed-phase WN4 structure in the lower altitude (F1 and E layers). Quantitatively, relative ±15% WN4 signature in the F2 layer can produce ±40% artificial WN4 in the E and F1 layers. Analysis on the F-3/C data shows about ±15% WN4 signature in the F2 layer and ±50% WN4 with reversed-phase in the E and F1 layers. The F-3/C-observed WN4 structure in the E and F1 layers might be the combinations of the real WN4 signature and the artificial effects of Abel retrieval.     

Surface deformation caused by April 6th 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila (Italy): A comparative analysis from ENVISAT ASAR,ALOS PALSAR and ASTER

Surface deformations in L’Aquila (centre of Italy) caused by the April 6th, 2009 earthquake were studied from space geodesy and remote sensing points of view using Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) and Sub-pixel Correlation Technique (SCT). InSAR was used to measure ground surface deformation in the satellite line of sight (LOS) direction and the deformation was determined using two separate interferometric pairs of ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS PALSAR data sets. Furthermore, SCT was employed to investigate the horizontal displacements in the area. Two separate pairs of ENVISAT ASAR and ASTER optical image data sets were employed, and horizontal displacements in Range/Azimuth and in west–east/south–north directions were investigated, respectively.     

A strain interpretation in the comparison of network coordinate differences due to datum change

Summary Strain analysis techniques can be applied in network inconsistency studies when, e.g., two sets of coordinates of the same network referred to different datums are compared. The displacement field induced by the inconsistency is translated into scalar strain invariant fields which after a filtering treatment provide additional information on the inconsistency characteristics of the network under comparison. A complete strain analysis algorithm is presented and an actual example is given, studying from the strain point of view the inconsistencies of the EDOC-2 network versus the ED-50 network.