防波堤复合土工薄膜防渗隔热研究

本文针对复合土工薄膜在电站防波堤作防渗和隔热体进行了研究,其防渗作用采用渗流与应力相结合的三维计算方法,给出了渗流场、应力应变等值线分布及热水渗流量,该渗流量在隔热计算中作为内部热源处理。结果表明,复合土工薄膜的防渗隔热效果是相当显著的。     

山腰盐场推广盐田藻垫防渗技术

近年来,惠安县山腰盐场推广盐田藻垫防渗新技术,取得了显著成效。 惠安山腰盐场系福建省重点盐场。全场拥有盐田面积10     

东南沿海海堤现状调研报告（福建部分）

这部分是福建省正在建设中的四大海堤现状调研，包括达标设计各项指标及其加高加固的技术经验。同时调研了围海工程堵口海堤的施工过程，并对灌砂防渗措施加以评述。最后介绍了兴化湾的莆田海堤试验站和木兰陂水利工程     

杨家洞水库渗漏条件分析及渗漏量估算

杨家洞水库位于湖南省新田县,属碳酸盐岩强岩溶发育区。由于此水库存在多处严重渗漏,为了提高水库的防洪、蓄水、灌溉等能力,特通过开展水库库盆及周边地区岩溶水文地质调查和水文地质钻探工作,并辅以连通试验,查明了杨家洞水库的渗漏类型和渗漏位置并估算了水库溢洪道垭口段的渗漏量。结果表明,水库溢洪道垭口段、溢洪道至副坝段、分隔堤至副坝段存在渗漏,主坝西侧段发生渗漏的可能性较大,溢洪道垭口段渗漏量大于114.2l/s。针对本水库渗漏情况,认为灌浆帷幕是最重要的防渗措施,另外应结合采用截水墙、堵洞、铺盖等进行防渗。     

轻质硬壳堤坝在沿海滩涂中的应用

为了能在各种不同地质的滩涂中发展水产养殖,快速、经济、高效地建造堤坝,提出了硬壳轻质堤坝在滩涂水产养殖中的应用结构体系。阐述了硬壳轻质堤坝的构造和材料、施工工艺及设计方法。具有施工快、稳定性好、防冲蚀、防渗性好的特点,从而提高软弱地基和砂土地基滩涂上的养殖效益。     

东南沿海海堤现状调研报告（上海、浙江部分）

这部分是上海市和浙江省的海堤调研，包括新建保护上海市区的黄埔江防汛墙和钱塘江涌潮区的海塘与围垦海堤。介绍了当地海堤建设经验，分析了浙东９４１７号台风毁坏海堤的原因和存在问题，并推荐出较好结构型式的带平台复式斜坡堤和互花米草消浪的作用。建议今后必须进行三防（防浪、防冲、防渗）综合研究海堤的方向。     

土石挡水围埝的设计和施工

本文通过青岛沿海地区四座施工围埝的工程实践,对土石挡水围埝的使用条件、设计原则、施工要点和主要的经验教训作了全面的的论述。并着重阐述了为保证围埝安全、控制埝内最高充水位的稳定计算;围埝的渗透计算;合拢与开口方法和施工中的质量控制等问题。以供交流和探讨。笔者认为,在低水头、透水层较薄的地基上,采用就地取材的土石挡永围埝,作为主体工程干施工的手段,是经济合理的。鉴于它涉计到的水文、地质和水、土力学中的问题较多;对防渗、防浪、防冲的技术要求较高,所以设计的实现有一定的难度。但实践证明,只要从设计和施工上认真做好围埝防渗层的“清基”、夯实和接头、沉降等技术处理工作;周密考虑围埝的合拢、开口措施;加强质量控制,就能收到良好的技术、经济效果。     

沿海滩涂软弱地基上轻质硬壳堤坝的构筑

为了能在各种不同地质的滩涂上快速、经济、高效地建造堤坝,实施水产养殖业,提出了轻质硬壳堤坝在滩涂软弱地基上的应用结构体系,阐述了硬壳轻质堤坝的构造和选材、设计思路及施工方法.与软弱地基上传统堤坝相比,轻质硬壳堤坝具有施工快、稳定性好、防冲蚀、防渗性好等特点.以竹胶合板为硬壳材料,以稻草等作轻质垫层,以螺栓等作连接的竹胶合板轻质硬壳堤坝的应用,提高了在软弱地基和砂土地基滩涂上的水产养殖效益.     

一种新型筑堤结构：轻质硬壳堤坝

针对软弱地基存在的堤坝不均匀沉降、滑坡、位移、倒塌等问题,提出了一种新型的筑堤结构──轻质硬壳堤坝。该结构采用发泡塑料作为堤坝材料,或铺设于软基面上,或填充于易沉陷部位,或搅拌于土石方中;以高强度材料,制成堤坝外壳或堤坝某一部分的外壳,然后填入其他松散材料,使其产生减重、加筋、防渗、隔离、堆高的作用,以增强堤坝刚度,提高堤坝稳定性。这种新型堤坝结构具有较高的防洪、抗地震能力,以及缩短建筑工期,降低造价,废物利用等优点。     

沐官岛海湾水库拦海坝的渗流与稳定性三维数值模拟分析

兴建河口海湾水库是国内外解决水资源不足的一项重要措施,其对水资源的充分利用具有极其重要的意义。本文依托沐官岛海湾水库工程,考虑海洋水文和地质条件因素,采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立了大型三维渗流和稳定性仿真有限元模型,开展多种潮位工况下拦海坝的孔隙水压、渗流速度和竖向沉降仿真计算,对沐官岛拦海坝渗流与稳定性进行分析。分析得出,在20年一遇潮位下,拦海坝的防渗性能良好,对海水与淡水起到阻隔作用。在50年、100年一遇潮位时,防渗墙内部产生渗流速度,这是由于水压差过大、渗流强度增加而产生的结果。拦海坝的不均匀沉降控制较好,不会发生坝体尤其是心墙的开裂。提出防渗墙加固措施,为坝基渗流预防、稳定性设计以及后续拦海坝建设与使用的安全性保证提供参考依据。     

The Gulf of California: Review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges

The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions.     

海洋生物多样性中心形成与演变机制的比较基因组研究进展

在大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈等多圈层相互作用下,全球范围内海洋生物多样性中心的地理位置、物种组成结构和优势度都呈动态变化.迄今,海洋生物多样性中心的形成与演变机制在生态、遗传和分子等层面正逐步得到解析.在生态层面,学界涌现出了物种形成中心、物种汇聚中心、物种重叠中心和物种保存中心等重要科学假说,解析了生物多样性分布格...     

红纤维虾形草(Phyllospadix iwatensis)种子形态及内部特征

海草床可以为海洋动物提供产卵、索饵、繁育等场所。目前, 海草床面积急剧下降, 其中我国关于虾形草属(Phyllospadix)海草的研究相对较少, 对于虾形草主要繁育载体种子的描述、显微观察和萌发过程方面存在较多空白。本研究以红纤维虾形草(Phyllospadix iwatensis)为研究对象, 对其生长环境、种子外部特征、内部结构、萌发过程等进行了定性定量描述。结果表明, 虾形草果实种子对于海洋环境有着外部形态与内部结构的适应性, 外部形态特点包括独特的果序和果实形状, 以及翅状结构和内侧鬃毛, 其中果序呈弯虾形, 平均长度3.4cm, 果实呈马掌形, 直径3~4mm, 内部结构特征包括胚乳占比大、果皮种皮解剖结构复杂等, 具有作为海岸带植被修复工具种的优势。本研究补充了目前对虾形草等海洋沉水植物种子的研究资料, 为虾形草海草种质库保护与海草床修复提供了建议和参考。     

Trade secrets: Renaming and mislabeling of seafood

As the global trade and market for seafood has grown, so have the twin problems of renaming and mislabeling. Resource scarcity, the potential for greater profits, and weak legislation have all encouraged incorrect labeling, the results of which include consumer losses, the subversion of eco-marketing, further degradation of fisheries resources, and even adverse effects on human health. This paper examines the extent and consequences of renaming and mislabeling seafood, the state of current legislation, and the importance of future policies, with particular attention to the US, where 80% of the seafood is imported and more than one-third of all fish are mislabeled. Policy recommendations include governments’ support for a global mandate to label species, country of origin, and catching or production method on all seafood with high penalties for infractions. Chain of custody standards, such as those recently implemented by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), should also be considered for adoption worldwide. To garner support for this legislation, consumers must become better acquainted and concerned with their seafood and its origins.     

胶州湾海水-沉积物界面氮、磷、铁的地球化学特征

对胶州湾底层水溶解氧、总氮、总磷、溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、铁及孔隙水中溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、铁和沉积物粒度、有机碳进行了分析。结果显示除铵氮外,孔隙水浓度明显高于底层水中浓度,其中硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、活性磷酸盐、铁在孔隙水中的浓度分别为在底层水中浓度的17.8、9.3、12.5、7.7倍,暗示孔隙水中的物质可能向上覆水体扩散。在横向上,底层水及孔隙水中硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、铵氮、活性磷酸盐都呈东岸高西岸低的分布规律,在西南部出现低值。Fe在底层水及孔隙水中的分布规律为东低西高,然而在沉积物中则与此正好相反。氮、磷、铁主要补给源有河流输入、工业生活污染排放、海洋生物自身分解以及孔隙水的释放。影响氮、磷、铁分布的主要因素为物源、河流输入及水动力条件,同时受到沉积物粒度的制约。相关分析显示,溶解氧、有机碳、铁对水体中磷及氮的分布具有某种制约作用。     

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in nine sub-systems of the Sylt-Rømø Bight ecosystem,German Wadden Sea

Flow networks of nine sub-systems consisting of 59 components each of the Sylt-Rømø Bight, German Wadden Sea, were constructed depicting the standing stocks and flows of material and energy within and between the sub-systems. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous were used as currencies for each sub-system, thus resulting in 27 network models, which were analyzed by ecological network analytical protocols. Results show substantial variability in the dynamics of these elements within and between the nine sub-systems, which differ in habitat structure, species diversity and in the standing stocks of their constituent living and non-living components. The relationship between the biodiversity and selected information indices and ratios, derived from ecological network analysis, of individual sub-systems is variable and differ substantially between them. Ecosystem properties such as the structure and magnitude of the recycling of these elements, number of cycles, and total sub-system activity were calculated and discussed, highlighting the differences between and complexity of the flow of C, N and P in a coastal marine ecosystem. The average number of cycles increase from 179 for C, to 16,923 and 20,580 for N and P respectively, while the average amount of recycled material, as measured by the Finn Cycling Index (FCI), increase from 17% for C, to 52% for P and to 61% for N. The number of cycles and the FCI vary considerably between the sub-systems for the different elements. The largest number of cycles of all three elements was observed in the muddy sand flat sub-system, but the highest FCIs were computed for both C (32%) and N (85%) in the Arenicola Flats, and in sparse Zostera noltii sea grass beds for P (67%). Indices reflecting on the growth, organization and resilience of the sub-systems also showed considerable variability between and within the inter-tidal ecosystems in the Bight. Indices such as, for example, the relative ascendency ratios increase on average from C to N to P, whereas others, such as the Average Mutual Information and Flow Diversity indices, were found to be higher in the N models than in the C or P ones.     

广东省的湿地:功能、价值、利用和湿地丧失的缓解措施

广东的湿地生态系统包括基塘系统、红树林、湿生植被和水生植被等4种生态系统，是特别而有经济价值的植被类型，这些湿地类型分别在支持生物地化循环、保堤护田护村、调节气候、净化环境、生物多样性保育、提供能源、提供生物学科学教育基地和生态旅游地、生产多样化的社会经济原料和产品等方面有着独特而重要的作用。但随着社会的发展．其面积在减少，质量不断下降。结构破坏直接导致了功能的下降和丧失。自1950年起，广东省在其湿地的保护和管理方面陆续实施了统一规划管理、设立自然保护区、开发湿地生产模式、防治湿地污染、保护湿地环境、建设人工湿地、恢复湿地系统、建立湿地信息系统等一系列举措，并取得了一定的收效，但效果仍不理想。要从根本上解决广东湿地的保护和利用问题，一方面要在恢复生态学的指导下深化退化湿地的恢复研究，按照湿地生态系统在空间尺度上的条带分布规律和时间尺度上的演替规律。因地制宜、因时制宜地进行湿地恢复研究；另一方面要进一步加强科研工作者、政府以及民众三者在湿地保护和合理利用方面的合作，建立专门机构，通过法律和行政手段进行统一规划、管理，同时对湿地保育研究、教育给予政策上的倾斜、支持。     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

养殖文蛤体内寄生的一种吸虫幼虫及宿主组织病理学

作为文蛤吸虫病害研究的基础资料,报道了寄生在文蛤体内的1种复殖吸虫幼虫的形态结构及宿主由此所产生的组织病理学变化。研究表明：该吸虫分别为咆蚴和尾蚴。咆蚴圆筒形,内含不同发育阶段的尾蚴。成熟尾蚴体成扁平舌状,具有口吸盘、腹吸盘,1对眼点和1条细长无刺的尾巴。该吸虫主要侵占生殖腺,少部分幼虫进入附近的消化盲囊、鳃、肾等部位。轻微感染者,生殖滤泡萎缩,生殖细胞发育滞后;严重感染的宿主,生殖腺完全被侵占并耗尽。消化盲囊、鳃、肾等器官组织也因幼虫感染呈现不同程度的病理学变化;严重者上皮细胞水肿或脱落,肌肉组织结构紊乱或溶解等。本工作同时显示,吸虫寄生可诱发宿主血淋巴细胞大量增生,并产生凝集、组织浸润及形成包囊等免疫反应。     

Sediments of lakes Rotoroa and Rotoiti,South Island,New Zealand

The chemistry and mineralogy of the sediments of Lakes Rotoroa and Rotoiti, South Island, New Zealand (41° 51 S, 172° 38 E and 41° 50 S, 172° 50 E respectively) , were studied. In general, the cation exchange properties, element concentrations, and mineral compositions of the sediments show little variation between samples from each lake. However, some nutrient concentrations, notably exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and potassium, and total nitrogen and sulphur, are higher in sediments from weed beds than in sediments underlying deeper water; iron and manganese concentrations tend to show the opposite trend. Concentrations of exchangeable calcium and total nitrogen, sulphur, manganese, and iron generally decrease down the sediment profiles from the sediment/water interface. Differences between lakes, notably higher concentrations of illite and of the elements potassium, aluminium, titanium, and zirconium, and lower concentrations of calcium in the sediments of Lake Rotoiti than in those from Lake Rotoroa, are probably due mainly to the different geological settings rather than to differences in the diagenetic processes operating within the lakes. Mineralogical analyses indicate that the lake sediments are derived mainly from the valleys of the major inflow rivers rather than from the slopes at the sides of each lake.