宽频地震计及倾斜、重力仪对长周期波动信号的综合观测

报道了在武汉华中科技大学地震与固体潮试验站的同一观测平台上,用数字宽频地震计、倾斜仪及重力仪对长周期地震波动信号的综合观测结果,以及各观测的对比和分析。近3年来,不同的观测仪器同时观测到了几十个形态一致、信号较弱而且成分复杂、持续时间大多约为2——3天的异常波（震颤）。分析表明,这些异常震颤中的一部分由来自西太平洋进入中国大陆及近海的台风产生,其信号强弱主要与台风运动中心进入中国大陆近海后与观测点之间的距离,以及风速大小这两个因素密切关联。另外,还有一部分异常震颤信号的产生原因不明。频谱分析结果显示,与平常的背景噪声信号相比,异常震颤信号的成分较为丰富, 除了3——5 min周期的信号外,还含有20——30 min,甚至一小时以上的长周期信号。我们以多种观测仪、长时间的连续观测结果表明,这种震颤信号是真实的和普遍存在的。其产生原因和机制还有待更广泛和深入的研究。      

昆仑山强震前的震颤波并非源自慢地震

2001年11月14日的昆仑山M_s8.1级地震前几天,中国地震台网多个台站都观测到了持续数天的低频震颤波信号.由于这些震颤波发生在强震前,所以备受关注.多年来研究人员对该震颤波的产生原因进行过多方探讨,但没有定论.该震颤波信号是否源自强震区的慢地震?是否是地震前兆?或为其它因素?为了回答这些问题,我们从多方面分析和研究了昆仑山强震前中国大陆宽频地震仪所观测的震颤波信号的特征、持续时间、震颤波强度变化与大规模大气运动的关系、信号强度随观测空间的衰减变化特征.结果表明:中国大陆宽频地震仪在昆仑山强震前观测到的震颤波由两个信号组成,其中11月10日开始出现,主要频率范围0.15~0.22 Hz (周期约4~7 s)、持续时间在10-13日的震颤波,主要由同时间段内发生在西太平洋的强台风玲玲(Ling Ling)引发;而11月11日开始出现,主要频率范围0.1~0.13 Hz (周期7~10 s)、持续时间在11-12日的震颤波,不是来自昆仑山强震区的慢地震,而是由来自欧洲北部及欧亚大陆的强温带气旋引发.     

固体潮观测中的震颤异常波

在地震与固体潮台站的日常监测中,常发现有一些异常"脉动"信号叠加在固体潮曲线上.这些异常"脉动"与宽频带数字地震计的观测在时间上同步、一致,其中的一部分由发生在西太平洋上的热带气旋引起,而其他的则大多与强地震相伴随,统称为震颤异常波.本文介绍了华中科技大学的地震与固体潮观测台站(HUST)的概况,报道了该台应用 DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪观测记录到的大量震颤异常波事例.大量观测事实表明:中国固体潮台站记录的震颤异常波,绝大多数只在DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪的低通滤波1 通道(LP1)出现,而在其低通滤波2通道(LP2)和其他固体潮仪器中则罕有发现;震颤异常波的包络线大多呈"纺锤状"或"尾巴状",持续时间多为1~3天. 通过对震颤异常波和固体潮观测仪器的分析研究,得到以下结论:震颤异常波实际上就是一种来源复杂的地球脉动信号,响应范围广泛,可被宽频带数字地震计和固体潮仪器记录.由西太平洋上的热带气旋引起的震颤异常波的主要周期在3~7 s范围,而强震前的震颤异常波则除此外,还包含10~60 s及更长周期的信号.固体潮仪器对震颤异常波响应的差异是因为仪器的传递函数不同和特性所致. DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪分钟值采样数据中的震颤异常波,只是真实信号的一种"混叠"或映射.强震前的震颤异常波是否与地震有关？是否是震兆？尚需做更深入细致的分析和研究.     

热带气旋引起的震颤波

在中国地震台网的宽频数字地震计和倾斜、重力仪的观测中,记录到来自西太平洋热带气旋（热带风暴、台风）引起的震颤波.通过对2006年来自西太平洋的全部热带气旋的分析,以及所观测到的震颤波与气旋运动过程中强度的变化、运动路径、观测点与其之间的距离变化等方面的分析研究得到以下结论：震颤信号的持续时间与热带气旋的生命过程基本相符,其中出现强震颤的时间大多为2～3天,特征为信号的包络线呈纺锤状叠加在观测背景上,震颤波的主要频率范围为0.13～0.33 Hz（周期：3～7 s）.我国内陆大部分区域内的宽频地震计、重力仪、倾斜仪等都能清晰记录到这类由热带气旋引起的震颤波.震颤波的强度主要与热带气旋的强度、运动路径以及气旋中心到地震观测台站的距离这几个因素直接相关;而震颤波的变化过程与热带气旋的运动和变化过程密切相关,其中强震颤波的出现时间与气旋过大陆板块边界进入大陆架的时间一致.经对热带气旋的结构、运动规律及动力学特点的了解分析,初步分析认为其主要源于热带气旋运动过程中与浅海区大陆架及陆地表面的摩擦、气压载荷变化以及由此产生的海浪对地壳板块的冲击,及板块边界断层对气旋扰动的响应.此外,我们对北印度洋孟加拉湾生成并在缅甸登陆的热带气旋也进行了实例分析.结果表明：与西太平洋相比,北印度洋热带气旋引起的震颤波对我国大陆的地震观测而言信号较弱.     

海南井水位对热带气旋响应特征的分析

大量观测资料及实验研究证实,地下水对地壳应力-应变的响应频率较宽,可记录到地震波中的瑞利波(10～20 s)、潮汐波动(1/3～1/2 d)、气压波动(儿小时至几十天)等.在文献中,已见热带气旋引起地震仪的震颤波,倾斜仪和重力仪的“脉动加粗”等方面研究成果,但井水位对大气环流、雷暴高压、热带气旋等的响应,则未见报导.     

上地幔过渡带S—P和P—S转换的全球研究

本文研究了1984年至1986年3年期间全球数字地震台网(GDSN)记录的长周期数据,以讨论作为远震S前驱波的上地幔过渡带产生的S—P和P—S转换波的存在,这类转换波已在大量单台站记录上得到证实,许多记录的简单叠加加强了转换相位的出现,并证明不同板块区域之间过渡带性质没有重要的横向变化。400km间断面的S—P和P—S转换波在70°至85°之间距离上得到很好的观测,而670km间断面的转换波在87°以上距离观测得很好。已发表的震源机制分析和与合成地震图比较说明,转换震相的形态主要由地震辐射图型所控制,接收点下方经历S—P转换的震相可以从倾滑事件观测到。这些事件沿台站方向上辐射强SV和弱P波。在另一方面震源区域下方P—S转换经常可以从沿台站方向激发强P波和很小的SV波能量的事件中观测到,同时也从一些走滑事件中观测到。观测资料与合成地震图比较表明,Dziewonski和Anderson(1981)的PREM模型可以解释绝大部分观测数据。然而,从670km间断面上观测到的S—P和P—S转换波经常比合成地震图的振幅强。转换波和P波尾波的加强干涉,震源辐射的影响以及比在PREM模型中更高的670km间断面的速度反差都可能成为这一偏差的原因。     

石英水平摆高采样率实验

采用测震仪数据采集器记录石英水平摆的高采样输出实验。结果表明:实验数据与同一台站分采样石英水平摆观测的潮汐波一致,表明本文的实验是成功的。秒采样观测能记录到完整的地震波和台风引起的震颤过程,且对应不同秒采样,形变观测仪器对台风引起的震颤过程的记录具有一致性。     

远场地震在台湾南部的触发非火山型微震颤

选取2011—2016年发生的38次震中距大于1 000 km的M_W≥7.5地震震后3小时的连续波形资料,利用人工检视方法对这38次地震是否触发了我国台湾地区的非火山型微震颤进行了调查。分析结果显示:这38次地震中有4次远震触发了非火山型微震颤,事件持续300—500 s不等。利用网格搜寻方法对此4次微震颤事件进行了定位,确定震中位于台湾中央山脉南段,震源深度为21—53 km。结合研究区内地球物理观测资料,分析认为是由于远震产生的面波改变了研究区内的瞬时应力,进而导致断层蠕滑触发了微震颤事件。      

高纬地区低层大气行星波的无线电探空仪观测研究

本文通过分析美国阿拉斯加地区三个站点(Nome,64.50°N,165.43°W;McGrath,62.97°N,155.62°W;Fairbanks,64.82°N,147.87°W)无线电探空仪1998～2006年观测数据,研究了北半球高纬地区低层大气行星波特性.通过分析发现行星波主要存在于两个区域,一个在对流层顶附近,一个在冬季极夜急流附近,两个区域的行星波都具有明显的间断性,持续时间一般不超过2个月;三个分量中,温度扰动量的振幅最小,经向风扰动量的振幅最大.对流层顶附近的行星波没有明显的季节变化且谱成分较为复杂,5天波的振幅最小,10天波的振幅略强于16天波.极夜急流附近的行星波主要出现在冬季,波振幅比对流层顶附近小,主要为10天波和16天波,且16天波的振幅强于10天波.由折射指数可以看出,夏季在对流层上方有明显反射层,冬季则较弱甚至消失,很好地解释了平流层行星波主要在冬季出现的原因.对2003/2004年冬季三个站点行星波的细致分析发现对流层区域和极夜急流区域出现明显的准10天波和准16天波,准10天在垂直方向为驻波,温度分量垂直波长约为12km,经向风分量垂直波长大于26km,波自东向西传,纬向...     

2007年新潟县中越近海地震期间柏崎刈羽核电站垂直阵观测的土的非线性行为

2007年新潟县中越近海地震期间柏崎刈羽核电站遭受到极强的震动。该核电站周围密集的地震检波器阵观测到的加速度记录目前已对公众开放,将会提供有价值的资料。基于在主震及前震、余震中观测到的垂直阵记录,利用归一化输入输出最小化(NIOM)方法研究了S波速度随时间的变化。在地表下50m与50～100m的地层中,发现在主震的主运动期间S波速度显著降低,显示了非线性行为。然而在地表100m以下的基岩层中,观测到了近似线性的行为。并且发现在100m以内的地层中,主运动后不久S波速度增大,说明这些地层没有发生较大的液化。最后,基于得到的S波速度研究了剪切模量和剪应变之间的关系。地表层及中间层的归一化剪切模量(G/G0)降低到约0.2(应变水平1×10-3～1×10-2)和0.6(在应变水平1×10-3～2×10-3)。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.