Bedform spurs: a result of a trailing helical vortex wake

The formative conditions for bedform spurs and their roles in bedform dynamics and associated sediment transport are described herein. Bedform spurs are formed by helical vortices that trail from the lee surface of oblique segments of bedform crest lines. Trailing helical vortices quickly route sediment away from the lee surface of their parent bedform, scouring troughs and placing this bed material into the body of the spur. The geometric configuration of bedform spurs to their parent bedform crests is predicted by a cross‐stream Strouhal number. When present, spur‐bearing bedforms and their associated trailing helical wakes exert tremendous control on bedform morphology by routing enhanced sediment transport between adjacent bedforms. Field measurements collected at the North Loup River, Nebraska, and flume experiments described in previous studies demonstrate that this trailing helical vortex‐mediated sediment transport is a mechanism for bedform deformation, interactions and transitions between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional bedforms.     

An experimental study into the geometry of supply-limited dunes

The relationship between dune geometry and the volume of mobile sediment was studied in flume experiments. In these flume experiments, the volume of mobile sediment on top of an immobile coarse sediment layer was increased stepwise and the bedform characteristics were observed. A strong relationship was found between the volume that is mobile – and therefore available for bedform formation – and the dune dimensions and regularity. If the sediment supply is limited, dunes are smaller and more regular. Series of experiments with a decreasing supply limitation were conducted for different flow velocities and water depths. The relationship between the dune dimensions and the available volume is different for each series. The observed relationships between dune dimensions and layer thickness collapse to one relationship for height and one for length if scaling parameters are introduced. Current models for bedform dimensions under alluvial conditions can be extended to partial transport conditions using this relationship.     

An empirical model of subcritical bedform migration

The ability to predict bedform migration in rivers is critical for estimating bed material load, yet there is no relation for predicting bedform migration (downstream translation) that covers the full range of conditions under which subcritical bedforms develop. Here, the relation between bedform migration rates and transport stage is explored using a field and several flume data sets. Transport stage is defined as the non‐dimensional Shields stress divided by its value at the threshold for sediment entrainment. Statistically significant positive correlations between both ripple and dune migration rates and transport stage are found. Stratification of the data by the flow depth to grain‐size ratio improved the amount of variability in migration rates that was explained by transport stage to ca 70%. As transport stage increases for a given depth to grain‐size ratio, migration rates increase. For a given transport stage, the migration rate increases as the flow depth to grain‐size ratio gets smaller. In coarser sediment, bedforms move faster than in finer sediment at the same transport stage. Normalization of dune migration rates by the settling velocity of bed sediment partially collapses the data. Given the large amount of variability that arises from combining data sets from different sources, using different equipment, the partial collapse is remarkable and warrants further testing in the laboratory and field.     

考虑河岸变形的三维水沙数值模拟研究

将粘性河岸崩塌模拟力学方法与水沙模型相结合,构建了考虑河岸变形的三维数值模型。基于非正交网格,采用局部网格可动技术处理由河岸崩塌引起的河道摆动过程。模型采用有限体积法对方程进行离散,采用与动量插值技术相结合的SIMPLEC算法进行模型求解。通过弯道发展过程的计算表明,模型能够有效地模拟出河道的复杂演变过程。     

The morphodynamics of fluvial sand dunes in the River Rhine, near Mainz, Germany. I. Sedimentology and morphology

The dynamics of large isolated sand dunes moving across a gravel lag layer were studied in a supply‐limited reach of the River Rhine, Germany. Bed sediments, dune geometry, bedform migration rates and the internal structure of dunes are considered in this paper. Hydrodynamic and sediment transport data are considered in a companion paper. The pebbles and cobbles (D₅₀ of 10 mm) of the flat lag layer are rarely entrained. Dunes consist of well‐sorted medium to coarse sand (D₅₀ of 0·9 mm). Small pebbles move over the dunes by ‘overpassing’, but there is a degree of size and shape selectivity. Populations of ripples in sand (D₅₀ < 0·6 mm), and small and large dunes are separated by distinct breaks in the bedform length data in the regions of 0·7–1 m and 5–10 m. Ripples and small dunes may have sinuous crestlines but primarily exhibit two‐dimensional planforms. In contrast, large dunes are primarily three‐dimensional barchanoid forms. Ripples on the backs of small dunes rarely develop to maximum steepness. Small dunes may achieve an equilibrium geometry, either on the gravel bed or as secondary dunes within the boundary layer on the stoss side of large dunes. Secondary dunes frequently develop a humpback profile as they migrate across the upper stoss slope of large dunes, diminishing in height but increasing in length as they traverse the crestal region. However, secondary dunes more than 5 m in length are rare. The dearth of equilibrium ripples and long secondary dunes is probably related to the limited excursion length available for bedform development on the parent bedforms. Large dunes with lengths between 20 m and 100 m do not approach an equilibrium geometry. A depth limitation rather than a sediment supply limitation is the primary control on dune height; dunes rarely exceed 1 m high in water depths of ≈4 m. Dune celerity increases as a function of the mean flow velocity squared, but this general relationship obscures more subtle morphodynamics. During rising river stage, dunes tend to grow in height owing to crestal accumulation, which slows downstream progression and steepens the dune form. During steady or falling stage, an extended crestal platform develops in association with a rapid downstream migration of the lee side and a reduction in dune height. These diminishing dunes actually increase in unit volume by a process of increased leeside accumulation fed by secondary dunes moving past a stalled stoss toe. A six‐stage model of dune growth and diminution is proposed to explain variations in observed morphology. The model demonstrates how the development of an internal boundary layer and the interaction of the water surface with the crests of these bedload‐dominated dunes can result in dunes characterized by gentle lee sides with weak flow separation. This finding is significant, as other studies of dunes in large rivers have attributed this morphological response to a predominance of suspended load transport.     

Supply‐limited bedform patterns and scaling downstream of a gravel–sand transition

A distinct suite of sand bedforms has been observed to occur in laboratory flows with limited sand supply. As sand supply to the bed progressively increases one observes sand ribbons, discrete barchans and, eventually, channel spanning dunes; but there are relatively few observations of this sequence from natural river channels. Furthermore, there are few observations of transitions from limited sand supply to abundant supply in the field. Bedforms developed under limited, but increasing, sand supply downstream of the abrupt gravel–sand transition in the Fraser River, British Columbia, are examined using multi‐beam swath‐bathymetry obtained at high flow. This is an ideal location to study supply‐limited bedforms because, due to a break in river slope, sand transitions from washload upstream of the gravel–sand transition to bed material load downstream. Immediately downstream, barchanoid and isolated dunes are observed. Most of the bedform field has gaps in the troughs, consistent with sand moving over a flat immobile or weakly mobile gravel bed. Linear, alongstream bedform fields (trains of transverse dunes formed on locally thick, linear deposits of sand) exhibit characteristics of sand ribbons with superimposed bedforms. Further downstream, channel spanning dunes develop where the bed is composed entirely of sand. Depth scaling of the dunes does not emerge in this data set. Only where the channel has accumulated abundant sand on the bed do the dunes exhibit scaling congruent with previous data compilations. The observations suggest that sediment supply plays an important, but often overlooked, role in bedform scaling in rivers.     

水生植物对水沙运动影响的三维湍流模型

水生植物的存在改变了明渠内水流的流动结构,也影响着泥沙的输运。建立三维湍流模型,在水流控制方程中加入植被阻力项和植被密度项来考虑刚性植物对水动力特性和泥沙输运特性的影响。应用该三维数值模型计算了矩形水槽内淹没植被对水流水平时均流速垂向分布的影响、复式明渠边滩栽种挺水植被对水流深度、平均流速分布以及植被岛周围泥沙床面的冲淤变形的影响。数值计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,表明本模型可以有效地描述刚性水生植物对水流泥沙运动的影响。     

河流动力学进展

从流域产沙、床面形态及河床阻力、泥沙输移、河流形态及其演变、工程泥沙、河流模拟、泥沙测验和环境泥沙等八个主要方面评述了河流动力学研究的内容、方法和现状,分析了存在的主要问题,讨论了未来可能引起关注的若干课题.     

TGP二维与三维地质预报成果对比

以TGP超前地质预报理论和实际工程资料为基础,运用信息化逻辑方法对TGP二维与三维地质预报成果进行分析对比,主要从预报地质构造的位置、规模、围岩级别和产状四个成果比较二者的相同和不同之处。结果表明,对于隧道前方岩性无明显差异的围岩,二维与三维的地质预报结果基本相同;对于与隧道斜交的地质构造,二维与三维地质预报在构造产状预报结果上相近,但二维地质预报在围岩级别预测方面有利,三维地质预报在规模和位置的预报方面有利;对于与隧道激发炮孔连线一侧边墙不相交的地质构造,二维与三维地质预报结果基本不同,且三维比二维的地质预报结果有利。     

基于SURPAC模型的采空区与露采边坡相互影响的FLAC3D分析

采用SURPAC建立了瓮福磷矿穿岩洞矿段采场的三维地质模型,利用接口程序将模型导入FLAC3D对采空区与露采边坡之间的相互影响进行了计算,并在边坡坡顶、坡脚与采空区四周布置了监测点以监测各点应力与位移的变化。计算结果表明:采空区的存在极大地改变了采空区周边与边坡的应力分布;使得采空区周边水平位移出现明显增加,并且改变了采空区位置周边的竖向位移场,对各个采空区之间的区域的影响最为显著,使得回弹量减小;边坡与采空区监测点的应力与位移随着边坡露采的进行出现规律性的变化;采空区的存在极大地改变了岩体塑性区的分布,对于有采空区边坡,塑性区分布范围随着开挖的进行有减小的趋势,但坡面上出现明显的拉伸破坏区,不利于边坡稳定;采空区使得露采边坡的安全系数降低。     

河流侵淤作用下三维地层模型的构建

基于钻孔数据的多层DEM构模技术是构建沉积环境下三维地层模型的有效方法,但该方法对在河流的侵蚀和淤积交替作用下形成的地层建模效果并不理想。针对这种缺陷,对传统的建模流程加以改进,充分考虑到河流侵蚀作用对地层的切割影响,在建模的过程中对地层层面进行了两次插值与高程调整,使在钻孔附近地层的尖灭处理更为自然与合理。应用实例表明,该方法的建模结果非常接近于实际地层分布情况,从而验证了该方法的可靠性。     

Interaction between lateral sorting in river bends and vertical sorting in dunes

Sediment is sorted in river bends under the influence of gravity that pulls the heavier grains downslope and secondary flow that drags the finer grains upslope. Furthermore, when dunes are present, sediment is also sorted vertically at the dune lee side. However, sorting functions are poorly defined, since the relation to transverse bed slope and the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting is not yet understood for lack of data under controlled conditions. The objective of this study is to describe lateral sorting as a function of transverse bed slope and to gain an understanding of the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting in river bends. To this end, experiments were conducted with a poorly sorted sediment mixture in a rotating annular flume in which secondary flow intensity can be controlled separately from the main flow velocity, and therefore transverse bed slope towards the inner bend and dune dimensions can be systematically varied. Sediment samples were taken along cross-sections at the surface of dune troughs and dune crests, and over the entire depth at the location of dune crests (bulk samples), which enabled comparison of the relative contribution of vertical sorting by dunes to lateral sorting by the transverse bed slope. The data show that lateral sorting is always the dominant sorting mechanism in bends, and bulk samples showed minor effects of vertical sorting by dunes as long as all grain-size fractions are mobile. An empirical bend sorting model was fitted that redistributes the available sediment fractions over the cross-section as a function of transverse bed slope. Comparison with field data showed that the model accurately reproduces spatially-averaged trends in sorting at the bend apex in single-thread channels. The bend sorting model therefore provides a better definition of bend sorting with conservation of mass by size fraction and adds to current understanding of bend sorting. The implication for numerical modelling is that bend sorting mechanisms can be modelled independently of dunes, allowing the application of the active layer concept.     

Variability in bedform morphology and kinematics with transport stage

Bedform geometry is widely recognized to be a function of transport stage. Bedform aspect ratio (height/length) increases with transport stage, reaches a maximum, then decreases as bedforms washout to a plane bed. Bedform migration rates are also linked to bedform geometry, in so far as smaller bedforms in coarser sediment tend to migrate faster than larger bedforms in finer sediment. However, how bedform morphology (height, length and shape) and kinematics (translation and deformation) change with transport stage and suspension have not been examined. A series of experiments is presented where initial flow depth and grain size were held constant and the transport stage was varied to produce bedload dominated, mixed‐load dominated and suspended‐load dominated conditions. The results show that the commonly observed pattern in bedform aspect ratio occurs because bedform height increases then decreases with transport stage, against a continuously increasing bedform length. Bedform size variability increased with transport stage, leading to less uniform bedform fields at higher transport stage. Total translation‐related and deformation‐related sediment fluxes all increased with transport stage. However, the relative contribution to the total flux changed. At the bedload dominated stage, translation‐related and deformation‐related flux contributed equally to the total flux. As the transport stage increased, the fraction of the total load contributed by translation increased and the fraction contributed by deformation declined because the bedforms got bigger and moved faster. At the suspended‐load dominated transport stage, the deformation flux increased and the translation flux decreased as a fraction of the total load, approaching one and zero, respectively, as bedforms washed out to a plane bed.     

水力冲刷过程中塌岸淤床交互影响试验

在弯道水槽中展开系列试验,研究水力冲刷过程中非粘性岸坡冲刷崩塌与河床冲淤交互作用过程及其影响因素,进一步分析塌岸淤床泥沙贡献率。试验成果表明,水流冲刷过程中岸坡破坏是水流淘刷岸坡坡脚、岸坡崩塌及崩塌体淤积坡脚并在河床上输移掺混的交互作用反复循环过程。塌岸淤床模式及掺混程度与近岸流速、主流贴岸程度、水位及河床边界条件等关系密切。近岸流速越大、水位越高,岸坡总冲刷坍塌量、河床总淤积量以及河床累计淤积率也越大,稳定后的岸坡越趋平缓;河床可动程度越大,岸坡总冲刷坍塌量及其在河床上的总淤积量也越大,但河床累计淤积率却越小;水位越高,在弯道段等横向输沙强度较大的地方,岸坡冲刷崩塌体与河床发生掺混的程度也越大。     

二维与三维边坡稳定性分析结果的比较与分析

二维与三维边坡稳定性分析得到的安全系数存在着差异,讨论这种差异与滑体几何尺寸及土体强度参数间的变化规律及其形成机制,可为合理地评价边坡稳定性分析提供理论依据。针对均质三维边坡,利用基于滑面正应力修正模式的极限平衡法分析程序,定性地讨论滑体形态、长高比、坡比、土体强度参数等指标对二维与三维安全系数计算结果差异(以F3/F2表示)的影响,总结F3/F2与影响指标间的变化规律,分析变化规律形成的内在机制。从工程应用的角度,给出需要考虑该差异影响的分界标准。研究表明,F3/F2随着长高比L/H、内摩擦角?及坡比m的增大逐渐减小,随着黏聚力c的增大逐渐增大;对于满足下列条件之一的边坡,宜采用三维安全系数来评价其稳定性,(1) L/H ≤ 5的滑坡体;(2) 5< L/H ≤ 10且 c > 25 kPa(或? < 15°,或m < 1.0) 的滑坡体。研究成果可为合理评价边坡稳定性分析方法提供参考。     

地下洞室开挖三维与二维有限元模型的差异分析

地下复杂洞室群的分析与计算是一个三维问题,但受计算机容量、三维网格剖分的复杂性、软件的计算能力等因素制约,实际计算时常常采用平面应变模型代替复杂的三维模型。两种模型计算得到的塑性区范围是不同的。从理论上通过Drucker-Prager屈服准则比较证明了这两种模型的差异,得到平面应变模型塑性区比三维模型塑性区大的结论。     

三维城市地质信息平台

三维城市地质信息平台综合利用GIS、数字地质、现代数据库、计算机网络等技术,对研究范围的基础地质、水文地质、工程地质、环境地质、地面沉降、地球物理、地球化学、遥感、灾害地质等多专业的地质信息和成果进行集成和综合,实现对地质信息管理、更新维护、检索查询、分析评价、三维地质模拟和成果显示,在此基础上对城市地表与地下空间结构组织与空间资源、地质灾害、地下水资源与地质环境保护、地面沉降监测与防治、城市规划与建设、土地质量与后备资源等进行分析评价和预测模拟。     

The response of subaqueous dunes to floods in sand and gravel bed reaches of the Dutch Rhine

Abstract The branches of the River Rhine in the Netherlands, characterized by a sand–gravel bed in the upstream part and a sand bed in the downstream part of the river system, show migrating dunes, especially during floods. In the last 20 years, these dunes have been studied extensively. High-resolution echo-sounding measurements of these dunes, made with single and multibeam equipment, were analysed for three different sections of the Rhine river system during several floods. This analysis was done to quantify the growth, decay and migration rates of the dunes during floods. In addition, the migrating dunes were used to calculate bedload transport rates with dune tracking. The results of dune growth and decay and migration rate are shown to be very different for the various sections during the various floods, and these differences are related to differences in grain size of the bed and to differences in the distribution of discharge over the main channel and the floodplain. The relations are used to show that the growth and migration rate of dunes, and the calculated bedload transport rates during the rising stage of a flood wave can be predicted from the mobility of the bed material with simple power relations.     

直流电阻率测深中二维与三维反演结果的对比与分析

直流电阻率测深中,用二维反演程序对三维地质体进行了反演,并与三维反演结果进行对比和分析.首先,对比二维和三维最小二乘反演在正演模拟算法和先验信息的确定方法;然后,对若干比较典型的模型进行反演实例对比.由于二维程序反演仅考虑单个剖面的电阻率信息,无论是在异常位置、形态及电阻率特性上,其反演精度都比较低;三维电阻率反演综合了多个测深剖面的电阻率信息,其结果与实际模型吻合得非常好.