基于振动台试验的黄土塬边斜坡变形失稳模式研究

以甘肃省平凉市的典型黄土塬斜坡为原型,开展含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡与不含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡的振动台对比模型试验,研究不同强度地震作用下两种黄土斜坡的变形失稳特征。结果表明:两种不同结构的斜坡在不同强度地震作用下的破坏特征显著不同,裂隙的存在降低了含裂隙斜坡的抗震稳定性。随着输入地震波幅值的增加,含裂隙斜坡的变形破坏过程为:坡顶裂隙处先后发生裂隙前缘崩塌、坡面溜土、临空面方向大位移、坡面中部和坡脚鼓胀、剪切滑移、发生多级滑动,同时坡体后缘产生新的拉张裂隙;无裂隙斜坡的破坏过程为:坡顶形成拉张裂缝、坡面溜土、坡脚鼓胀、发生单级滑动。两种结构边坡的变形破裂包括倾倒—拉裂与剪切—滑移两种模式,斜坡的变形演化是两种模式相互作用的结果。     

南阳膨胀土在受荷的湿干循环过程中细观结构演化规律研究

为了研究浅层膨胀土的细观结构在湿干循环过程中的演化规律,研制了可以进行CT扫描的CT-固结仪。在不同压力作用下对南阳膨胀土的原状样及其重塑土样进行多组多次湿干循环试验,并对每次烘干和增湿稳定后的试样进行CT扫描,跟踪观察湿干循环过程中试样的细观结构变化。结果表明:在湿干循环中,土样的膨胀量和收缩量都比较大,经历三次湿干循环之后,相同饱和度下土样体积基本不再变化;增湿和干燥都能使原状膨胀土及其重塑土的结构损伤,第一次烘干之后,土样即产生明显裂隙;随着湿干循环次数的增加,土样裂隙继续开展,土样结构损伤发生累积;上部荷载对裂隙开展有一定抑制作用,并影响裂隙的发育和裂隙网络的形状;原状膨胀土的裂隙围绕第一次形成的主裂隙发育,而重塑膨胀土的裂隙呈龟背状或辐射状;原状膨胀土及其重塑土在湿态(饱和度S_r=85%)时的CT数M_E值均较干态(饱和度S_r=25%)时的M_E值大;湿态和干态的ME值均随湿干循环次数呈近似线性变化,前者的坡度比较平缓,后者则较陡;基于CT数据定义了膨胀土的细观结构参数,提出定量描述湿干循环过程中膨胀土细观结构参数与试样饱和度、湿干循环次数及所受荷载的数学表达式,预测结果与试验资料比较接近。      

膨胀土地区机场跑道的地基处理研究

为解决在膨胀土山区修建机场时跑道地基处理的问题,以安康地区膨胀土为研究对象,在对现行石灰改良膨胀土施工控制参数常用方法分析的基础上,进行膨胀土及石灰改良膨胀土的膨胀性能和强度的相关试验。研究结果表明:随着石灰掺量的增加,最优含水率增大,最大干密度减小,胀缩潜势呈降低趋势,石灰掺量与最大干密度呈非线性关系,在石灰掺量达到9%时有荷膨胀率变化的规律性很强;相同石灰掺量改良土的CBR与击实功、含水量等因素有关,并不随着压实系数增加而增大。掺加石灰的比例对石灰改良膨胀土的强度增长影响较大,石灰掺量9%时的CBR值明显大于其他掺量;相同压实系数下石灰掺量3%和6%改良膨胀土的压缩性比较接近,石灰掺量增加到9%时其压缩性明显降低。结合试验结果,提出用石灰改良膨胀土对跑道进行地基处理,并以膨胀性指标作为主要控制指标、强度指标作为验证指标来确定施工参数。     

大气作用下膨胀土地基的水分迁移与胀缩变形分析

运用土体渗流和蒸发理论,建立了大气-非饱和土相互作用模型;以现场观测的气象数据作为边界条件,进行了地基土中水分迁移的数值模拟,得到了大气作用下地基土体含水量的动态分布规律。计算结果表明,地基土中含水量变化幅度随深度增加而递减,3.5 m深度以下土体的体积含水量基本不变,从而确定了南宁地区膨胀土地基的大气影响层深度为3.5 m。在此基础上,结合已有膨胀土胀缩性指标的干湿循环效应研究成果,提出了一种同时考虑干湿循环效应和1.0 m深处含水量变化的膨胀土地基胀缩变形计算方法,通过算例将该法与传统方法进行比较,结果显示该法更加符合工程实际。     

引洮供水总干渠增湿黄土隧洞的动力特性分析

为了得到增湿后黄土围岩隧洞在地震作用下的动力特性, 基于初始弹性模量和抗剪强度指标与含水量的关系, 采用时程分析法, 对增湿情况下的黄土围岩-隧洞结构进行地震动力分析. 数值计算结果表明: 随着含水量的增加, 隧洞衬砌各部位主应力绝对值减小, 自振圆频率减小, 自振周期相应增大; 与输入的地震加速度峰值相比, 当黄土隧洞围岩含水量小于临界含水量时, 隧洞顶部加速度峰值大于输入地震加速度峰值, 大于临界含水量时则出现相反的结果; 同一含水量下, 隧洞衬砌对称部位最大、 最小主应力交替出现, 使隧洞衬砌材料发生疲劳损伤, 是隧洞衬砌破坏的主要原因. 本文研究结果可以为在不同含水量情况下黄土围岩-隧洞结构的抗震分析提供参考.      

特厚煤层开采引起上覆黄土斜坡裂隙化试验研究

为探究特厚煤层开采对上覆黄土斜坡的破裂效应,以彬长矿区斜坡为例,运用物理模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析黄土斜坡中裂隙的产状和力学特征。结果表明：由于煤层开采,在上覆黄土斜坡中产生的裂隙可分为与坡面近垂直的裂隙和与坡面平行的裂隙两组,表现出了明显分异性和序次;与坡面近垂直裂隙首先出现,具有拉张裂隙特征,起到了切割坡体的作用;与坡面近平行裂隙是由坡面近垂直裂隙逐渐派生的,具有剪切裂隙特征,控制着黄土斜坡中潜在滑面的形成。两组裂隙呈网状分割坡体,使斜坡土体结构碎裂化和散体化。     

环剪仪在超固结土残余强度分析中的应用

环剪仪是研究大剪切位移下土的抗剪强度特性的理想设备。对北京工业大学新引进的DTA-138型环剪仪进行了系统的介绍,并利用该仪器对Ip=12的粉质粘土和Ip=36的粘土进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：该环剪仪测试精度高且具有良好的稳定性,能够保证试验结果的准确性;剪切速率在0．1～10°／min范围内时,对粉质粘土和粘土的峰值强度及残余强度郝没有显著影响;超固结比对粉质粘土的峰值强度和残余强度以及粘土的残余强度几乎没有影响,而粘土的峰值强度随着超固结比的增大有增大的趋势,且相同试验条件下粘土的残余强度显著低于粉质粘土的残余强度。     

黄土抗剪强度的三轴试验

非饱和黄土的强度随着含水量的增大是降低的。本文对青海某场地的黄土进行了三轴的试验研究,结果表明含水量对土体的强度影响显著,但加载速率对土体静强度的影响甚微。     

裂隙土等效连续介质的渗透张量及表征单元体积

裂隙土的渗透特性是裂隙土边坡稳定性分析中重要的参数。文中通过分别考虑随机裂隙网络和土体本身的渗透性,推导裂隙土的渗透系数,并用张量的形式表示渗透系数的各向异性。同时建立了确定裂隙土表征单元体积的准则,为应用等效连续介质模型提供了基础。结果表明裂隙土的渗透系数大于裂隙网络和土体的渗透系数,其渗透方向取决于裂隙网络的渗透方向。算例中裂隙土的表征单元体积大约是裂隙长度平均值的5倍。     

岩层倾角对顺倾向边坡地震效应的影响

利用FLAC3D软件模拟地震作用下不同岩层倾角的顺倾向边坡,对比坡面峰值加速度放大系数、峰值位移、地震作用结束后坡体剪应变增量的变化规律,探讨岩层倾角对顺倾边坡地震效应的影响。研究表明:(1)在水平地震波作用下,坡面水平峰值加速度放大作用随岩层倾角增大而线性减小;(2)当岩层倾角小于软弱岩层内摩擦角时,坡面峰值位移较小且变化规律受岩层倾角影响不明显,当岩层倾角大于软弱岩层内摩擦角且小于30°时坡面峰值位移增大,大于60°时减小;(3)岩层倾角小于坡角时,残余剪应变增量最大值集中在坡面中下部软弱岩层处,反之,剪应变增量最大值出现在整个坡面并呈弧形区。     

珠江三角洲海相沉积软土压缩和剪切变形特性试验研究

为了研究近代海相沉积软土的变形特征,本文对珠江三角洲河口地区的全新世海相沉积的软土进行了室内单轴压缩与不同围压下作用下的三轴固结不排水(CU)、不固结不排水(UU)的剪切试验。试验结果表明:原状土和重塑土样的孔隙比随压力的增大而下降,且与加压方式有密切关系,加压幅度越小,土的扰动破坏越小;原状土样固结系数随着压力增加而递减,整体近似符合指数函数分布,重塑土样固结系数随着压力增加逐渐增大,整体近似符合线性函数分布。在相同的固结压力下,原状土样的强度低于重塑土样的强度。土样的应力应变曲线为应变硬化型,且围压对重塑土的影响小于原状土。     

Shear strength of compacted soil: effects on splash erosion by single water drops

The persistence of soil compaction, caused by farmers' vehicles (tractors wheelings) during the dry season, can affect splash distribution and soil erosion so that surface flow starts at an earlier stage than between the wheelings. To investigate the effects of soil compaction on splash distribution, a dry clayey agricultural soil was compacted in steel cups with a hydraulic piston, and the shear strength was measured with a fall‐cone penetrometer. Two cups were compacted in the same manner, using one to measure the shear strength and the second for splash erosion measurements. A laboratory splash board of 1 m radius, divided into 13 concentric compartments, was used to collect the splashed particles. The water drop diameter used was 4·9 mm falling onto a soil splash cup of 50·2 cm² area from 8 m height with a terminal velocity of 8·8 m s^?1. The spatial distribution of the splashed particles, for different soil compactions, fitted the fundamental splash distribution function (FSDF) model better than the exponential function. The shapes of the curves of this function demonstrated the importance of the source area size; the smaller the cup diameter the better the spatial distribution is expressed by an exponential function. In addition, variability in soil surface conditions contributes to variation in splash characteristics. Detachment rates and average radial distance followed second degree relationships in terms of shear strength. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

膨胀土水泥改性均匀性及长期效果试验研究

为了解南水北调中线工程南阳膨胀土试验段水泥改性土的掺拌均匀性及长期改性效果,进行了现场取样和室内试验研究。结果表明,中膨胀水泥改性土采用稳定土拌和机拌合效果相对较好;弱膨胀水泥改性土采用路拌机拌合,试样渗透系数及无侧限抗压强度变化均较大,表明现场拌合不均匀,即水泥改性土的拌合工艺对其均匀性影响很大。水泥改性土现场运行一年多之后,不仅显著降低了膨胀性,而且显著提高了膨胀土的抗剪强度,长期改性效果显著。     

Effects of substorms on the stormtime ring current index Dst

There has been some discussion in recent times regarding whether or not substorm expansive phase activity plays any role of importance in the formation of the stormtime ring current. I explore this question using the K_p index as a proxy for substorm expansive phase activity and the D_st index as a proxy for symmetric ring current strength. I find that increases in D_st are mildly related to the strength of substorm expansive phase activity during the development of the storm main phase. More surprisingly, I find that the strength of D_st during the storm recovery phase is positively correlated with the strength of substorm expansive phase activity. This result has an important bearing on the question of how much the Dst index reflects activity other than that of the stormtime symmetric ring current strength for which it is supposed to be a proxy.     

直剪强度指标的可靠度统计方法

矩法和线性回归法能得到较为准确的岩土抗剪强度指标的均值,但是在统计标准差或变异系数时,矩法常常面临样本容量偏小而导致变异系数偏大的困难,而常规线性回归法无法给出实际所需的抗剪强度指标的标准差。本文从可靠度理论出发,利用正交标准化变量空间中原点到极限状态线最短距离为可靠指标的原理,提出了一种利用Excel规划求解功能求解抗剪强度参数的简便方法。将这一方法应用于91组404个水利水电岩土工程二类岩体与混凝土胶结面大型直剪试验结果的统计中,并将结果与其它方法进行了对比。     

等吸力三轴剪切试验中非饱和黄土强度变形及水量变化特性

通过饱和原状黄土常规三轴试验和非饱和原状黄土等吸力三轴试验研究吸力和净围压对非饱和黄土强度变形的影响,并用HUANG等、胡冉等和方祥位等提出的土水特征曲线模型分析剪切过程中排水规律。研究结果表明：等吸力下原状土样固结剪切体积变形随净围压增大而增大;等净围压下原状土样固结剪切体积变形量随吸力的增大基本呈减小趋势。p-q平面内饱和土CSL线逐渐超过低吸力下非饱和土CSL线,原因在于随着p值增大,相对于非饱和土,饱和土孔隙比越来越小,较小孔隙比对抗剪强度的贡献逐渐大于非饱和土吸力对抗剪强度的贡献。应用固结稳定的数据拟合出HUANG等和胡冉等提出的模型参数,并预测剪切过程中的排水量,发现剪切速率对排水量有影响,这两种模型适用于剪切速率慢,排水充分的情况,而方祥位等提出的模型对不同剪切速率会拟合出不同的参数。     

Shear strength of frozen clay under freezing-thawing cycles using triaxial tests

Using a new low-temperature dynamic triaxial apparatus, the influence law of freezing-thawing cycles on clay shear strength is studied. In this research, the concept of correction coefficients of freezing-thawing cycles on clay static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles is proposed, and the change patterns, correction curves and regressive formulae of clay static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles under freezing-thawing cycles are given. The test results indicate that with increasing numbers of freezing-thawing cycles, the clay static strength and cohesion decrease exponentially but the internal friction angle increases exponentially. The performance of static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles are different with increasing numbers of freezing-thawing cycles, i.e., the static strength decreases constantly until about 30% of the initial static strength prior to the freezing-thawing cycling and then stays basically stable. After 5–7 freezing-thawing cycles, the cohesion decreases gradually to about 70% of the initial cohesion. The internal friction angle increases about 20% after the first freezing-thawing cycle, then increases gradually close to a stable value which is an increase of about 40% of the internal friction angle. The freezing-thawing process can increase the variation of the density of the soil samples; therefore, strict density discreteness standards of frozen soil sample preparation should be established to ensure the reliability of the test results.     

Study of swelling-shrinkage regularity of montmorillonite crystal and its relation with matric suction

The swell-shrinking mineral of saturated and unsaturated expansive soil has important effect on engineering mechanical behavior. Based on the swelling-shrinkage change regularity of montmorillonite crystal in this paper, the actions between various interlayers of montmorillonite crystal are generally summarized as two kinds of action potentials-shrinkage potential and swelling potential. Moreover, through the experimental research and analysis, the expression formula for variations of the swelling potential and shrinkage potential with interlayer distance is presented, and the regularity of matric suction variations with interlayer distance is also obtained for unsaturated expansive soil. It may provide a new theoretical basis and research path for further research on the swelling-shrinkage mechanism of expansive soil and matric suction potential of unsaturated soil.