地电阻率观测中两种电极接地电阻测量方法及其对比研究

利用传统三极接地电阻率测量方法对井下电极接地电阻进行测量会存在较大的测量误差,表明该方法已不适用于井下电极接地电阻测量。针对此问题,提出了利用台站现有地电阻率仪器进行电极接地电阻测量的新方法—直接测量法,并使用传统三极法和直接测量法对北京平谷地震台井下观测供电电极接地电阻进行了测量。测量结果表明:与传统三极法对比,直接测量法的测量结果更为准确、可靠,而且节省人力、物力和时间。      

江宁台井下地电阻率电极接地电阻分析

电极是否稳定可靠是地电阻率观测系统的重要指标之一,主要通过测量电极的接地电阻大小来评价其状态。首先,分析现有测量方法,认为线路加电测量法更合理,提出考虑电缆线电阻的线路加电测量法;其次,采用该方法和接地电阻测试仪测量方法,测量江宁台多套地电观测系统电极的接地电阻,比较分析后者的结果误差;第三,讨论其接地电阻超出标准、同深度不同电极接地电阻差异及同井孔不同深度电极接地电阻差异,其原因可能与地下低电阻率区域及电极周围的地层湿度、介质的孔隙度有关,并分析了加电测量法存在的不足;最后,当接地电阻超标时,应该依据其变化幅度来判定电极是否稳定可靠。     

电法勘探电极的接地电阻研究

本文理论推导了接地电阻的快速计算公式,非常适用于野外施工,并提出了多个电极布设条件下,减弱屏蔽效应的极间距与工区土壤电阻率无关,只取决于电极的尺寸,通过数值计算,验证公式的正确性,最后给出了施工方法.     

基于离子交换的水淹层地层水电阻率计算方法

地层水电阻率是水淹层精确识别的重要参数之一,对储层的定量评价起着关键性作用.在油田实际开发过程中,随着注入水一直在变化,地层水矿化度也随之发生改变,导致混合地层水电阻率与原始地层电阻率不一致,利用传统方法求取混合地层水电阻率结果误差较大,目前尚没有一个通用合理的广泛应用的方法,如何准确求取混合地层水电阻率成为国内各大高含水阶段油田面临的关键问题.从地层水的动态混合过程出发,提出一种基于离子交换的动态分析方法,其实质就是忽略注入水矿化度的变化性,将混合地层水分为无离子交换、离子交换完全以及离子交换未充分完成三个阶段,利用物质平衡方程和并联电阻关系式推导出计算模型,最终计算出混合地层水电阻率.利用该方法在大港油田G区块进行实际应用,将计算出的结果与利用自然电位资料计算方法的结果进行对比分析,结果表明:基于离子交换的水淹层地层水电阻率计算方法误差较小,有效的提高了计算精度,证实该方法的有效性,为实现水淹层的定量评价奠定了良好基础.     

遥测地震台站的防雷思考

测震作为地震监测的主要手段,在地震的监测预测中有着非常重要的作用.为满足测震需要,无人值守遥测地震台站建设不断增多.然而.测震台台基的选择和避雷接地电阻的要求是一对矛盾.台基好电阻率一般较高.要达到较低的接地电阻很难,涉及的经费开支也较大.本文应用雷害风险评估方法,讨论遥测地震台站防雷问题,提出因地制宜限制投资的防雷设...     

数字化地震台防雷接地网设置

雷电流释放主要通过接地体完成,对垂直接地体和水平接地体进行数学建模,推导两个模型的接地电阻公式,并对工程实施中接地电阻进行计算,所得结果与实测值接近。此方法具有一定工程参考价值,值得推广。     

乌鲁木齐碗窑沟断层电阻率成像探测与探槽剖面的对比研究

利用电阻率二维层析成像方法对碗窑沟断层进行了试验探测,获得了该断层典型的电阻率成像异常特征:地层电性结构存在强间断面,呈现明显的"二分"现象,高、低阻间的梯度界线倾向低阻区。在对乌鲁木齐地区其它具有类似构造特征的断层进行探测时,电阻率成像剖面呈现出相似的异常特征,说明这一异常特征可以作为乌鲁木齐地区判定断层的重要标志和依据。乌鲁木齐地区多为高角度的逆冲断层,此类构造电阻率成像剖面中高、低阻之间的界线与断层并不重合,断层处于高阻区域,倾向与视电阻率衰减梯度线倾向相反,断层的真实位置与图像最上部高、低电阻转折的拐点部位最接近     

基于钢筋锚杆接地电阻评价锚固质量研究

本文采用接地电阻作为评价钢筋锚杆锚固质量的标准.当锚杆、砂浆、围岩三者接触不密实、不均匀时必然会引起锚杆接地电阻的变化.因此将锚杆接地电阻的理论计算值作为评价锚固状态的参照,利用实际测量值与之作比较,从而对锚杆质量进行分级评价.在利用此方法评价锚杆质量时,准确测量锚杆的接地电阻则尤为重要,采用6极法可以消弱由于大地的各相异性对于接地电阻测量带来的误差,提高测量精度.     

土地电与电极电位、接地电阻的关系——土地电机制初探

电极电位和接地电阻的变化是土地电曲线(日均值或时均值)变化的主要原因。电极电位和接地电阻与电极成分、电极周围土壤中水的成分、湿度等有密切关系。 单纯的应力变化不会引起大地电场的变化。在孕震过程中,只有应力使电极周围的水分重新分布或成分改变,从而使电极电位和接地电阻改变时,土地电曲线才有变化。     

含裂缝地层的过套管电阻率测井响应特征研究

由于石油压裂开采等开发措施的实施,会使在套管周围存在着许多被油气等高阻流体填充的微裂缝.尽管这些裂缝或孔隙可能很小,但对套管井电阻率测量会有非常大的影响,甚至会改变原地层的电阻率测井特征,因此裂缝测井响应的计算及考察对过套管电阻率测井十分重要.为解决裂缝测井响应的计算问题,本文提出了计算等效电阻的电流通量管模型,利用该电流通量管模型给出了含垂直裂缝地层横向电阻的计算方法,基于传输线方程法及地层电阻的过套管测量方法实现了含裂缝地层的过套管电阻率测井响应的数值计算,通过计算实例考察了地层裂缝对过套管电阻率测井响应的影响.算例表明:裂缝中的高阻流体对地层视电阻率测量结果会有较大的影响;环形裂隙比垂直裂缝有更大的电阻率测井响应.本文的研究为解决微裂缝过套管电阻率测井响应的计算这一关键技术问题提供了一种可行的计算与考察方法.     

Soil characterization using electrical resistivity tomography and geotechnical investigations

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has been used in association with Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) for Geotechnical investigations at two sites, proposed for thermal power plants, in Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. SPT and DCPT tests were conducted at 28 points and two ERT profiles, each measuring 355 m long, were recorded using 72 electrodes deployed at 5 m spacing. Electrical characterization of subsurface soil was done using borehole data and grain size analysis of the soil samples collected from boreholes. The concept of electrical resistivity variation with soil strength related to the grain size distribution, cementation, porosity and saturation has been used to correlate the transverse resistance of soil with the number of blow counts (N-values) obtained from SPT and DCPT data. It was thus observed that the transverse resistance of soil column is linearly related with the number of blow counts (N-values) at these sites. The linear relationships are site-specific and the coefficients of linear relation are sensitive to the lithology of subsurface formation, which was verified by borehole data. The study demonstrates the usefulness of the ERT method in geotechnical investigations, which is economic, efficient and less time consuming in comparison to the other geotechnical methods, such as SPT and DCPT, used for the purpose.     

远震作用下软弱土层的震害影响

软弱土层在地震作用下,容易发生水平永久变形和不均匀沉陷,是发生震害的主要因素之一。特别是在远震作用下,软弱土层地区的破坏烈度高于其他较坚硬岩土地区,软弱土层上部的中高层建筑物和构筑物更易遭受破坏。通过回顾和分析1994年9月16日台湾海峡7.3级地震在汕头市的地震反应特征及震害影响,指出应加强软弱土层地区的工程抗震设计,提高防灾抗震能力。     

Spatial Variability of Surface Soil Moisture in a Depression Area of Karst Region

An understanding of soil moisture variability is necessary to characterize the linkages between a region's hydrology, ecology, and physiography. In subtropical karst region, the spatial variability of surface soil moisture is still unclear for the rocky ecological environment and intensive land uses. The purpose of this study was to characterize the variation and patterns of soil moisture content at depth of 0–16 cm and to investigate their influencing factors in a karst depression area of southwest China. Soil moisture content was measured at 20 m intervals by intensive sampling on March 11 (dry season) and August 30 (rainy season) in 2005, respectively. Surface soil moisture presented a moderate variability in the depression area at the sampling times. The variability was relatively higher in dry season with lower mean soil moisture, but lower in rainy season with higher mean soil moisture after heavy rain event. Similar results were also obtained from the mosaic patterns of soil moisture generated by ordinary Kriging interpolation with low standard deviations. This suggested that more soil samples might be required and the sampling interval should be shortened in dry season compared with rainy season. The dominant influencing factors on the variability of surface soil moisture were rainfall and land use types. However, altitude, bare‐rock ratio, and soil organic carbon were also important factors, and exerted jointly to control and redistribute the surface soil moisture either in dry or rainy season in the depression area. Such information provided some insights for the study on eco‐hydrological processes of vegetation restoration in the karst degraded ecosystem of southwest China.     

1,4‐Dioxane Soil Remediation Using Enhanced Soil Vapor Extraction: I. Field Demonstration

1,4‐Dioxane is totally miscible in water, sequestering in vadose pore water that can serve as a source of long‐term groundwater contamination. Although some 1,4‐dioxane is removed by conventional soil vapor extraction (SVE), remediation is typically inefficient. SVE efficiency is hindered by low Henry’s Law constants at ambient temperature and redistribution to vadose pore water if SVE wells pull 1,4‐dioxane vapors across previously clean soil. It was hypothesized that heated air injection and more focused SVE extraction (“Enhanced SVE” or XSVE) could increase the efficiency of 1,4‐dioxane vadose treatment, and this new process was tested at former McClellan Air Force Base, CA. The XSVE system had four peripheral heated air injection wells surrounding a 6.1 m × 6.1 m × 9.1 m deep treatment zone with a central vapor extraction well. After 14 months of operation, soil temperatures reached as high as ~90 °C near the injection wells and the treatment zone was flushed with ~20,000 pore volumes of injected air. Post‐treatment sampling results showed reductions of ~94% in 1,4‐dioxane and ~45% in soil moisture. Given the simplicity of the remediation system components and the promising demonstration test results, XSVE has the potential to be a cost‐effective remediation option for vadose zone soil containing 1,4‐dioxane.     

Effect of Visitor Activities on Surface Soil Environmental Conditions and Aboveground Herbaceous Biomass in Ayder Natural Park

The effects of visitor activities on surface soil environmental conditions and aboveground herbaceous biomass in Ayder Natural Park, Turkey, were investigated. Soil properties and aboveground herbaceous biomass were identified and characterized as heavily trafficked site (HTS), moderately trafficked sites (MTS) and control (non‐trafficked site) in grassland in a forest gap. Some soil properties were measured on 60 pits at 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil depths. The intensity of visitor activities had a negative impact on both surface soil properties and the aboveground herbaceous plant biomass and root mass in the study area in Ayder. The soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance increased from 0.94 to 1.47 g cm^–3 and 0.55 to 1.65 MPa, respectively, saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased from 77.98 to 8.85 mm h^–1, and soil organic matter decreased from 6.71 to 1.77% in moderately and heavily trafficked sites, respectively, at 0–5 cm soil depth. The soil properties were degraded at both the surface layer and the subsurface layer and the greatest degradation was measured in the heavily trafficked site followed by the moderately trafficked site. There was a strong negative linear relationship between soil degradation and aboveground herbaceous plant biomass, which decreased by 50.05 and 78.19% in moderately and heavily trafficked sites, respectively.     

Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities Response to Pollution Near an Aluminium Smelter

The aim of this research was to assess the impact caused by a long‐term pollution by fluoride and heavy metals in two soils (PS1 and PS2) near an aluminium smelter in Slovakia, on soil microbial biomass C (MBC), basal respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO₂) water‐soluble organic C (WSOC) and enzymes activities involved in the C, N and P biogeochemical cycles. An unpolluted soil was used as control (C0). Results obtained for soil fluoride content reflected a gradient of fluoride exposure in topsoils of contaminated sites. Decreases in microbial and enzymatic activities and in MBC to organic C ratio were found in PS2 site, which is closer to the smelter and exhibited the highest fluoride content. PS1‐soil showed an extreme alkaline pH caused by leaching of waste effluents from the smelter dumping site, higher contents of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd, significantly larger MBC, qCO₂ and catalase and urease activities, and much larger basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity than PS2 and C0‐soil. Phosphatase, β‐glucosidase and BAA‐protease were negatively correlated with WSOC, basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity, and showed some degree of inhibition in polluted sites. These results may indicate different responses of microbial communities to ecosystem disturbances, caused by the drastic changes in soil's physicochemical properties as result of the long‐term emissions of fly ash with high levels of contaminants that are still affecting soil microbial and enzymatic activities.     

内蒙古乌兰泡湿地环带状植被区土壤有机质及全氮空间分异规律

本文以乌兰泡湿地为研究对象,对该区环带状植被区湿地土壤有机质有全氮的空间分布规律进行了初步研究,结果表明不同植被区养发含量分异趋势一致,但水平分异显著,沿土壤水分梯度变化而变化,表现为蓼区＞香蒲区＞芦苇区,反映出距泡心越远含量越低的规律;各植被区土壤碳氮比都相对较低（在5－12之间）,表层土壤碳氮经值也沿土吉水分梯度变化,表现为芦苇区＞香莆区＞蓼区;泡沼湿地土壤与草原土壤的碳氮比对水分条件及有机质和全氮的含量的响应差异显著;水分和植被是影响其水平分异的关键因子,而湿地土壤pH值并不是影响土壤有机质及全氮分异的主要因子。     

太湖丘陵地区典型坡面土壤侵蚀与养分流失

建立了基于137Cs技术的土壤侵蚀的定量模型,采用有关土壤养分流失方程,对太湖地区典型坡面的土壤侵蚀和土壤养分流失进行初步估算.结果表明,研究地区的典型坡面存在着一定的土壤侵蚀,林地各个剖面点的土壤侵蚀模数平均为1313.6 t/(km2 @a),而菜地所在的微地貌部位土壤侵蚀更达5185.68 t/(km2 @a).土壤侵蚀主要受植被覆盖和人为耕作的影响,侵蚀量的大小排序为坡麓菜地>坡中马尾松林地>竹林地>坡顶马尾松林地.选择的典型坡面存在着一定的土壤养分流失,林地有机质、全氮、全磷与全钾的平均流失量亦分别高达28.29,1.38,0.35和16.76 t/(km2 @a),养分流失量大的地貌部位的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量低,而土壤侵蚀微弱的坡顶林地土壤养分含量较高.菜地土壤养分流失量最大,但由于施肥作用,土壤养分含最高.太湖丘陵地区的土壤侵蚀与养分流失不仅关系到本地区土壤肥力的退化,并对太湖水体环境质量的产生影响.     

新乡及其邻区地下水宏观异常浅析

2003年4月至2003年年底,河南省新乡市及其邻区800余平方千米范围内出现了水井翻花、冒泡的现象。其历时之长,范围之广,实属罕见。研究认为：由于前一年冬季降水量较大,土壤中有机物质经过充分的生物化学作用贮存有大量的CO2气体,在发生一些中小地震前后,区域应力场的变化使得这一地区土壤中的气体集中释放。     

辽宁金州断裂断层土壤气地球化学调查

对辽宁南部地区重点活动断裂的8条剖面进行跨断层土壤气Rn、CO2和H2浓度测量.测量结果表明,各测量剖面土壤气Rn、CO2和H2的浓度平均值变化范围分别为10.65～39.50kBq/m3、0.59％～3.37％和9.74～306.28ppm.研究区土壤气Rn、CO2和H2浓度异常主要集中在海城老震区和盖州震群地区,土...