基于ABAQUS的真空-堆载联合预压法的仿真研究

利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS在仿真过程中直接模拟真空度,并通过ABAQUS的二次开发平台编写排水板单元子程序,对软土地基的真空-堆载联合预压进行仿真和固结分析,并与真空荷载换算为堆载方法进行对比。结果表明这种仿真模型更接近实际,分析地基变形与实际情况一致;塑料排水板单元子程序合理,可以有效减小分析误差。对天津港某软基的加固工程进行了建模仿真,其结果与实测数据相吻合,在误差允许范围内。通过计算不同泊松比、加固区宽度条件下真空-堆载联合预压的最终沉降量,分析得到了相应泊松比、加固区宽度的沉降修正系数,对类似的工程有一定的指导意义。     

变动水压荷载对真空预压加固效果的影响

目前成功实施的几项潮差带地区真空预压工程未考虑膜上变动水压荷载的影响,单纯将膜下真空压力作为预压荷载,这明显偏于保守。根据具体工程的加固效果,分析膜上变动水压荷载对真空预压加固效果的影响,并给出在潮差带地区进行真空预压设计时预压荷载的取值方法,研究结果可供类似工程参考。     

波浪荷载作用下软土强度软化的加固处理

为加深长江口航道,在上海港附近的海洋软土地基上建造了防波堤。防波堤为重力式结构,采用预制半圆形混凝土沉箱。施工期间一场风暴潮的袭击导致部分已安装好的沉箱失稳破坏。本文对取自现场的原状土样进行了动三轴试验研究,结果表明：堤坝失稳是由基础下方的软土层强度弱化引起的。在此基础上设计了地基加固方案,采用打设竖向排水板联合堆载预压的方法提高地基软土的强度。在随后的强风暴下防波堤保持了较好的稳定性,证明这种地基处理方法是有效的。     

波浪荷载作用下软土强度软化的加固处理

为加深长江口航道,在上海港附近的海洋软土地基上建造了防波堤。防波堤为重力式结构,采用预制半圆形混凝土沉箱。施工期间一场风暴潮的袭击导致部分已安装好的沉箱失稳破坏。本文对取自现场的原状土样进行了动三轴试验研究,结果表明：堤坝失稳是由基础下方的软土层强度弱化引起的。在此基础上设计了地基加固方案,采用打设竖向排水板联合堆载预压的方法提高地基软土的强度。在随后的强风暴下防波堤保持了较好的稳定性,证明这种地基处理方法是有效的。     

CFRP约束预压混凝土棱柱的轴压试验研究

通过42个混凝土棱柱体的轴压试验,研究了混凝土、CFRP约束混凝土和CFRP约束预压混凝土3种情况的棱柱体试件在轴压力作用下的应力-应变关系,与此同时还得出了混凝土方柱在预压后用CFRP加固再受荷时,试件的峰值应力随预加轴压比的增加的变化规律,并给出了考虑预加轴压比影响的峰值应力的计算公式,为在役混凝土结构构件的加固设计提供试验依据.     

软土等向固结与K0固结条件下的三轴试验研究

对某软土重塑样分别进行等向固结和K0固结条件下的三轴试验,研究了不同固结条件、不同围压下软土的强度和应力应变特性,并对试验结果进行了分析和对比。结果表明：低围压下,等向固结三轴压缩试验和K0固结三轴压缩试验土样破坏时的主应力差差别不大,随着围压增大,K0固结条件下试验土体的主应力差要明显大于等向固结条件下的试验土体;与等向固结相比,K0固结条件下的土体粘聚力c值减小,而内摩擦角增大;土体呈现剪缩特性。运用等向固结三轴压缩试验确定的邓肯模型参数模拟K0固结条件下土体的试验曲线,吻合较好,初步验证了邓肯模型参数对K0固结土体的适用性。     

基于三轴试验压实黄土微观结构变化机制研究

采用电镜扫描仪（SEM）对三轴剪切前后压实黄土样在水平面和竖直面进行微观结构观察,从剪切前后孔隙排列、孔隙形态、孔隙尺度变化特征3方面分析宏观强度试验的微观本质。试验结果表明：剪切前后概率嫡均在1附近,不同围压下剪切后土颗粒间孔隙排列无序,对宏观强度影响很小。不同围压下剪切后土样的平均形状系数和周长面积分维值均呈下降趋势,孔隙形态的变化对压实黄土强度不同的贡献较大,且土颗粒的团粒化程度与土样强度正相关;孔隙比的变化趋势与压实黄土强度的变化趋势相反,孔隙尺度的变化是压实黄土强度变化的控制因素。因此剪切前后微观结构的变化能较好地解释宏观试验现象。     

强震作用下抗震陷黄土改良地基的微观特征分析

基于动三轴试验和SEM细观结构测试试验,结合图像分析处理软件,对强震荷载前后宝兰客运专线沿线典型震陷性黄土及其经物理、化学和复合改良方法处理后的试样进行微观尺度的结构变形演化规律研究,探讨不同改良方法对土体微结构的影响及其与震陷系数之间的内在联系。结果表明:(1)物理改良方法对于消除大孔隙和架空孔隙结构的效果最为明显,同时对颗粒级配和结构也有调整;(2)化学改性方法则从颗粒接触方式、粒间胶结程度等方面影响土体强度,且不同化学反应的参与可生成独特的玻璃微珠或絮凝状细结构,从而大大提升土体某项参数指标,进而在强震中分别起到填充、胶结或缓冲作用;(3)强震作用前后不同改良方法对各微观要素的改变与相应的残余应变现象吻合较好,说明微结构能有效反映改良黄土残余变形的强弱。     

不同加载方式下黄土累积变形特征研究

土体动力特性主要与其受力状态、土体加载类型、试验控制方式以及荷载等参数有关。以往非饱和黄土累积变形试验研究通过单向动应力加载方式开展相关研究,并不能真实反映土体受力状态。现运用WF-12440型动三轴-空心圆柱扭剪试验系统,通过单向荷载和双向荷载两种不同的动应力加载方式,进行黄土的长期重复载荷试验,对比不同动应力加载方式对非饱和黄土累积变形发展特征的影响。试验结果发现：黄土在单向荷载或双向荷载作用下,其软化指数均随着循环次数的增加,呈非线性减小的趋势,在相同循环振次时,土体软化指数随着动应力幅值的增大而减小;黄土在不同加载方式作用下,软化指数减小速率在循环振次100次以内较快,后期随振次增加,土体软化速率逐渐趋于平稳;黄土在双向荷载作用下,当轴向动荷载较小时,径向荷载的施加,将加速黄土的软化程度,随着轴向动荷载的增大,径向荷载对黄土软化的影响逐渐减弱,其对于黄土变形的影响存在一临界轴向循环动应力。本研究的开展,可更准确地进行不同荷载耦合变化下,黄土场地震陷评估或路基土体变形计算,实现有效控制路基的整体稳定和工后沉降量,以期根据路基土参数预测后期沉降,极具重要的科研和工程意义。     

新吹填软土地基复式负压固结技术开发

新吹填土含泥量大、含水率大、渗透性差、零承载力,常规地基处理工法无法开展,地基处理面临诸多困难。针对该问题,提出了复式负压固结技术,该技术包括3道工序：改性真空预压、电渗降水和强夯动力固结。改性真空预压使地基得到初步固结,具备一定强度,为后序工作做准备;电渗降水可有效降低夯前地下水位和土体含水率,并促进夯后超孔隙水压力的消散;电渗降水和强夯动力固结多遍耦合,共同对吹填土进行地基加固。现场开展了复式负压固结技术工艺试验、土性试验和沉降变形监测。结果表明,应用于吹填泥的地基处理,改性真空预压可快速提高承载力,电渗法可迅速降低地下水位,有效避免强夯时＂弹簧土＂现象的发生,从而提高了最佳夯击能。复式负压固结技术可以有效地应用于新吹填软土地基。     

Effect of preloading on the amplification characteristics of soil profiles

Preloading is a temporary loading, usually an embankment, applied to improve subsurface soils by densification. This paper studies the effect of preloading on the amplification characteristics of soft sites with an elaborate parametric analysis. The soil type, the depth of the bedrock, the water table depth, the level of preloading, the applied earthquake, the shear wave velocity of the bedrock and the shear modulus and damping versus shear strain relations were varied in a systematic manner. The analysis was performed by the commonly used one-dimensional equivalent-linear dynamic method. The shear wave velocity versus depth and the effect of preloading on shear velocity are computed with well-established soil mechanics equations. The results illustrated that the seismic response at the top of the profile generally decreases as a result of preloading. A more detailed analysis of results shows that the effect of preloading on the seismic response depends on the soil type and the depth of the bedrock. Based on these results, a method is proposed by which a practicing engineer involved with improvement of soft ground can simulate the effect of preloading on the seismic motion.     

地基抗液化能力评估方法讨论

为了评估地基抵抗液化的能力及其影响因素,本文介绍了标准贯入试验、静力触探试验以及剪切波速试验三种评估地基抗液化能力方法的研究成果,分析了震级比例系数、覆盖压力与倾斜地面的修正系数、地震震级与峰值加速度的影响,并对地基抗液化能力的概率分析方法进行了讨论,得到的结论可为地基的抗液化能力评估提供参考。     

Behavior of stratified sand–silt–gravel composites under seismic liquefaction conditions

Laboratory seismic liquefaction studies have generally dealt with homogeneous soil conditions only, although stratified soils exist for various soil deposits. The main objective of this research project was to compare the behavior of stratified and homogeneous sand–silt–gravel composites during seismic liquefaction conditions for various silt and gravel contents. An experimental program was undertaken in which a total of eighty stress-controlled undrained cyclic triaxial tests were performed. Two methods of sample preparation were used for each soil type. These methods included moist tamping (representing homogeneous soil conditions) and sedimentation (representing layered soil conditions). The silt contents ranged from 0 to 50%, and soils with 10 and 30% gravel contents were tested. The confining pressure in all test series was 100 kPa. The results indicate that the liquefaction resistances of layered and uniform soils are not significantly different, despite the fact that the soil fabric produced by the two methods of sample preparation is totally different. This finding justifies applying the laboratory tests results to the field conditions for the range of variable studied.     

Strain accumulation in sand due to cyclic loading: drained triaxial tests

Our aim is the prediction of the accumulation of strain and/or stress under cyclic loading with many (thousands to millions) cycles and relatively small amplitudes. A high-cycle constitutive model is used for this purpose. Its formulas are based on numerous cyclic tests. This paper describes drained tests with triaxial compression and uniaxial stress cycles. The influence of the strain amplitude, the average stress, the density, the cyclic preloading history and the grain size distribution on the direction and the intensity of strain accumulation is discussed.     

On standardizing the ‘Water Drop Penetration Time’ and the ‘Molarity of an Ethanol Droplet’ techniques to classify soil hydrophobicity: A case study using medium textured soils

Two common methods to assess soil hydrophobicity are the ‘Water Drop Penetration Time’ and ‘Molarity of an Ethanol Droplet’ techniques. For these, uncertainty exists regarding the representativeness of laboratory tests reflecting field conditions, their replicability, and the comparability of results between the two techniques. Using air-dried soils with a broad particle size and hydrophobicity range, this study shows that a high representativeness and replicability of results can be achieved. A close relationship between the two tests was found for highly, but not for moderately hydrophobic soils. Guidelines are suggested to increase representativeness, replicability and comparability of results in future studies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental research on the development of residual strain in seasonal frozen soil under freezing-thawing and impact type traffic loads

Vehicle load is among the main factors affecting the deformation of subgrade soil.In this research study,the concept of impact type traffic load is introduced to investigate the effects of vehicle load based on the dynamic stress and displacement time histories acquired from seasonal frozen subgrade soils.Using freezing-thawing and dynamic triaxial tests and considering the amplitude and loading sequence of impact type traffic load,the residual deformation characteristics of subgrade soil under impact type traffic loads and freezing-thawing cycles is studied.It was found that under impact type traffic load,the residual deformation of soils increased sharply as the amplitude of impact type traffic load increased.It was also found that the increase in the amplitude of impact type traffic load led to the increase of residual deformation in a scale of power and exponential function.The amplitudes of impact type traffic load affect the development stress-strain path of the residual strain.After the soil experienced the proper amount of pre-vibration of the light load,residual deformation decreased by 15%.After freezing-thawing,the residual strain of soil increased as the amplitude of the impact type traffic loads increased.Also,when the amplification effect of freezing-thawing on the residual strain was basically stable,the residual deformation increased by about 10%.The peak impact type traffic load had a large effect on soil deformation after the freezing-thawing process,leading to the observation that of the earlier the peaks,the stronger the effect of freezing-thawing.After the soil was subjected to preloading with a small load,the influence of the freezing-thawing cycles gradually stabilized.The results may be useful in preventing and controlling the risk of subgrade soil failure when construction takes place spring thaw periods.     

Main properties of sands hydrophobized by alkoxysilane emulsions

The results of laboratory tests and geotechnical view on sands hydrophobized by alkoxysilane emulsions are presented. For the soils subjected to this process, very low permeability and no capillary elevation was observed. Laboratory tests also indicate that other physical and mechanical properties of hydrophobized sands remain nearly untouched, i.e., the considered hydrophobisation process does not reduce the strength of soils. Properly composed alkoxysilane emulsions can also solidify in pores to produce a stabilizing silicate binder. The filtration barriers in ground and soil stabilization are thus considered as possible applications of the hydrophobized soils. The process of treatment of granular soils with alkoxysilanes is neutral for the environment and the cost of implementation of the method is relatively low.     

土-地铁隧道动力相互作用的大型振动台试验:试验方案设计

以南京地铁的建设背景为基础,对含有可液化土层的深厚软弱场地上双洞单轨的地铁区间隧道结构进行了大型振动台模型试验研究。根据本次试验的目的和特性,首先给出了模型体系相似比的设计基本原则,并对整个模型体系进行了相似设计,对模型土和模型结构的制备方法和模型材料的物理特性进行了室内试验研究,同时,根据对隧道地震反应分析的数值模拟结果,对传感器的选择及其布置方案进行了分析。最后,根据南京及其周边地区的地震环境,对台面输入地震动的选取及其加载方法进行了具体的阐述。试验结果表明本文对土-地铁区间隧道动力相互作用的大型振动台模型试验的设计方案是合理的,对相关试验结果的整理和分析见另文。     

三种非线性时变识别方法的对比研究——以2021年日本福岛地震为例

利用2021年日本福岛地震(M_JMA 7.3)中6个KiK-net台站的观测记录,分别基于移动窗解卷积法、移动窗谱比法和移动窗自相关函数法对场地非线性时变过程进行研究,分析非线性发生的阈值和程度。研究表明：三种方法识别场地非线性时变特征的稳定性不同。移动窗解卷积法更容易获得较为稳定的土体非线性时变过程,但其反映的是地表至井下平均波速的变化,识别的非线性程度偏低。对于存在强波阻抗比的浅表层土体,移动窗谱比法和移动窗自相关函数法识别的非线性程度更强;对于较低波阻抗比的浅表层土体,则不容易识别出稳定的非线性时变结果。三种方法识别的非线性最强时刻基本一致,皆位于整条记录加速度峰值附近。基于三种方法识别的6个台站的非线性阈值约在40～140 gal,剪切波速下降比在16%～53%之间,场地非线性程度较明显。