考虑场地液化影响的海堤工程震害预测方法研究

为合理进行海堤工程震害预测,通过改变液化土层力学参数的方法考虑场地液化对海堤抗滑稳定性的影响,综合海堤本体结构抗滑安全系数和场地液化程度,提出新的海堤工程震害预测方法,并给出海堤破坏等级划分标准。以某海堤工程为算例,采用理正岩土分析软件建立海堤抗滑稳定性分析模型,进行不同地震烈度下海堤震害预测。研究结果表明,场地液化对海堤地震稳定性有较大影响,依托的海堤工程满足当地7度抗震设防要求,但8度时可发生中等破坏,存在较高的地震灾害风险,宜采取有针对性的加固措施。     

《全国海堤建设方案》印发

<正>国家发改委、水利部近日印发《全国海堤建设方案》,力争用10年左右的时间,进一步完善沿海地区防潮减灾体系,全国海堤长度达到1.5万公里,已建海堤达标率提高到57.1%,使受台风风暴潮威胁严重的重要城市、重要经济开发区域的防潮安全得到基本保障。健全完善海堤工程管理体制,提升海堤工程管理的规范化水平,为海堤工程的正常运用和工程安全创造条件,确保海堤工程长期发挥效益。各地要统筹加大财政投入力度,建立健全海堤建设     

高密度电阻率法在海堤检测中的应用

滩海油田的开发建设有大量滩海海堤等护岸工程,由于滩海油田所处的海洋环境十分复杂、恶劣,海堤不仅常年受风、浪、流等作用,还时常受到风暴潮、海冰等自然灾害的威胁。长期服役后,海堤等结构出现不同程度的工程质量和结构隐患问题。因此,有必要开展海堤结构隐患检测技术研究,为海堤的安全运行和维修加固提供科学依据。本文基于高密度电阻率法在工程勘察等方面的应用经验,从装置类型的选择等方面入手,通过模型分析和现场验证相结合的方式,开展高密度电阻率法在海堤隐患检测中的应用研究,确定了适用于油田海堤工程结构检测的高密度电阻率法观测装置及检测参数,为海堤工程结构检测提供了技术支撑。     

三峡水库蓄水运用以来长江中下游沙量平衡分析

以三峡工程为核心的梯级水库群联合调度运用显著改变水沙条件,坝下游河段出现长时间、长距离的冲淤调整,长江中下游沙量平衡分析是合理评估水库群修建对河道影响的重要依据,是河湖管理与保护的关键支撑.本文基于长时间序列原型观测资料,采用沙量平衡法分析长江中下游不同时空尺度泥沙沿程恢复特征,对比断面地形法计算结果,结合河道空间区域性特征,从临底悬沙测验误差、断面代表性及断面间距、河道采砂等多角度深入揭示两种方法计算冲淤量产生差异的主要原因.结果表明:(1)2003-2018年宜昌至大通河段冲刷泥沙10.76亿t,其中粒径d<0.125 mm的泥沙冲刷量占比达90.9%.以螺山为界,宜昌至螺山段"粗细均冲",螺山至大通河段则"细冲粗淤";(2)宜昌至大通河段2003-2018年沙量平衡法与断面地形法计算冲淤量相对偏差为71%,从沿程差异分布来看,距离三峡大坝坝址较近的宜昌至沙市河段两方法计算绝对差值较小,而沙市至大通河段差值较大,占宜昌至大通全河段绝对偏差的近86%;(3)宜昌至沙市河段河道采砂量占实测河床冲刷量的比例约为20%,临底悬沙对输沙量的改正比例为13.2%~26.7%(平均约为20%),修正后,沙量平衡法、断面地形法计算结果吻合相对较好;沙市至大通河段泥沙测验、固定断面布设、河道采砂等是导致沙量平衡法与断面地形法出现差异的主要原因.     

地震作用下核电取水明渠导流堤稳定分析

采用岩土工程专业软件Geo-slope对某核电站取水明渠导流堤工程进行抗震稳定性分析。运用极限平衡法及动力有限元两种方法分析导流堤在地震作用下的稳定性,得出其在地震作用下的稳定安全系数及相应滑动面的位置。从安全系数可以看出,在SL1地震动作用下各工况导流堤的稳定安全系数均大于1,说明导流堤处于稳定状态;在SL2地震动作用下,安全系数出现小于1的情况,说明在极限安全地震动作用下(万年一遇),导流堤会出现滑动破坏。本分析可为类似工程提供设计依据。     

长江中游的泥沙淤积问题

长江上游年产泥沙5.12×10⁸ t, 经宜昌输入中游, 长江中游干流及各支流年产沙约 0.80×10⁸ t. 这两部分中约1.24×10⁸ t沉积于中游河湖中, 4.68×10⁸ t经大通输入下游, 沉淤于河道及长江三角洲或入海. 长江中游的泥沙, 总体是淤大于冲, 但是冲淤的地理分布、时间段分布和河床断面分布不均衡. 长江干流的宜昌-城陵矶段、九江-大通段冲大于淤或冲淤平衡. 淤积主要发生在长江干流以武汉为中心的螺山-武汉-黄石段以及洞庭湖区和鄱阳湖区. 即使在主要淤积江段, 也有局部时段和江段以冲刷为主. 主泓所在的河槽以冲刷为主, 而河道两侧或河道之间的洲滩, 则以淤为主, 形成高而平的漫滩, 往往被人为改造成圩垸. 荆江以北的江汉平原因有大堤从长江隔开, 只有汉水少量泥沙供应, 冲淤量很小, 再加上构造沉降的累计效应, 其地面高程绝大部分低于干流洲滩数米. 螺山-武汉-黄石段的淤积导致该段及以上江段洪水位抬高. 干流断面冲槽淤滩使长江中游河道的典型形态呈深河谷、高漫滩, 靠干堤保护堤内平原. 这种断面在洪水时成为在同等水量下, 水位不断抬高的原因. 高水位要高堤防来防堵, 这就增加了堤防压力、水头压力, 容易导致管涌、渗漏等险情. 堤外滩及洪水位与构造沉降的堤内平原间的高差不断增大. 三峡工程建成后, 水库拦沙及中游河道冲深, 可使同流量下水位大幅度降低, 但城陵矶-武汉段冲刷量很小, 不能解决该段及以下江段的泥沙淤积问题, 因此江汉平原因相对于洪水位地势过低而造成的洪涝灾害及相关环境问题, 仍将是中游长远的重大隐患.     

天津滨海贝壳堤成因与海岸线的演变

本文通过对天津滨海贝壳堤成因的研究,初步确定贝壳堤是全新世晚期形成的,它的形成和演化反映了近岸生源物质迁移、现代沉积过程,贝壳堤的演化模式划分为三个阶段。这对正确地揭示淤泥质平原海岸的形成机理、合理规划开发潮滩和贝壳堤资源有着重要意义。     

人类活动对射阳湖的影响

本文通过对众多历史文献和地方志资料的分析来研究人类活动对射阳湖演变的影响,结果表明,秦汉至南宋时期,范公堤,运河对射阳湖由古泄湖向淡水湖的演变影响很大,其中以范公堤尤甚,由于运河决堤次数少,河流堆积于湖区的泥沙量有限,对射阳湖的淤积作用不大;围湖造田对射阳湖的影响也不大,因此古射阳湖的面积还很大,黄河大规模夺淮的700多年间,尤其是明嘉隆以后射阳湖接受了大量黄河所携泥沙的沉积,不断缩小,运堤与湖堤的修建,使射阳湖洪患不绝,填淤加速,开挖河道宣泄内水,以及围湖造田等地使射阳湖日益萎缩,走向分化,解体,至清末射阳湖已成了一个长条状的河道型湖泊,大部分地区已被淤为荡滩沼泽或者被开垦为农田。     

佘山地震台测定M_D震级的公式

一、观测现象在地震观测中,我们发现有这样的事实:在一定距离内,地震记录仪上记到的地震波持续时间几乎与震中距无关,震级愈大,振动持续时间愈长。为此,我们统计了1978年1月1日以来至1980年6月30日为止佘山台记录到的全部近震(取△<500公里)共118次。我们逐个测量了其振动持续时间,并校核了每个地震的震级M_L,全部结果见表一。我们以地震图上可见振动终止时刻F,减去地震初动到时P,即(F—P)秒,取其对     

近30年来鄱阳湖湖盆地形演变特征与原因探析

利用鄱阳湖1980、1998和2010年3期湖盆水下地形数据,结合出、入湖泥沙输移数据以及流域水土流失、水库建设等资料,较为系统地研究鄱阳湖近30年来湖盆冲淤的时空变化特征及其影响因素.研究表明,1980-1998年,松门山以南主湖体位置淤积现象明显,平均淤高0.82 m,该淤积主要是由这一阶段内流域水土流失加剧所引起的;1998-2010年,在大规模植树造林和水库建设等人类活动影响下,鄱阳湖淤积现象减缓.但是在入江水道上湖盆高程显著下降,平均下降速率高达30.75 cm/a,这与入江水道处持续采砂和水流冲刷等因素有关;近30年来,"五河"入湖的洲滩区域冲淤变化及趋势有所差异,修水、抚河及赣江三角洲呈现逐渐降低的趋势,饶河入湖漫滩总体上以淤积为主,且地形坡度趋于变缓.研究结果对鄱阳湖水资源合理开发、水利工程建设及航运管理等均具有一定的实践和参考价值.     

The extent and historical trend of metal pollution recorded in core sediments from the artificial Lake Shihwa, Korea

The vertical distribution of trace metals in sediment cores was investigated to evaluate the extent and the historical record of metal pollution over 30 years in the artificial Lake Shihwa in Korea. A marked increase of trace metals after 1980 was observed due to the operation of two large industrial complexes and dike construction for a reclamation project. There was a decreasing trend of metal concentrations with the distance from the pollution source. The enrichment factor and pollution load index of the metals indicated that the metal pollution was mainly derived from Cu, Zn and Cd loads due to anthropogenic activities. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in the upper part of all core sediments exceeded the ERL criteria of NOAA. Our results indicate that inadequate planning and management of industrialization and a large reclamation project accomplished by dike construction have continued to strongly accelerate metal pollution in Lake Shihwa.     

Comparing effects of land reclamation techniques on water pollution and fishery loss for a large-scale offshore airport island in Jinzhou Bay,Bohai Sea,China

Plans are being made to construct Dalian Offshore Airport in Jinzhou Bay with a reclamation area of 21 km². The large-scale reclamation can be expected to have negative effects on the marine environment, and these effects vary depending on the reclamation techniques used. Water quality mathematical models were developed and biology resource investigations were conducted to compare effects of an underwater explosion sediment removal and rock dumping technique and a silt dredging and rock dumping technique on water pollution and fishery loss. The findings show that creation of the artificial island with the underwater explosion sediment removal technique would greatly impact the marine environment. However, the impact for the silt dredging technique would be less. The conclusions from this study provide an important foundation for the planning of Dalian Offshore Airport and can be used as a reference for similar coastal reclamation and marine environment protection.     

The cumulative impacts of reclamation and dredging on the marine ecology and land-use in the Kingdom of Bahrain

This article assesses the ecological and economic impacts of land reclamation and dredging through consulting recent environmental impact assessment reports. Geographic features of Bahrain during 1963-2008 are produced using Geographical Information System. Extensive but inexpensive shallow coastal areas and tidal flats have been reclaimed particularly from 1997 to 2007 at a high rate of 21 km(2)/year. Formal records show the increase in the original land mass by the year 2008 to be 91 km(2). An estimated total cumulative loss of major habitats resulting from 10 reclamation projects was around 153.58 km(2). Also much larger scale impacts should be considered resulting from the borrow areas used for the extraction of sand or infill materials. A number of key habitats and species are affected in the vicinity of these projects. The study attempts to assign a monetary value to the marine ecosystem functions. There is a need for efficient coastal zone management to regulate a sustainable use of the marine resources.     

Spatial differences in sand wave dynamics between the Amsterdam and the Rotterdam region in the Southern North Sea

The optimization of the bathymetric resurvey policy of the Netherlands Hydrographic Service requires insight into sea floor dynamics in the Southern North Sea. To study the spatial variations in sea floor dynamics, the bathymetric archives of the Netherlands Hydrographic Service are analyzed using deformation analysis, a statistical and innovative approach for bathymetric data. Based on the uncertainty of the data, our implementation of deformation analysis selects the significant spatial and temporal parameters, and provides estimates and their uncertainties for those parameters. We focus on sand wave areas in the regions of Rotterdam and of Amsterdam. In those areas, dredging takes place to guarantee a minimum depth. The results reveal a difference in sand wave migration between the two regions, over the past two decades. The dominant wavelengths of the sand waves vary within the regions, but we find a similar wavelength distribution for the two regions. We compare our results to earlier studies of the same sand wave areas in the Rotterdam region, showing similar migration rates, but different wavelengths. It is concluded, based on sand wave dynamics alone, that the Amsterdam region should be assigned a higher resurvey frequency than the Rotterdam region.     

Recent Changes in Land Water Storage and its Contribution to Sea Level Variations

Sea level rise is generally attributed to increased ocean heat content and increased rates glacier and ice melt. However, human transformations of Earth’s surface have impacted water exchange between land, atmosphere, and ocean, ultimately affecting global sea level variations. Impoundment of water in reservoirs and artificial lakes has reduced the outflow of water to the sea, while river runoff has increased due to groundwater mining, wetland and endorheic lake storage losses, and deforestation. In addition, climate-driven changes in land water stores can have a large impact on global sea level variations over decadal timescales. Here, we review each component of negative and positive land water contribution separately in order to highlight and understand recent changes in land water contribution to sea level variations.     

强震前海平面异常变化特征研究

使用渤海沿岸8个验潮站的海潮潮位观测资料,根据近海或沿岸地区强震前后海平面变化的实例,分析了海平面变化的前兆意义。资料证实,大部分近海大地震前局部海域存在着可以识别的海平面异常变化。通过周期分析方法和潮汐分析方法来消除各种周期及非周期因素的影响,可以显示出地壳垂直形变的变化,分析结果表明,渤海沿岸的海平面变化不仅具有丰富的地质构造活动信息,而且可能反映较大地震前后的地壳形变过程。提取海平面地壳垂直形变信息对较大地震的预报和与海洋有关灾害的预测有重要意义。     

Root properties of vegetation communities and their impact on the erosion resistance of river dikes

Predicted climate change and the associated sea level rise poses an increased threat of flooding due to wave overtopping events at sea and river dikes. To safeguard the land from flooding it is important to keep the soil erosion resistance at the dikes high. As plant roots can be very effective in reducing soil erosion rates by concentrated flow, the main goal of this study is to explore the variability in root system characteristics of five dike vegetation communities along the Scheldt River (Belgium) and to assess their effectiveness in controlling soil erosion rates during concentrated flow. This study is the first one to investigate systematically the erosion‐reducing potential of the root properties of representative dike vegetation communities in a temperate humid climate. Results show that the presence of Urtica dioica resulted in large differences in root length density (RLD) among dike vegetation communities. Observed RLD values in the topsoil ranged from 129 to 235 km m^‐3 for dike vegetation communities without U. dioica, while smaller values ranging from 22 to 58 km m^?3 were found for vegetation communities with U. dioica. The erosion‐reducing effect of the dike vegetation communities was estimated based on a global Hill curve model, linking the RLD to the soil detachment ratio (SDR; i.e. the ratio of the soil detachment rate for root‐permeated topsoils to the soil detachment rate for root‐free topsoils). Concentrated flow erosion rates are likely to be reduced to 13–16% of the erosion rates for root‐free topsoils if U. dioica is absent compared to 22–30% for vegetation communities with U. dioica. Hence, to maintain a high resistance of the soil against concentrated flow erosion it is important to avoid the overgrowth of grassland by U. dioica through an effective vegetation management. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrating ecological damages into the user charge for land reclamation: a case study of Xiamen, China

Land reclamation has become one of the great concerns of many coastal states for its serious environmental and ecological effects. User charge is an effective market-based approach for regulating land reclamation. The user change should be designed to reflect the full effect of converting sea to land to ensure sustainable use of marine resources. In this paper, we present an ecological-economic framework to estimate the user charge that covers both the ecological damages and the rent associated with the reclaimed land. We apply the framework to Xiamen’s West Sea. Results of the case study suggest that the rents of reclaimed land for industrial and commercial uses are 49 yuan/m² and 1,066–2,704 yuan/m², respectively. The unit value of ecological damages of land reclamation is 605 yuan/m². The present user charge is too low to regulate excessive land reclamation. The user charge for land reclamation in the study area should be modified to 653 yuan/m² for industrial uses and 35–40% of adjacent land prices for commercial uses.     

Analytical studies on transient groundwater flow induced by land reclamation using different fill materials

Land reclamation may have a significant influence on groundwater regimes. Analytical solutions have been developed in the past to study the impact of land reclamation on a steady‐state groundwater flow and transient flow in fill materials, assuming that the reclamation site consists of a single zone of uniform hydraulic parameters. In this paper, we derive analytical solutions to describe the transient water table change in response to multi‐stage land reclamation where the fill material is uniform in each stage but the hydraulic conductivity of the fill material varies from stage to stage. By introducing the method of separation of variables, we develop a transient analytical solution to study the impact of land reclamation consisting of fill material with different hydraulic properties on groundwater dynamics. The results show that the water table first increases significantly into the reclaimed zone following the fill material deposition, and then the increase gradually propagates into the original aquifer. The change of water table in the original aquifer mainly depends on the value of hydraulic conductivity of the fill materials. Examples in this paper illustrate how the aquifer system experiences a long time unsteady‐state flow as a result of the reclamation, and it takes at least tens of years for the system to approach a new equilibrium. It is suggested that for a large‐scale reclamation project, the response of the groundwater regime to reclamation should be carefully studied. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.