晾晒气象指数预报

室外晾晒条件的优劣，取决于日蒸发量的大小。根据这一思路，分析了影响日蒸发量的因子及其与蒸发量的关系，建立了日蒸发量预报方程，并根据不同季节日蒸发量的大小，确定了晾晒指数。     

常州晾晒气象指数的探讨

确立以日蒸发量来作为描述可晾晒程度的物理量。根据日蒸发量与日最高温度、日平均相对湿度等诸多因子的相关性，进行回归计算，建立其预报方程。通过数轴凝聚,对1998、1999年常州市气象站的逐日蒸发量的变化范围并结合天空状况等因素进行分类，以此作为晾晒指数等级的标准。将方程结果与标准相对照，即可得到次日的晾晒指数等级和相应决策。     

基于多元线性回归的日蒸发量估算与应用

利用阳江气象站2005～2010年的观测资料,探讨了日蒸发量与其他气象因子的相关性,并建立了基于多元线性回归的日蒸发量估算方程。结果表明,日蒸发量除了与当天的日均饱和差、日均相对湿度、日日照时数、日均地面温度、日均风速等常规气象要素关系密切外,还跟今昨风速差、今昨气温差、今昨湿度差等时间序列因子有关,而且相关性非常明显。利用多元线性回归建立的日蒸发量估算方程,其预测效果能够满足气象观测业务的要求,其估算值可作为判断实测蒸发量是否正常的一种参考依据,对提高蒸发量的观测质量有较好的作用。     

蒸发量季节变化特点与干旱发生关系的初步分析

通过对广西灵山县1997～2007年E601蒸发器逐句蒸发量及同期的旬降雨量、气温、日照时数、相对湿度、风速等资料的分析,结果表明:蒸发量大小与气温、日照时数关系密切,而且蒸发量的季节变化与气温、日照时数等季节变化同步.在此基础上,分析了降水量与蒸发量差值的大小与农业干旱发生关系,应用水量亏欠量比现行的干旱指标更能真实反映当地农业干旱发生的实际情况,对开展气象专项服务有积极的参考意义.     

阿勒泰地区暖季蒸发变化特征及与气象因子的关系

用新疆阿勒泰地区7个气象站1964～2001年暖季(5～9月)20 cm口径蒸发皿蒸发量资料,运用线性趋势法、相关法分析发现,就整个地区平均而言,暖季蒸发皿蒸发量呈较明显的下降趋势;在区域内富蕴站呈显著上升趋势,吉木乃和布尔津站变化不显著,与全区不同步.完全相关系数法分析表明,整个地区平均而言,低云量、平均风速、气温日较差与蒸发皿蒸发量有显著的相关性,是影响蒸发量的主要因子,但各站有所不同.低云量及气溶胶等污染物的增加导致太阳辐射量减少,而引起气温日较差减少,最终导致蒸发量减少;平均风速减小则主要与全球变暖背景下亚洲冬季风和夏季风减弱导致我国平均风速减小有关.     

定陶近53年无霜期变化特征分析

选取定陶1963—2015年的历史初霜日、终霜日和无霜期资料并进行历年平均,利用气候历年统计方法,采用一元回归方程y=ax+b,分析初霜日、终霜日和无霜期的变化特征及线性变化情况。结果表明:定陶近53年初霜日的线性倾向率为3.20天/10年,初霜日历年平均值为10月25日,最早初霜日为9月30日,最晚初霜日为11月15日,极差为46天;定陶近53年终霜日的线性倾向率为0.04天/10年,终霜日历年平均值为4月4日,最早终霜日为3月11日,最晚终霜日为4月25日,极差为43天;定陶近53年无霜期的线性倾向率为2.73天/10年,反映无霜期有逐年增加的趋势。定陶终霜日变化缓慢,无霜期延长是由初霜日推后造成的。定陶无霜期历年平均值为203天,最多无霜期是235天,最少无霜期为177天,极差为58天。     

1960-2013年洞庭湖区夏季高温的变化特征

根据洞庭湖区24个气象站1960-2013年夏季逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势分析及滑动平均等方法研究了洞庭湖区近54年夏季高温的变化特征.结果表明:洞庭湖区夏季高温日数和高温日平均最高气温分别以0.142 d/年、0.006℃/年的变化速率递增,尤其是进入21世纪后,高温日数和高温日平均最高气温变化都明显加快.洞庭湖区夏季高温日数多年平均为18 d,2013年最多为47d,1987年最少为8d.高温日平均最高气温多年平均为36.1℃,2013年最高,为37.0℃,1965年最低,为35.5℃.洞庭湖区各单站的夏季平均高温日数和高温日平均最高气温变化并不一致,有9个站夏季平均高温日呈显著增加趋势,有12个站夏季高温日平均最高气温呈显著增强趋势,其余站点增加趋势并不显著.单站夏季平均高温日变化速率最大的是华容,以0.425 d/年的变化速率递增.单站夏季高温日平均最高气温变化速率最大的是安乡,以0.020℃/年的变化速率递增.洞庭湖区夏季高温日数和高温日平均最高气温均呈现出由北部的湖区向环洞庭湖山区呈辐射状递增的分布趋势.高温日数安化最多,为28 d,荆州、公安、石首、岳阳最少,均为12d.高温日平均最高气温安化最高,为36.6℃,石首最低,为35.6℃.洞庭湖区夏季年最多高温日数出现在安乡和益阳,为55 d.极端最高气温出现在益阳,为43.6℃.     

基于日尺度的非结冰期水面蒸发影响因素敏感性分析

水面蒸发量敏感因素的判断,对于干旱区水资源规划利用具有重要的指导意义。本文以新疆尉犁县为例,对水面蒸发量影响因素进行分析。文章首先采用偏最小二乘回归法建立了水面蒸发量模型,在此基础上运用偏导数法分析了水面蒸发量对各影响因素的敏感性。结果表明:偏最小二乘回归模型具有较高的精度,不仅能够定量预测水面蒸发量,而且能够从机理上解释各影响因素对蒸发量的影响;风速、温度、水汽压这三因素对水面蒸发量最为敏感。上述模型为研究干旱区水资源利用提供了一种新方法和新思路。     

烟台市蒸发量变化趋势及影响因子

利用烟台市1971—2010年蒸发量、气温、日照、降水和总云量资料,采用线性回归、相关分析、小波分析、逐步回归方法,对蒸发量变化趋势及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明,烟台年蒸发量存在2～3年的主周期和4～8、8～12年的次周期变化,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季蒸发量分别存在3～5、5～7、7～11和2～4年的周期变化。平均相对湿度的增加和日照时数的减少是蒸发量减少的主要原因,而影响各季节蒸发量变化的气象因子各有不同。日照时数和总云量是影响夏秋季节蒸发量变化的最主要因子,秋冬季节的蒸发量主要受平均相对湿度、日照时数和总云量的共同影响。     

用温、湿、风、日照推算小型蒸发皿日蒸发量

一、前言小型蒸发皿日蒸发量由于降水等原因,每年都有缺测或记录失真情况发生。若运用温,湿、风、日照诸项要素推算小型蒸发皿的日蒸发量,取代因客观原因而缺测了的蒸发记录,以及提供一种作为判别记录失真程度的辅助依据,颇有一定的实用价值。本文根据以上设想,提出了计算小型蒸发皿日蒸发量的近似推算公式。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.