南阳市水资源可持续开发利用问题浅议

水资源问题已成为影响人类生存和社会经济可持续发展的重要制约因素。南阳市自然环境条件得天独厚,水资源较为丰富,天然水资源总量为９５＊１０＾８ｍ＾３,其中,地表水为６７＊１０＾８ｍ＾３,地下水为２８＊１０＾８ｍ＾３。地表水年利用量为１３．４＊１０＾８ｍ＾３,地下水年开采量为７＊１０＾８ｍ＾３,地下水尚有开发潜力。随着社会经济发展和水 大量开发利用,水资源环境状况发生了较大变化,目前存在的主要水环境问题     

山东潍河"99·8"特大暴雨洪水分析

１９９年８月９～１３日,山东省潍河流域发生了该省有降雨观测记载以来罕见的特大暴雨洪水（以下简称“９９．８”暴雨中心三里庄水库雨量达７１１．４ｍｍ,最大２４小时雨量达５９９．６ｍｍ。致使三里庄水库上游山洪暴发,水位暴涨,入库洪峰达３０１０ｍ＾３／ｓ,洪水总量达８５３０万ｍ＾３,最大泄量７００ｍ＾３／ｓ。对这次暴雨洪水的特性进行了分析。     

中国大陆上空水汽资源

根据１９８１～１９８６年计算结果，指出我国大陆上空拥有水汽资源年总量＋３３１８４．４亿ｍ＾３暖季（４～１０月）＋３０４９４．１２亿ｍ＾３寒季（１１～次年３月）＋２６９０．２８亿ｍ＾３，全年唯有气温最低的隆冬（１２～次年２月），是水汽资源亏耗（－７７３．６３亿ｍ＾３）季节，而夏季（６～８月）则是我国大陆上空水汽资源最关键的汇聚时期，资源量＋１８１９７．５６亿ｍ＾３，１６号，１４份边界分别为１１～５月     

土库曼天然气的发展规划及其对我国西部油气开发的影响

土库曼的天然气主要分布于卡拉库姆盆地。该国天然气的预测储量为１５４４×１０＾１０ｍ＾３。１９９１年已探明约４×１０＾１２ｍ＾３，产量８４３×１０＾８ｍ＾３。分别居世界第８和第４位。独立后制订规划要求２０００年和２０１０年产量分别达１２８×１０＾９ｍ＾３和２２４×１０＾９ｍ＾３，兴建多条长输管道以向欧亚供气。其中经中国达日本的管道已与中、日政府或公司集团达成初步协议。这一计划的实现将对中国的经济，特     

鹤岗矿区煤层气资源评估与开发前景预测

鹤岗矿区面积２５２ｋｍ＾２，有效井田面积为１００．２１ｋｍ＾２，含煤地层厚８００～１０００ｍ，共含煤４０层，含煤系数为４．３～９．３％，大于３．５ｍ的煤层占７５％，中厚煤层占１９．２％，其中可采煤层和局部可采煤层计３６层，总厚度为３８．６～８５．８ｍ，赋存深度均在１２００ｍ以内，煤炭资源量２５６５Ｍｔ，资源量密度为１０．１８Ｍｔ／ｋｍ＾２，煤层瓦斯含量为９．４～１５．５ｍ＾２／ｔ，平均为１３ｍ＾３     

华东部分铀矿区内大气和饮用水体放射性水平调查研究

通过对华东地区２１个铀矿区内居民居住环境大气中氡与其子体α潜能浓度的调查,居民居室外氡浓度均值范围为６．７３～１３２．Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３,氡子体α潜能浓度均值范围为１１．０～７８．８ｈＪ／ｍ＾３。居室内的平均氡浓度范围为１４．５～１８５．８Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３,氡子体α潜能浓度均值范围为１３．８～１０４．２ｎＪ／ｍ＾３;对居民饮用水源的取样分析表明,铀的均值范围为０．１２～１．６８μｇ／Ｌ,钍的均值范围为０．０２～０．４２μｇ／Ｌ,镭－－２２６的均值范围为０．９０～１２．１ｍＢｑ／Ｌ,与全国和当地的放射性天然本底水平比较接近,均属正常本底水平。     

安徽省阜阳地区深层地下水资源的开发利用

阜阳地区深层水指蕴藏于４０ｍ以深第四第及上第三系的松散岩类孔隙水,下限深度一般３００－９００ｍ属承压水。水位埋深６－２０ｍ,集中开采区２０－４０ｍ。按５０ｍ水位降深估算,天然储量＊约３８．５＊１０＾８ｍ＾３。深层水以水质优良,储量较大且难以更新为主要特点。     

湖南临澧县白土坡膨润土特征及开发应用初探

白土坡膨润土产于第四系下更新统中,矿层稳定、厚度较大,为钙基膨润土,主要矿物成分为蒙脱石,含量３５．７￣４６．８％,其他矿物有石英、高岭石等。矿石中Ｆｅ２Ｏ３含量为５．７２￣６．５１％,白度为２６．５￣３４％。原 工艺技术性能达到铸用膨润土工业指标要求。初步提纯后蒙脱一达５５．２￣６９．３％,钠化处理后湿压强度 为０．１８ｋｇｆ／ｃｍ＾２￣０．２７ｋｇｆ／ｃｍ＾２,热湿拉强 １７．８ｇｆ／ｃｍ＾２     

敦德冰芯过去800a来的甲烷记录

郭德冰芯上部９５ｍ的１２个样品记录了近８００ａ来冰内气泡包裹气体中甲烷的浓度变化,结果表明,最近２００ａ来该冰芯记录的甲烷浓度急剧上升,与南极及格陵兰的甲烷记录反映的趋势相一致,但与两极同时代样品相比,其浓度总体上要高出０．５×１０＾－６～０．６×１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ在这之前,３者基本保持一致,在０．７×１０＾－６～０．８×１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ之间波动。     

华北地区上空水汽输送与其源地

根据华北地区自然边界基本走向，用不规则六边形为其模拟边界，计算了１９８１－１９８６年通过各边界的水汽量。得出该区历年均有一定数量的气态水蓄留于空中，此即空中气态水对地表水资源可能最大总补给量，年平均＋２３９０．９７亿ｍ＾３，此水量是该区多年平均水资源总量（１６２４亿ｍ＾３）的１．４７倍；若均匀铺至地面，可构成２７６ｍｍ深的水层。夏季（６－８月）既是该区水汽入流量最大时节，也是该区水汽输出的最大时期     

突破传统束缚 实现有质量的发展

本文阐述了我国加入WTO以后，随着竞争主体多元化格局的形成，建筑设计企业必须突破传统束缚，走质量发展之路的观点。     

山东省重点矿种资源危机矿山解危对策

山东省矿产资源丰富,矿业发达。随着经济快速增长,矿产资源供需矛盾加剧,不少矿山面临资源危机。针对资源不足和危机矿山的实际,加强地质找矿,延长矿山寿命,既是当前的一项紧迫工作,也是一项长远的战略任务。本文就省内重点矿种从宏观方面探讨解决危机矿山解危对策。主要有三个方面,一是省内开辟找矿新区;二是在已知矿山深部和外围找矿;三是＂走出去＂开拓国内、国际市场。     

坡折带控制下的砂质碎屑流对油气勘探的意义——以四川盆地上三叠统须家河组为例

坡折带近年来日益受到重视,它明显控制了上覆地层分布、岩性岩相变化和油气藏的分布。通过层序地层法恢复古地貌,在川中-川西过渡带识别大型地貌坡折带,川西地区晚三叠世接受其西部和东部两个方向的物源供给。在大量岩心观察、地震资料和测井资料研究基础上,认为在坡折带控制下,龙泉山断裂带以西须二、须四段发育砂质碎屑流重力流沉积,分析其基本特征和储集性能,最后指出砂质碎屑流储层物性总体优于川西地区南部其它类型砂体,是新型的勘探对象,具有一定的勘探潜力。     

一种水文地质孔破壁解堵的方法

化学洗井主要是利用化学试剂对含水层中泥皮和堵塞物进行分散、络合、整合、吸附、稳定和疏导,以达到疏通含水层,快速高效的洗井目的。通过对泥浆、泥皮和粘土的分析试验,确定Na5P3O10为主剂,Na2CO3、NaCl为电解质助剂,CMN为分散减阻剂。选择正交试验,确定了洗井剂的配方。在金宝屯煤矿的七口井做洗井试验,从洗井效果来看,该方法比传统的机械洗井效果明显：水量增加24％～39％,时间节约3～5d。     

华北克拉通破坏与岩石圈减薄

古太古代（约4.0 Ga）时地球上可能只有一个超级大陆, 它的岩石圈厚度高达400 km。在早元古代,这个超级大陆减薄、裂解成十几块,每块中心是太古宙岩石,边缘是元古宙岩石,且各块厚度不等（150~350km）。从元古宙之后这些被称之为稳定克拉通的大陆岩石圈就一直漂游在地幔软流圈之上。中国华北地块就是这些克拉通之一,与众不同的是它在中生代时遭受了第二次破坏,岩石圈厚度从古生代时的180~200 km 减少到现今的80~100 km。本文作者从流变学的视角出发,围绕华北克拉通破坏和岩石圈减薄这一核心问题,从     

Sinkhole subsidence due to mining

This paper reviews the modes of formation of sinkhole subsidence associated with mining activities, drawing on examples in India. Sinkhole (pot-hole) subsidence is an abrupt local depression at the surface which can be hazardous to life and property due to its tendency to occur without warning. Shallow extraction, weak overburden and geological discontinuities are the main factors which cause them. Sinkholes occur due to the failure of a mine roof which migrates through the overlying strata until the failure zone intercepts the unconsolidated overburden. Alternatively they may occur by the creation of cavities in the overburden following the inflow of sand and soil from the overlying weathered and friable strata through faults. Overburden cavities eventually cave in and sinkholes appear at the surface. Sinkholing phenomena can be controlled to some extent by proper design of mining supports and construction of walls to create a barrier around an area prone to sinkholes in bord and pillar workings. Backfilling and grouting can be used to stabilize abandoned underground workings.     

Earthquake losses due to ground failure

Ground shaking is widely considered to be the primary cause of damage to structures, loss of life and injuries due to earthquakes. Nonetheless, there are numerous examples of earthquakes where the losses due to earthquake-induced ground failure have been significant. Whereas ground shaking causes structural and non-structural damage, with associated loss of function and income, ground failure is less likely to cause spectacular structural collapses, but is frequently the cause of major disruptions, particularly to lifelines, which can lead to prolonged loss of function and income, even for undamaged areas.Those involved in earthquake loss modelling are currently presented with three choices with respect to the incorporation of ground failure: they can choose to ignore it, assuming that any estimation of losses caused by shaking would effectively subsume the impact of these secondary hazards; they can include ground failure in a simple manner, using published approaches based upon qualitative data and a large degree of judgement; or, they can opt for a detailed site- or region-specific assessment of damage due to ground failure, with the associated time and expense.This paper presents a summary of the principal features of earthquake losses incurred in damaging earthquakes over the last 15 years. Survey data are impartially analysed, considering both ground failure and ground shaking as sources of damage, and their relative contribution to overall damage in each section of the regional infrastructure is presented. There are many other variables influencing these contributions, including the size of the earthquake, the economic status of the affected region, local geology and terrain and the building stock, which have been considered.The findings of the study are discussed from the point of view of loss modelling and which components of a model should merit the most time and resource allocation. The general assumption that ground shaking is the principal cause of damage and loss is strongly supported by the study. However, there are a number of scenarios identified where the failure to appropriately include the effects of ground failure would lead to unrealistic loss projections. Such scenarios include the assessment of building losses in small zones rather than on a regional basis, and the incorporation of lifeline damage or disruption and indirect losses into a model.