华南区域高分辨率数值模式前汛期预报初步评估

基于华南地区自动站逐小时观测资料, 采用传统站点评分、邻域法等评估华南区域高分辨率数值模式(包括GRAPES_GZ_R 1 km模式和GRAPES_GZ 3 km模式)对降水、地面温度和风场等要素的预报能力。结果表明: GRAPES_GZ_R 1 km模式的降水预报技巧优于GRAPES_GZ 3 km模式, 模式预报以正偏差为主。对于不同起报时间的预报, 00时(世界时, 下同)起报的预报效果优于12时。GRAPES_GZ_R 1 km模式的TS评分是GRAPES_GZ 3 km模式的两倍以上, 对不同降水阈值的评分均较高。分数技巧评分(FSS)显示GRAPES_GZ_R 1 km模式6 h累计降水预报在0.1 mm、1 mm及5 mm以上的降水均可达到最低预报技巧尺度, 对所检验降水对象的空间位置把握能力更好。2 m气温和10 m风速检验结果表明两个模式均能较好把握广东省温度的分布特征, GRAPES_GZ_R 1 km模式对2 m气温预报结果优于GRAPES_GZ 3 km模式, 预报绝对误差更小; 两个模式对风速的预报整体偏强, 预报偏差在1~4 m/s之间, 但相比之下GRAPES_GZ 3 km模式在风场预报上表现更好。GRAPES_GZ_R 1 km模式的2 m气温和10 m风速预报偏差随降水过程存在明显波动, 强降水过后温度预报整体偏低, 风速预报偏强, 在模式产品订正、使用等需要考虑模式对主要天气系统的预报情况。总的来说, GRAPES_GZ_R 1 km模式的预报产品具有较好的参考价值。      

Experiments on the radar reflectivity data assimilation in the WRF-ARW model

Given are the results of numerical experiments on the radar reflectivity data assimilation in the nonhydrostatic WRF-ARW model. For this purpose, the procedure of three-dimensional variational data assimilation was used included as a separate block (WRF-3DVAR) in the WRF-ARW system. The experiments on the cyclic assimilation of radar information were carried out for ten days of summer of 2009. The data of six AKSOPRI complexes forming the Moscow ring of radar measurements were assimilated. The contribution of the radar reflectivity data assimilation to the quality of short-range precipitation forecasts was verified on the basis of the momentary and accumulated radar precipitation and total precipitation at the stations. It is obtained that the contribution of the radar reflectivity assimilation using the WRF-ARW algorithm to the precipitation forecast is close to neutral: the number of accurate forecasts increases by about 10%; however, the number of false alarms increases as well.     

回波强度垂直廓线与雷达定量估测降水的关系

为了分析不同高度回波强度与地面降水的关系,提高雷达定量估测降水的能力,本文对石家庄2006~2008年5~9月共77次降水过程的反射率因子垂直廓线(VPR)进行了统计分析。对比降水实况和VPR发现,各个高度层的反射率因子波峰(谷)同降水波峰(谷)相一致,而且降水强度越大,反射率因子核心高度越低。同时,还比较了距离雷达站不同的水平距离和不同海拔高度的反射率因子特征,发现海拔高度对5 mm/h以下降水率和垂直高度在4 km以下各层的反射率因子会造成一定的影响,而对强降水和高层反射率因子影响较小。另外,零度层亮带在VPR上表现出反射率因子增大的特征,影响降水估测效果。为了消除零度层亮带的影响,选取1.5~3.5 km为估测降水的最佳高度范围,各站具体选取高度则取决于其距雷达站的水平距离和海拔高度。     

辽宁省夏季多模式降水预报检验及晴雨预报技术研究

利用辽宁省291个国家气象观测站的降水资料,对2019年夏季（6-9月）8种模式降水预报及中央气象台格点降水预报进行了检验评估和比较,并采用消空方法进行晴雨预报技术研究。结果表明：2019年,EC模式具有最优的暴雨预报性能,而日本模式暴雨TS评分最高;中尺度模式对于局地性暴雨和短时强降水具有较好的预报潜力,性能较好的是GRAPES_MESO模式和睿图东北3 km模式;全球模式对24 h暴雨的预报频率比实况偏低30%,3 h强降水则偏低60%,中尺度模式对24 h暴雨的预报频率比实况偏高30%,3 h强降水则偏低20%。由于对小量级降水存在较多空报,各模式原始预报的晴雨预报大多呈现空报偏多的情况;使用小量级降水剔除的消空策略能够明显提高晴雨准确率,消空之后EC模式具有最优的晴雨预报性能。分别使用24 h和3 h累计降水量优化消空策略,发现分别取1.0 mm和0.8 mm的阈值进行消空可以使24 h晴雨准确率提高15.58%,3 h晴雨准确率提高10%-30%。     

Impact of cloud microphysical processes on hurricane intensity, part 1: Control run

Summary The first part of the paper comprises of a control experiment and its forecasts validations with the observed. The PSU-NCAR mesoscale model MM5 was utilized at a horizontal resolution of 4 km using the data sets for hurricane Charley of 2004. The model configures some of the best available versions for physics and microphysical parameterizations schemes to produce forecasts which are close to the observed trend of hurricane Charley. The basic validations of the control run were carried out in terms of track, intensity (sea-level pressure and surface wind speed), storm propagation speed, precipitation and radar reflectivity with that of observed. The validations were necessary because this control experiment will be considered as a benchmark forecast for comparison with other microphysics sensitive experiments forecasts in the second part of this paper. In general, the control run forecasts closely comply with that of observed track and intensity of the hurricane Charley. We also note that control run manage to reproduce much of the important structural characteristics features of the hurricane as observed.     

用多普勒雷达反射率调整模式大气的云微物理变量

一种简单云分析方案, 用于由多普勒天气雷达反射率反演中尺度大气模式初值分析中的云微物理变量（云水混合比和雨水混合比）和空气湿度变量（比湿），使模式积分初始场反映出观测空间的云微物理特征以及哪些空间位置上的大气处于饱和状态。应用于2002年6月梅雨期安徽省马鞍山市一次降水过程的临近数值预报试验结果表明，模式预报的大气综合反射率与雷达观测的回波图像相近，由云微物理变量变化表示的模式云系演变与雷达观测的回波图像一致, 伴随模拟的中小尺度云系, 模式大气能很快调整出合理的中小尺度流场辐散、辐合结构；它们明显好于模式初始场不引入雷达反射率时的结果，即这种方法对改进临近数值天气预报准确率是有效的。     

雷达资料与中尺度数值预报的融合方法研究及其在临近预报中的应用

通过融合多普勒天气雷达资料与中尺度数值预报产品,发展了一种便于临近预报业务使用的方法。该方法首先通过相关分析计算当前相同时刻雷达估测降水与中尺度数值预报的反射率因子估测降水之间的位置偏差,导出一个位移偏差矢量场;然后,利用人机交互的方式对矢量场进行分区,并对各分区的矢量场进行平滑处理,计算出各分区的平均位移偏差矢量;最后,采用最小二乘法对各分区连续多次的平均位移偏差矢量进行线性拟合,得到各分区平均位移偏差矢量随时间的变化特征,订正未来时段相应区域的数值预报反射率因子估测降水的位置偏差。利用该方法对2012和2013年夏季发生在重庆西部、四川东部的3次强降水天气过程进行临近预报试验并对预报结果进行了检验,结果表明:对0~2 h的临近预报,融合预报效果总体上优于模式预报效果;另外,与雷达外推定量降水预报相比,0~1 h雷达外推预报效果优于融合预报效果,1~2 h融合预报效果优于雷达外推预报效果。     

多普勒雷达资料同化在“7.21”北京特大暴雨个例中的应用

基于WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式和GSI(Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation)同化系统,研究了同化4部多普勒雷达探测资料对"7.21"北京特大暴雨过程中降水预报的改善作用。GSI系统直接同化径向风,而采用云分析的方式间接同化反射率。2012年7月20日21时—21日00时(世界时)雷达探测资料同化试验采用30 min循环同化径向风和反射率资料。结果表明,循环同化雷达探测资料改善了短时(0—6 h)和短期(0—24 h)降水预报,ETS评分提高了约0.2。同化反射率资料增加了初始场的水凝物,改善了温度场分布,直接影响了降水的形成,同时还使650—250 hPa位势高度的均方根误差平均降低了8 gpm。直接同化径向风资料对中尺度风场产生了一定影响。ETS评分结果表明:同化反射率资料的效果要优于同化径向风。     

一种基于可预报性的暴雨预报评分新方法Ⅱ:暴雨检验评分模型及评估试验

针对当前暴雨预报检验采用二分类事件检验方法存在较严重的“空报”“漏报”双重惩罚,没有考虑暴雨时空分布不均和预报评分可比性不够等问题,在分析预报员对暴雨预报评分期望值基础上,设计了一种基于可预报性的暴雨预报检验评分新方法和计算模型,分析了理想评分,并对2015-2016年4-10月中国中央气象台5 km×5 km定量降水格点预报和降水落区等级暴雨预报进行评分试验,获得了以下结果和结论:（1）预报员对暴雨预报评分期望值呈现梯级下降特征,与传统的TS评分存在显著差异;（2）设计了一种基于可预报性的暴雨预报检验新方法,通过引入e指数函数构建暴雨预报评分基函数,进而构建暴雨评分模型,该模型可以较好地拟合预报员对暴雨预报评分的期望值,同时改善了评分在不同量级阈值处的断崖式突变情况;（3）提出了预报与观测的邻域匹配方法,即一个预报点与所定义邻域中的一组观测相匹配,并利用距离加权最大值法确定暴雨评分值权重系数,预报与观测距离越近,距离权重系数越大,评分值权重越大,提高了评分的合理性,避免了距离较远的匹配站点得高分不利于鼓励预报员提高预报精度的问题;（4）对中国中央气象台逐日5 km×5 km水平分辨率的定量降水格点预报产品和中央气象台定量降水落区等级预报产品进行了评分试验,暴雨预报准确率全国平均值大于60分。基于可预报性的暴雨预报检验新评分与传统暴雨预报TS评分逐日演变特征相似,但可以较好地解析TS为0的预报评分,解析后的新评分与预报员和公众的心理预期更为接近。      

GRAPES千米尺度模式在西南复杂地形区降水预报偏差与成因初探

利用2019年夏季（6—8月）西南复杂地形区地面观测站逐时和逐日降水量观测数据,从降水量和降水频率入手,对同期GRAPES-Meso 3 km业务模式短期（36 h以内）降水预报性能,特别是在不同典型地貌区—四川盆地子区、云贵高原北部子区和南部子区、青藏高原东缘山地子区的预报偏差进行细致评估与分析。结果表明:（1）GRAPES-Meso 3 km模式能合理地刻画出西南复杂地形区夏季日降水和日内尺度降水的主要特征,以及小时降水频次-强度的基本关系。（2）在各子区,模式日降水量（频率）预报表现为清晰的正偏差,正偏差在盆地子区最显著,为观测值的1.1倍（0.3倍）;日降水量正偏差主要由强降水日降水量预报偏大引起,但频率正偏差在云贵高原南、北子区与其他两个子区不同,主要是中小雨日数预报偏多的贡献;强降水（中小雨）落区预报存在明显（轻微）偏大倾向,强降水预报落区偏大频率在青藏高原东缘山地子区最高,达82.8%,在云贵高原南部子区最低,为53.6%。（3）日循环上,各时次小时降水量（频率）预报整体偏大,且主要正偏差出现在观测的夜雨峰值时段,其中海拔1200 m以下区域的降水频率正偏差从夜间峰值区延续到中午,模式偏强的日降水量预报往往表现为日内偏长的降水时长或小时降水空报。（4）诊断分析显示,模式在四川盆地区突出的夏季日降水预报正偏差是模式对流层低层在云贵高原南-东南侧偏强的西南风预报与西南地区特殊地形结合的产物。      

Seasonal prediction of African precipitation with ECHAM4–T42 ensemble simulations using a multivariate MOS re-calibration scheme

A 15 member ensemble of 20th century simulations using the ECHAM4–T42 atmospheric GCM is utilized to investigate the potential predictability of interannual variations of seasonal rainfall over Africa. Common boundary conditions are the global sea surface temperatures (SST) and sea ice extent. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA) between observed and ensemble mean ECHAM4 precipitation over Africa is applied in order to identify the most predictable anomaly patterns of precipitation and the related SST anomalies. The CCA is then used to formulate a re-calibration approach similar to model output statistics (MOS) and to derive precipitation forecasts over Africa. Predictand is the climate research unit (CRU) gridded precipitation over Africa. As predictor we use observed SST anomalies, ensemble mean precipitation over Africa and a combined vector of mean sea level pressure, streamfunction and velocity potential at 850 hPa. The different forecast approaches are compared. Most skill for African precipitation forecasts is provided by tropical Atlantic (Gulf of Guinea) SST anomalies which mainly affect rainfall over the Guinean coast and Sahel. The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences southern and East Africa, however with a lower skill. Indian Ocean SST anomalies, partly independent from ENSO, have an impact particularly on East Africa. As suggested by the large agreement between the simulated and observed precipitation, the ECHAM4 rainfall provides a skillful predictor for CRU precipitation over Africa. However, MOS re-calibration is needed in order to provide skillful forecasts. Forecasts using MOS re-calibrated model precipitation are at least as skillful as forecast using dynamical variables from the model or instantaneous SST. In many cases, MOS re-calibrated precipitation forecasts provide more skill. However, differences are not systematic for all regions and seasons, and often small.     

雷达回波垂直廓线及其生成方法

研究雷达回波Z (R) 垂直廓线VPR有两个重要内容: 一是VPR的生成方法, 二是用VPR订正雷达估算降水的技术。在简要比较现有生成方法———参数法、平均法和识别法的主要特点后, 认为平均垂直廓线MVPR具有简便、实用的优点。文章着重对MVPR的生成方法作了细致的探讨, 形成了4种生成算法, 并作了比较; 展示了各种生成参数对MVPR的不同作用, 并简要介绍了一个应用程序框图。对两个降水实例实施订正后初步评估表明, 用MVPR订正雷达估算降水可使评估因子R/G从0.84 (0.86) 提高到0.93 (0.97), 而绝对误差率则下降4%。     

Short-range forecast of heavy precipitation and strong wind using the convection-allowing WRF models

The results are stated of estimation of short-range forecasting of heavy precipitation (P ≥ 10 mm/12 hours) and strong wind at the height of 10 m (V ≥ 10 m/s) using three nonhydrostatic models from the WRF family: ARW, ARW Glob, and NMM. The forecasts on the basis of all three models were carried out using two grids. The horizontal resolution of external grids varied from 9 to 16.5 km and that of the nested grids, from 3 to 5.5 km. For the ARW and NMM models, the values at side boundaries of external nested grids were taken from the forecasts on the basis of the global GFS NCEP model and for the ARW Glob model, from the global forecasts based on this model. The convection parameterization was turned off at nested grids for all models. The forecasts of heavy precipitation and strong wind at nested grids over the European territory of Russia were estimated from the radar and station measurements in summer 2008. It is obtained that all three models reproduce well enough the mesoscale convective systems and associated areas of heavy precipitation and strong wind but they have common shortcomings: they overestimate the amount and area of heavy precipitation and underestimate the strong wind speed. To a lesser degree, these shortcomings are typical of the ARW model. The possible reasons for systematic errors in the forecasts are discussed.     

Fine-Scale Observations of Summertime Precipitation in an Intra-Alpine Region

Summary ?Intra-mountain summertime precipitation was studied in the Alps in a 40×20 km² area centered around Innsbruck, Austria, from June through September 1997. An observational network with a mean separation distance of 9 km and forecasts from the ECMWF model were used to examine the role the strong forcing from the lower boundary plays in creating “hot spots” for the formation of thunderstorms and the location of heavy precipitation as well as systematic precipitation patterns for different weather situations, which can be used to downscale forecasts from global scale routine numerical weather prediction models. Received March 16, 1999/Revised August 20, 1999     

Analysis of quantitative precipitation forecasts using the Dynamic State Index

The German Weather Service (DWD) has two non-hydrostatic operational weather prediction models with different spatial resolution and precipitation parametrisations. The coarser COSMO-EU model has a spatial resolution of 7 km, whereas the higher-resolution COSMO-DE model has a gridspace of 2.8 km and explicitly resolves deep convection. To improve the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models it is necessary to understand precipitation processes. A central goal is the statistical evaluation of precipitation forecasts with dynamic parameters. Here, the Dynamic State Index (DSI) is used as a dynamic threshold parameter. The DSI theoretically describes the change of atmospheric flow fields as deviations from a stationary adiabatic solution of the primitive equations (Névir, 2004). For seasonal area means the DSI shows a remarkably high correlation with the precipitation forecasts provided by the COSMO-DE model. This is especially the case for the summer of 2007. The same analysis has been performed with the COSMO-EU forecast data and the results were compared with those from the COSMO-DE model. Moreover, an independent precipitation analysis, with a resolution corresponding to 7 km and 2.8 km, has been compared with respect to modelled precipitation and the DSI. In addition, correlations between the DSI and modelled as well as observed precipitation as a function of the forecast time for the different grid resolutions are also presented. The results show, that after 12 h, the correlation of the persistence forecast with the DSI reaches two thirds of the initial value. Thus, the DSI offers itself as a new dynamic forecast tool for precipitation events.     

浙江沿海登陆台风结构特性的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用浙江省新一代多普勒雷达组网资料,选取在浙江东南沿海近乎同一地点登陆的3个台风进行研究。从登陆前6 h到登陆后7 h,对比分析3个台风在登陆前后的雷达回波和降水结构时空变化特征。利用单多普勒雷达四维变分风场反演技术,对温州多普勒雷达探测资料进行了风场反演。结合利用雷达回波强度资料,对3个台风登陆前后1 h在云岩、昌禅等地造成特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,台风强度与其螺旋云带中的对流单体密切相关。台风强度愈强,其中低层环状平均回波强度就愈强,对流活动也就愈旺盛,降水强度也愈大。台风登陆前,回波(雨带)从眼墙向外围传播。台风登陆后,随着台风外围回波(雨带)明显减弱,台风眼墙回波(雨带)则明显增强,台风眼区逐渐被强回波所取代,使台风登陆后眼墙的平均雨强比登陆前增大。台风登陆后1 h,由于低(高)层水平辐合(散)增强,强对流回波中倾斜的上升(下沉)气流明显增大,使对流运动更加活跃,造成登陆后1 h的降雨量显著增强。台风强度与登陆后1 h降雨量的增强幅度成正比。台风强度越强,垂直风切变就越大,垂直切变风速大值区与最大降雨区有较好的对应关系。台风登陆后1 h,垂直切变风速的明显增加对登陆台风螺旋雨带中的中小尺度对流的加强和维持起到了非常重要的作用。     

雷达反射率资料的三维变分同化研究

应用天气研究和预报模式(WRF)三维变分系统中一种新的雷达反射率资料间接同化方法来进行反射率资料的三维变分同化研究,评估雷达反射率资料对夏季短时定量降水预报的作用.该方法不直接同化雷达反射率资料,而是同化由反射率资料反演出的雨水和估计的水汽.以2009年夏季北京地区发生的4次强降水过程为例,考察了北京市气象局业务运行的快速更新循环同化预报系统对京津冀地区雷达网的雷达反射率资料的同化性能以及雷达反射率资料和径向风资料同时同化的效果.数值试验结果表明:(1)同化反演雨水或水汽都能改善降水预报,但同化反演水汽对降水预报效果的改善起了更重要的作用;(2)同化反射率资料能极大地提高短时降水预报的效果,其稳定的正面效果可以延伸到6h的预报时效,而同化径向风资料不能得到稳定的正效果;(3)同化雷达资料时,应用快速更新循环同化预报系统是提高短时定量降水预报的一个有效途径.     

多普勒天气雷达资料对中尺度模式短时预报的影响

利用中尺度模式ARPS(The Advanced Regional Prediction System)及其资料分析系统ADAS(ARPS Data Analysis System),将国内新一代多普勒雷达(CINRAD)反射率及径向风资料直接用于中尺度数值模拟,通过一次华北地区暴雨过程的模拟对比试验,分析了雷达资料对初始场的改进效果及其对模拟结果的影响,结果表明:(1)利用雷达径向风资料对初始风场进行调整后,自近地面到对流层顶的u,v,w都发生了变化,调整后的初始风场在对流层中层变化最大.(2)利用雷达反射率进行微物理调整和云分析能调整初始场中的云水信息,使得雷达回波附近3 km以下的水汽混合比(qv)增加,4 km以下的雨水混合比(qr)增加,对流层(约10 km以下)的云水混合比(qc)增加,4～9 km的对流层上部云冰混合比(qi)和雪混合比(qs)增加.ADAS通过非绝热初始化调整温度场,从而得到了一个动力和热力上平衡的初始场.(3)模拟的1 h雨量与实况的对比表明,同时利用雷达反射率和径向风改进过的初始场能明显增强3 h内的降水强度和落区预报,改善中尺度数值模式短时定量降水预报.模拟的1 h流场对比分析表明,经雷达径向风调整后,能够在初始场中增加气旋性涡旋等中小尺度风信息,明显减少模式的spin-up时间.(4)通过对雷达径向风和反射率对模式初始场和模拟结果影响的对比分析发现,雷达径向风主要是改进初始风场,而雷达反射率主要是改进初始场中的湿度参数,增加初始场中云水等的含量,调整温度场.通过模拟的6 h降水对比发现,利用雷达径向风调整初始场后,对降水模拟有一定的改进,但效果不甚明显,而雷达反射率资料对定量降水预报改进效果明显,同时使用雷达径向风和反射率资料改进初始场后对降水的模拟效果最明显.     

热带气旋的路径及登陆预报

用几个非线性数学模型制作热带气旋短期路径预报及热带气旋个数、登陆时段、地段的短期气候预报。5年多的研究和预报试验结果表明：用指数曲线模型制作热带气旋路径预报，准确率较高。24h预报，199次平均误差123km，达到国内先进水平。用多项式等非线性模型，制作登陆我国及登陆广东热带气旋的年、月个数预测，经过3年实际应用检验，准确率达到70％～90％。用非线性预测模型的逐日气压场、逐日雨量场长期预测结果进行分析，制作广东热带气旋登陆时段、地段和南海海面热带气旋出现时间的预报，准确率达到70％～80％，2002年热带气旋的预报，采用长中短期预报相结合，数值预报与统计预报相结合，预报效果较佳。     

台风“巴威”不同类型降水多模式预报与空间检验对比评估

以传统的检验方法和基于对象诊断评估方法(MODE),对首次以台风级别影响辽宁的“巴威”台风(2008)的台风暴雨过程不同性质降水的多模式(ECMWF、CMA＿MESO 10KM、CMA＿MESO 3km和睿图东北模式)预报结果进行了检验评估。结果表明：受“巴威”远距离和本体影响,辽宁省先后出现对流型降水和稳定型降水,传统检验和MODE检验结果均表明,多模式的对流型降水预报效果要优于稳定型降水,这很可能是多模式对于台风北上减弱产生稳定型降水的影响系统的预报强度偏差大导致,在今后预报中务必注意台风强度预报偏差对本体稳定型为主的降水的影响。传统检验结果中,CMA＿MESO 3km和ECMWF模式的评分较高,并且对于对流型降水雨带的形状、范围和质心距离、交集面积预报效果最好,ECMWF模式对稳定型降水也有着较高的目标相似度评分。尽管睿图东北模式由于对10.0 mm以上量级降水较高的空报和漏报率,而导致TS评分偏低;但在MODE检验结果中,东北模式预报的强降水雨带的中心位置、降水强度和范围均接近实况,目标相似度更高,尤其在对流型降水阶段目标相似度达到了1.00,模式对于对流型降水预报有着较好的可...