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地幔柱构造理论研究若干问题及研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
介绍了目前地幔柱构造理论研究中若干重要问题和最新进展,许多证据显示,地幔柱是严自于核幔边界附近的D″层发生热扰动并产生地幔柱的热动力源于外地核的不均匀加热作用;一个新启动的地幔柱在穿过整个地幔的缓慢上升过程会形成巨大球状顶冠和狭窄尾柱;地幔柱巨大球状顶冠会导致地壳发生上隆、区域变质作用、地壳深熔作用、构造变形作用和大规模火山作用,形成大陆或大洋溢流玄武岩;地幔柱狭窄尾柱的长期活动会在上覆运动板块上 相似文献
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地幔柱成矿系统:以峨眉山地幔柱为例 总被引:40,自引:3,他引:37
地幔柱沟通了地核、地幔、地壳各个圈层之间的物质与能量交换,提供了板内构造岩浆活动及成矿作用的一种重要的动力学机制。峨眉山地幔柱是晚古生代全球最显著的地幔柱活动之一,形成了多种有重大资源经济价值的矿床类型。以峨眉山地幔柱为例,对几种典型矿床类型的产出特征及成因进行了系统分析,阐述了地幔柱成矿系统中各种成矿作用与地幔柱构造岩浆活动的关系及成矿机理。(1)通过对部分典型岩浆硫化物矿床的地质地球化学特征和矿化特征分析,揭示了峨眉山大火成岩省不同矿化特征的岩浆硫化物矿床形成于统一的地幔柱岩浆活动体系,并与峨眉山玄武岩为同源演化关系,岩浆演化过程及硫化物熔离富集过程存在的差异造成了矿化类型的变异。(2)对攀西地区4个超大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床进行了详尽的地质地球化学分析,论述了成矿岩浆的性质、与峨眉山玄武岩的关系及成岩演化过程和成矿模式,表明成矿母岩浆来自于地幔柱,但经历了较大程度的地壳混染作用,提出岩浆的多次补给混合及结晶锋面上发生的双扩散造成的液态分层导致了韵律条带矿石的形成。(3)阐述了滇黔相邻地区玄武岩型自然铜和黑铜矿铜矿化现象,指出玄武岩岩浆气液阶段的自变质作用和玄武岩构造变质热液蚀变改造作用两种方式造成铜矿化富集,岩浆气液阶段的自变质作 相似文献
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利用地幔柱、上地幔和地壳在稀有气体同位素组成方面的明显差异,国际上在对地幔柱进行示踪和判识方面已取得了良好的效果。地幔柱的3He/4He值大于8~8.5Ra(Ra=1.4×10-6),且高于上地幔和地壳值;地幔柱的20Ne/22Ne值大于等于10.8,与上地幔值接近,但地幔柱的21Ne/22Ne值低于上地幔值;地幔柱的40Ar/36Ar值一般明显低于上地幔值;地幔柱的129Xe/130Xe和136Xe/130Xe值普遍高于上地幔和地壳值,且高于上地幔值约10%以上。中国东部新生代地幔岩的3He/4He值总体在上地幔3He/4He端员值(8±1Ra)的上下变化,与地幔柱的3He/4He值差异较大。大火成岩省(LIP)的形成与深部地幔柱的活动有关,峨眉山玄武岩是中国目前唯一被学术界普遍认可的LIP。开展包括峨眉山玄武岩在内的有关地幔柱稀有气体同位素示踪方面的研究,对于深化中国地幔柱领域的研究和推动大陆动力学研究的进程具有重要意义。 相似文献
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地球化学急变带与地幔柱资源系统 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7
地幔柱产生大面积软流圈上涌,沿深断裂形成岩浆房,导致大规模溢流玄武岩裂隙式喷发。良好的地幔柱成矿系统常出现在岩石圈不连续界面和三叉拼接裂谷,表现为地球化学急变带。地幔柱资源系统包括以下几方面:(1)地幔柱岩浆分异成矿系统,从封闭到开放环境的岩浆分异形成了富钛、富镁和低钛三个岩浆端员,构成了Cu—Ni(PGE)硫化物、Fe—Ti—V氧化物和Cu—Ag自然金属三个成矿体系;(2)地幔柱同生火山热液成矿系统,包括赤铁矿—阳起石—硅化氧化铜,沥青化—绿泥石—浊沸石化自然铜和碳酸盐化硫化物三个成矿体系;(3)地幔柱同构造盆地油气系统,巨量岩浆的快速成溢流导致地壳的快速沉降,形成同构造热盆地,具有油气前景;(4)地幔柱火山岩、硅质岩和富有机质砂页岩组合为优势生态体系提供了地质环境。 相似文献
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亚洲3个大火成岩省(峨眉山、西伯利亚、德干)对比研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
峨眉山(~260Ma)、西伯利亚(~250Ma)和德干(~66Ma)大陆溢流玄武岩是世界上3个重要的大火成岩省。大火成岩省至少具有4个通常被用于识别古地幔柱的标志:(1)先于岩浆作用的地表隆升;(2)与大陆裂谷化和裂解事件相伴;(3)与生物灭绝事件联系密切;(4)地幔柱源玄武岩的化学特征。虽然这3个大火成岩省都是来源于原始地幔柱,但是它们的地球化学特征有本质上的差异,反映其地幔柱曾与不同的上地幔库相互作用。(1)峨眉山和西伯利亚大陆溢流玄武岩的母岩浆,在上升过程中经受了与地球化学上和古老克拉通岩石圈地幔相同的上地幔库(EM1型幔源)的相互作用;(2)而德干大火成岩省没有受到地壳(或岩石圈)混染的原生玄武岩则显示地幔柱和EM2之间的Sr-Nd同位素变化。这种差异有可能制约了3个大火成岩省的成矿潜力。峨眉山和西伯利亚大火成岩省含有世界级岩浆矿床,而德干大火成岩省则不含矿。 相似文献
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峨眉地幔柱轴部的榴辉岩-地幔岩源区:主元素、痕量元素及Sr、Nd、Pb同位素证据 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:14
峨眉山大陆溢流玄武岩(ECFB)的西南部以丽江、大理和攀枝花三角区为中心的苦橄岩分布区,面积约5×10 4 km2 ,为峨眉地幔柱的轴部区。Sr、Nd、Pb同位素和痕量元素研究表明,大部分火山岩样品落在洋岛火山岩成分范围内,并存在类似FOZO、HIMU和EM - 的三个端元。这说明它们是在地幔柱轴部,由地幔岩和榴辉岩(古玄武质洋壳)组成的源区产生的岩浆形成的。岩浆源区再循环玄武质洋壳的存在可能是该区超大型钒钛磁铁矿床形成的根本原因。少部分分布在洋岛火山岩成分范围之外的样品,一部分属于地幔柱岩浆与地壳混染产物,另一部分低Ti岩石可能与岩石圈反应有关。地幔端元的地球化学特征如下:FOZO端元以白林山苦橄玄武岩(YB-0 1)为代表,低87Sr/86 Sr(0 .70 36 ) ,高1 43Nd/1 44 Nd(0 .5 12 7) ,中等2 0 6 Pb/2 0 7Pb(18.5 6 93) ;Nb/U =36 .6 7,Th/Nb =0 .0 82 ,L a/Nb=0 .91,Zr/Nb=6 .2 3。HIMU端元以丽江苦橄岩(JL - 2 9)为代表,高2 0 6 Pb/2 0 4 Pb(2 0 .6 4 12 )和2 0 7Pb/2 0 4 Pb(15 .74 89) ,低87Sr/86 Sr(0 .70 4 8)。EM - 端元包括两部分:1以二滩苦橄岩-玄武岩(R- 1、3、5、8)为代表,高87Sr/86 Sr(0 .70 73) ,低1 43Nd/1 44 Nd(0 .5 12 3) ,低2 0 6 Pb/2 0 4 Pb(17.996 8)和2 0 8Pb/2 0 4 Pb(37.94 5 0 ) 相似文献
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地幔柱及其成矿作用综述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
地幔柱理论在成矿学中的应用使对矿质来源的研究与地球的演化联系起来,而不再是简单地识别地壳来源或地幔来源.文章系统介绍了地幔柱特征、地幔柱成矿机制、地幔柱的演化对成矿的控制及地幔柱成矿系统. 相似文献
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试论地幔柱构造与川滇西部古特提斯的演化 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
基于全地幔对流(MOMO模式)提出的地幔柱构造理论将人们对地球深部的认识延伸到核幔边界.它和主要揭示地球表层构造的板块构造理论一起,为认识地球深部过程和大陆裂解等提供了新思路.在早古生代时期川滇西部古特提斯域几个大陆地块从位于赤道附近的冈瓦纳联合古大陆上裂解后又拼合到一起.该地区广泛分布的地幔柱活动产物和引起的浅表地质响应与特提斯的演化有很好的时空耦合关系,证明其间可能存在一个特提斯超级地幔柱,它可能是导致特提斯演化的原动力.根据古地磁资料和地幔柱活动的火成岩记录,认为特提斯超级地幔柱开始活动于晚志留世,结束于晚二叠世,历时约170 Ma.其幕式活动造成了3个陆块先后裂解脱离扬子地块,形成3个特提斯大洋和峨眉山大火成岩省. 相似文献
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峨眉山大火成岩省:地幔柱活动的证据及其熔融条件 总被引:138,自引:5,他引:138
对苦橄岩中橄榄石斑晶及其中熔体包裹体的电子探针分析表明,峨眉山大火山岩省的原始岩浆具高镁( MgO > 16%)特征。玄武岩的 REE反演计算揭示,参与峨眉山玄武岩岩浆作用的地幔具有异常高的潜能温度( 1 550℃)。这些特征以及峨眉山玄武岩的大面积分布和一些熔岩所显示的类似于洋岛玄武岩 (OIB)的微量元素和 Sr- Nd同位素特征均为地幔热柱在能量和物质上参与峨眉山溢流玄武岩的形成提供了确凿证据。峨眉山两个主要岩类(高钛和低钛玄武岩)可能是不同地幔源区物质在不同条件下的熔融产物。低钛玄武岩形成于温度最高、岩石圈最薄的地幔柱轴部。地幔( ISr≈ 0.705,ε Nd(t)≈+ 2)熔融始于 140 km,并一直延续到较浅的深度( 60 km,尖晶石稳定区 ),部分熔融程度为 16%,这类岩石可能代表了峨眉山玄武岩的主体。而高钛玄武岩的母岩浆的形成基本局限在石榴子石稳定区( > 70 km),其源区特征为 : ISr≈ 0.704,ε Nd(t)≈+ 5,可能代表了热柱边部或消亡期地幔小程度部分熔融( 1.5%)的产物。 相似文献
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A. D. Smith 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(6-7):675-680
Source models for intraplate volcanism (IPV) include vertical introduction of material from deep in the mantle (plume model), contamination of the shallow mantle (perisphere and continental mantle delamination models) and derivation by selective partial melting of oceanic crust recycled into the depleted mantle (SUMA/streaky mantle models). The plume hypothesis became the ruling model after a flawed interpretation of helium isotope data in the mid 1980s that led to plumes being imposed on models for crustal recycling into the depleted mantle. This incorporation of otherwise competing concepts, is the cause of unnecessary complexity in modern geodynamic models. The plume model cannot explain all manifestations of IPV and a comprehensive explanation can only be found by invoking the alternative options, combined with their tapping by plate tectonic processes. 相似文献
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High field strength element ratios in Archean basalts: a window to evolving sources of mantle plumes? 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
In terms of high field strength element ratios Nb/Th, Zr/Nb, Nb/Y and Zr/Y, most basalts from non-arc type Archean greenstones are similar to oceanic plateau basalts, suggestive of mantle plume sources. A large number of these basalts have ratios similar to primitive mantle composition. Perhaps the Archean mantle was less fractionated than at present and “primitive mantle” comprised much of the deep mantle and made a significant contribution to mantle plumes. The near absence of Archean greenstone basalts similar to NMORB in composition is also consistent with a relatively unfractionated mantle in which a shallow depleted source (DM) was volumetrically insignificant. The element ratios in basalts also indicate the existence of recycled components (HIMU, EM1, EM2) in the mantle by the Late Archean. This suggests that oceanic lithosphere was recycled into the deep mantle and became incorporated in some mantle plumes by the Late Archean. High field strength element ratios also indicate an important contribution of continental crust or/and subcontinental lithosphere to some non-arc Archean greenstone basalts. This implies that at least thin continental lithosphere was relatively widespread in the Archean. 相似文献
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峨眉山大火成岩省出露有少量酸性火山岩,它们与基性火山岩共生,表现出双峰式的特征,为研究峨眉山地幔柱晚期岩浆活动提供了重要的窗口。本文通过对双峰式火山岩主、微量元素和斑晶电子探针分析研究表明,基性火山岩属于碱性玄武岩,酸性火山岩主要由粗面岩组成;相对玄武岩,粗面岩中MgO、Fe2O3、P2O5、TiO2、CaO含量明显降低;粗面岩与玄武岩具有相互平行的REE配分模式,但粗面岩出现明显的Eu负异常,以及Sr、Ti等元素的强烈亏损;粗面岩与玄武岩具有同源的特征,通过稀土元素模拟计算表明粗面岩可以由玄武质岩浆经过80%分离结晶作用(辉石、斜长石和Fe-Ti氧化物)而形成。在峨眉山大火成岩省晚期出现双峰式火山岩,可能与地幔柱活动晚期岩浆供给少,在地壳岩浆房中停留时间长,岩浆发生强烈分离结晶作用有关。 相似文献
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《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(5):1571-1579
Mantle plumes originating from the Core-Mantle Boundary(CMB) or the Mantle Transition Zone(MTZ) play an important role in material transfer through Earth's interior.The hotspot-related plumes originate through different mechanisms and have diverse processes of material transfer.Both the Morganian plumes and large low shear wave velocity provinces(LLSVPs) are derived from the D " layer in the CMB,whereas the Andersonian plumes originate from the upper mantle.All plumes have a plume head at the Moho,although the LLSVPs have an additional plume head at the MTZ.We compare the geochemical characteristics of various plumes in an attempt to evaluate the material exchange between the plumes and mantle layers.The D" layer,the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes are consisted of subducted slab and post-perovskite from the lower mantle.Bridgmanite would crystallize during the upwelling process of the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes in the lower mantle,and the residual is a basalt-trachyte suite.Unlike the Morganian plumes,the crystallization in the LLSVPs is insufficient that material accumulates beneath the MTZ to form a plume head.Typically,the secondary plumes above the plume head occur at the edge of the LLSVPs because it is easier for bridgmanite crystal separating from the plume head at the edge,and the residual material with low density upwells to form the secondary plumes.Meanwhile,Na and K are enriched during the long-term crystallization process,and then the basalt-phonolite suite appears in the LLSVPs.The geochemical characteristics of Andersonian plumes suggest that the basalt-rhyolite suite is the major component in the upper mantle.Meanwhile the basalt-rhyolite suite also appears in the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes because of the assimilation and contamination in the plume head beneath the Mono. 相似文献
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T.L. Barry A.V. Ivanov S.V. Rasskazov E.I. Demonterova T.J. Dunai G.R. Davies D. Harrison 《Lithos》2007,95(3-4):415-424
Small-volume alkali basaltic volcanism has occurred intermittently for the past + 30 My across a vast area of thick continental crust from southern Siberia, through Mongolia to northeast China. With a lack of evidence for Basin-and-Range-type crustal extension or rifting, models to explain the widely dispersed, yet long-lived, volcanism tend to favour involvement of one or more mantle plume(s). We examine the range of 3He/4He isotope values in olivine phenocrysts from basalts, and their entrained mantle xenoliths, from Hamar Daban in southern Siberia, and Hangai in central Mongolia, in order to examine whether upwelling lower mantle appears to be present beneath central Asia and thus test the validity of the plume model for this region. Our results show that the maximum 3He/4He value for the Siberian basalts is 8.12 ± 0.2Ra, and the maximum value for Mongolian basalts is 9.5 ± 0.5Ra. These values suggest that there is no significant contribution from a high 3He/4He primordial component that would strongly argue a lower mantle source. Overlap with commonly reported values for MORB leads us to propose that the source of the magmatism derives from the shallow asthenosphere. Alternative models to a deeply sourced mantle plume that may be able to explain the magmatism include: a shallow thermal anomaly confined to the upper mantle but either fed laterally or caused by thermal blanketing of the large Asian landmass; replacement or delamination of the lowermost lithosphere in response to tectonic stresses; or large-scale mantle disturbance or overturn caused by a protracted history of subduction beneath central Asia that ended regionally with the Jurassic closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, but continues further afield with the present Indo-Asia collision. 相似文献
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Mantle plumes from top to bottom 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Norman H. Sleep 《Earth》2006,77(4):231-271
Hotspots include midplate features like Hawaii and on-axis features like Iceland. Mantle plumes are a well-posed hypothesis for their formation. Starting plume heads provide an explanation of brief episodes of flood basalts, mafic intrusions, and radial dike swarms. Yet the essence of the hypothesis hides deep in the mantle. Tests independent of surface geology and geochemistry to date have been at best tantalizing. It is productive to bare the current ignorance, rather than to dump the plume hypothesis. One finds potentially fruitful lines of inquiry using simple dynamics and observations. Ancient lithospheric xenoliths may reveal heating by plumes and subsequent thermal equilibration in the past. The effect at the base of the chemical layer is modest 50-100 K for transient heating by plume heads. Thinning of nonbuoyant platform lithosphere is readily observed but not directly attributable to plumes. The plume history in Antarctica is ill constrained because of poor geological exposure. This locality provides a worst case on what is known about surface evidence of hotspots. Direct detection of plume tail conduits in the mid-mantle is now at the edge of seismic resolution. Seismology does not provide adequate resolution of the deep mantle. We do not know the extent of a chemically dense dregs layer or whether superplume regions are cooler or hotter than an adiabat in equilibrium with the asthenosphere. Overall, mid-mantle seismology is most likely to give definitive results as plume conduits are the guts of the dynamic hypothesis. Finding them would bring unresolved deep and shallow processes into place. 相似文献