竖向地震动对滑动摩擦隔震桥梁结构地震反应的影响

利用接触摩擦单元建立了滑动摩擦隔震桥梁支座在竖向地震动作用下的有限元模型,通过算例讨论了竖向地震动对不同支座摩擦系数和不同刚度(墩径)滑动摩擦隔震桥梁地震反应的影响,初步探讨了竖向地震动的激励方向对分析结果的影响,分析结果表明,竖向地震动对滑动摩擦隔震桥梁结构的地震反应有较大的影响,在竖向地震动较为明显地区的滑动摩擦隔震桥梁结构设计时,应予以考虑。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FPS SYSTEM IN BRIDGE SEISMIC ISOLATION

An experimental study of a seismically isolated and a comparable non-isolated bridge is presented. The bridge model featured flexible piers, weighed 158kN and was tested on a shake table with an array of real and simulated seismic motions with peak acceleration in the range 0⋅1–1⋅1g. When isolated, the bridge deck was supported by four spherically shaped sliding bearings (known as Friction Pendulum System or FPS bearings) with friction coefficient under dynamic conditions in the range 0⋅07–0⋅12. The experimental results demonstrated a substantial improvement in the ability of the isolated bridge to sustain all levels of seismic excitation under elastic conditions.     

Effect of variation of normal force on seismic performance of resilient sliding isolation systems in highway bridges

In this study, a series of shaking table tests are carried out on scaled models of two seismically isolated highway bridges to investigate the effect of rocking motion and vertical acceleration on seismic performance of resilient sliding isolators. In addition, performance of RSI is compared with system having solely natural rubber bearings. Test results show that variation of normal force on sliders due to rocking effect and vertical acceleration makes no significant difference in response of RSI systems. In addition, analytical response of prototype isolated bridge and the model used in experiments is obtained analytically by using non‐linear model for isolation systems. It is observed that for seismically isolated bridges, dynamic response of full‐scale complex structures can be predicted with acceptable accuracy by experiments using a simple model of the structure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长联大跨摩擦摆支座隔震连续梁桥多维地震反应分析

结合长联大跨连续梁桥的特点,以1座(65+123+156+123+10×90+55)m长联大跨摩擦摆支座隔震连续梁桥为背景,建立了全桥三维有限元模型,运用非线性时程分析法,分析了地震动输入模式、地震动强度、摩擦摆支座参数对该桥内力、位移和能量响应的影响。研究结果表明:(1)长联大跨连续梁桥布置摩擦摆支座,可有效延滞固定墩顶有效主梁质量效应,实现全桥协同抗震。大部分地震能量可通过支座滞回耗能散耗,大幅降低了该桥固定墩地震能量耗散需求。(2)长联大跨连续梁桥减隔震设计中,建议采用水平单向+竖向地震组合进行内力设计,采用三向地震组合进行位移设计。(3)强震作用下,支座摩擦因数取0.029~0.034时该桥隔震性能最优。     

行波激励下考虑结构碰撞的非规则桥梁抗震性能研究

基于动力学基本原理,建立非规则桥梁的多自由度动力简化模型,根据拉格朗日方程推导简化模型的动力方程,结合龙格—库塔方法,采用自编程序研究行波激励下非规则桥梁综合考虑支座摩擦滑移、结构碰撞等非线性因素作用时的抗震性能。结果表明,行波效应和碰撞效应的共同作用可使矮墩的弯矩需求增大;行波激励可使板式橡胶支座位移增大,地震波最后到达的桥墩其上方支座位移峰值增加最为明显;相比高墩,地震作用下矮墩上部的板式橡胶支座易发生滑动。因此非规则桥梁进行防碰撞设计时应考虑行波激励及支座摩擦,找出相邻结构的最大碰撞力,以指导设计。     

不同地震激励方向下隔震曲线梁桥易损性分析

为进一步评估隔震曲线梁桥在地震激励下的抗震性能,从地震易损性角度出发并兼顾考虑地震激励方向对其易损性的影响。利用APDL建立采用板式橡胶支座的隔震曲线梁桥有限元模型,从PEER中选取同一地震事件中的近断层地震动,按规范规定比例输入水平双向地震动进行非线性动力时程分析,结合地震响应与损伤指标计算得到各构件地震易损性曲线;考虑地震激励方向的变化,通过MATLAB编程绘制得到桥梁结构构件(桥墩与支座)以及整体系统的地震易损性曲面,分析探讨地震激励方向对隔震曲线梁桥易损性的影响。结果表明：不同极限状态下各桥墩切向损伤条件概率明显大于其径向,各支座的切向与径向易损性相差不大,但仍是各支座的切向易损性略大于径向易损性;桥梁各构件(桥墩与支座)切向易损性对地震激励方向均表现出很强依赖性,而径向易损性对其的依赖性相对较弱,且伴随损伤等级的提高,构件易损性对地震激励方向更加敏感;桥梁整体系统易损性对地震激励方向的变化不太敏感,且因各构件响应之间的相关性较高,其系统易损性更接近于易损性最大的构件——易损性下限;当进行隔震曲线梁桥抗震性能评估时,应考虑不同地震激励方向对其地震易损性的影响,从而使得易损性分析...     

多维多点激励下考虑支座摩擦滑移及结构碰撞的非规则桥梁抗震性能研究

以一座典型山区非规则梁桥为研究对象,建立了该桥梁多维多点激励下的多自由度动力计算模型,研究了该桥梁在多维多点激励下考虑支座摩擦滑移及结构碰撞等非线性因素时的抗震性能。研究结果表明:相比一维地震输入,多维地震可使结构的动力响应增加,桥墩底部弯矩需求增大;相比一致激励,多点激励可使得支座的位移需求增大,且地震波最后到达的桥墩上方支座位移最大;同时考虑多点激励和碰撞效应可使桥墩的弯矩需求增加;水平地震作用下,矮墩上部的支座容易滑动,且双向地震较单向地震更明显,三向地震输入较双向有所增强。因此,对山区非规则梁桥进行抗震设计时应有针对性地进行多维多点地震输入计算,找出结构的最大地震需求,以期指导设计。     

设置负刚度装置的大跨长联连续梁桥地震反应分析

为完善大跨长联连续梁桥的减震和隔震技术,提出将负刚度装置引入某带有摩擦摆支座隔震的大跨长联连续梁桥中组成新型减震和隔震系统.基于CSIBridge软件建立全桥有限元模型,负刚度装置采用弹性多段线模拟,摩擦摆支座采用双线性恢复力模型,输入7条地震波进行了非线性时程分析,考查了新型减震和隔震系统下桥梁结构的地震反应,探究了...     

Dynamic analysis of sliding structures with unsynchronized support motions

The dynamic analysis of sliding structures is complicated due to the presence of friction. Synchronization of the kinematics of all the isolation bearings is often granted to simplify the task. This, however, may lead to inaccurate prediction of the structural responses under certain circumstances. Stepped structures or continuous bridges with seismic isolation are notable examples where unsynchronized bearing motions are expected. In this paper, a logically simple and numerically efficient procedure is proposed to solve the dynamic problem of sliding systems with unsynchronized support motions. The motion equations for the sliding and non‐sliding modes of the isolated structure are unified into a single equation that is represented as a difference equation in a discrete‐time state‐space form and the base shear forces between the sliding interfaces can be determined through simple matrix algebraic analysis. The responses of the sliding structure can be obtained recursively from the discrete‐time version of the motion equation with constant integration time step even during the transitions between the non‐sliding and sliding phases. Therefore, both accuracy and efficiency in the dynamic analysis of the highly non‐linear system can be enhanced to a large extent. Rigorous assessment of seismic structures with unsynchronized support motions has been carried out for both a stepped structure and a continuous bridge. Effectiveness of friction pendulum bearings for earthquake protection of such structures has been verified. Moreover, evident unsynchronized sliding motions of the friction bearings have been observed, confirming the necessity to deal with each of the bearings independently in the analytical model. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

摩擦单摆支座等效摩擦系数数值仿真及试验研究

对摩擦单摆支座的主要参数等效摩擦系数进行了数值仿真及试验研究,为桥梁结构的减隔震设计提供了参考。数值仿真包括等效摩擦系数与滑动面和转动面的摩擦系数、竖向承载力及加载频率三者关系的研究,对比分析了模拟结果与试验结果。结果表明:当滑动面与转动面的摩擦系数为不同取值时,支座等效摩擦系数的模拟值略大于理论值,初步验证了支座等效摩擦系数理论公式的正确性;通过模拟结果与试验结果的对比分析,进一步验证了该理论公式的合理性。     

Optimal design of superelastic‐friction base isolators for seismic protection of highway bridges against near‐field earthquakes

The seismic response of a multi‐span continuous bridge isolated with novel superelastic‐friction base isolator (S‐FBI) is investigated under near‐field earthquakes. The isolation system consists of a flat steel‐Teflon sliding bearing and a superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) device. The key design parameters of an S‐FBI system are the natural period of the isolated bridge, the yielding displacement of the SMA device, and the friction coefficient of the sliding bearings. The goal of this study is to obtain optimal values for each design parameter by performing sensitivity analysis of a bridge isolated by an S‐FBI system. First, a three‐span continuous bridge is modeled as two‐degrees‐of‐freedom with the S‐FBI system. A neuro‐fuzzy model is used to capture rate‐ and temperature‐dependent nonlinear behavior of the SMA device. Then, a set of nonlinear time history analyses of the isolated bridge is performed. The variation of the peak response quantities of interest is shown as a function of design parameters of the S‐FBI system and the optimal values for each parameter are evaluated. Next, in order to assess the effectiveness of the S‐FBI system, the response of the bridge isolated by the S‐FBI system is compared with the response of the non‐isolated bridge and the same bridge isolated by pure‐friction (P‐F) sliding isolation system. Finally, the influence of temperature variations on the performance of the S‐FBI system is evaluated. The results show that the optimum design of a bridge with the S‐FBI system can be achieved by a judicious specification of design parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

适用于村镇房屋的新型摩擦摆隔震性能试验研究

针对村镇房屋隔震设施薄弱的问题,本着低成本、易施工的原则,设计了一种玄武岩纤维混凝土材料的摩擦摆隔震支座。将该新型支座与传统钢制摩擦摆支座进行拟静力试验,研究了该新型支座在相同的竖向荷载作用,不同频率下的干摩擦和润滑摩擦两种工况的支座的滞回性能,得出了该新型支座的基本力学性能,通过利用SAP2000有限元模型对采用该新型支座的隔震结构进行了动力时程分析,并且将该新型支座与传统钢制摩擦摆支座在滞回性能、构造方式和经济性三方面进行对比分析。结果表明:玄武岩纤维混凝土摩擦摆支座的滞回性能略低于钢制摩擦摆支座滞回性能,该支座隔震效果显著且易模性好,便于施工,造价低廉,适用于低层村镇房屋隔震设计与施工。     

Seismic performance of cable-sliding friction bearing system for isolated bridges

During past strong earthquakes, highway bridges have sustained severe damage or even collapse due to excessive displacements and/or very large lateral forces. For commonly used isolation bearings with a pure friction sliding surface, seismic forces may be reduced but displacements are often unconstrained. In this paper, an alternative seismic bearing system, called the cable-sliding friction bearing system, is developed by integrating seismic isolation devices with displacement restrainers consisting of cables attached to the upper and lower plates of the bearing. Restoring forces are provided to limit the displacements of the sliding component. Design parameters including the length and stiffness of the cables, friction coefficient, strength of the shear bolt in a fixed-type bearing, and movements under earthquake excitations are discussed. Laboratory testing of a prototype bearing subjected to vertical loads and quasi-static cyclic lateral loads, and corresponding numerical finite element simulation analysis, were carried out. It is shown that the numerical simulation shows good agreement with the experimental force-displacement hysteretic response, indicating the viability of the new bearing system. In addition, practical application of this bearing system to a multi-span bridge in China and its design advantages are discussed.     

板式橡胶支座对斜交连续梁桥地震反应的影响

为充分了解板式橡胶支座对斜交连续梁桥地震反应的影响,利用OpenSees软件建立简化的斜交桥计算模型进行时程分析,研究板式橡胶支座摩擦滑移效应,以及支座动摩擦系数、剪切刚度、局部脱空等参数对斜交桥地震反应的影响。结果表明:板式橡胶支座考虑摩擦滑移后,不仅桥面位移和转角显著增大,而且出现残余位移和残余转角;随着支座剪切刚度的增大,桥面位移和转角均明显减小;随着桥墩处支座动摩擦系数的增大,桥面位移、转角均呈增长趋势,然而桥台处支座动摩擦系数的影响与之相反;桥墩处局部支座脱空对斜交桥的影响明显大于桥台支座。     

Study on the seismic performance of a double spherical seismic isolation bearing

In this paper, the configuration and working mechanism of the recently developed double spherical seismic isolation （DSSI） bearing are introduced in detail. Then, vertical displacement of the DSSI bearing due to sliding on a spherical surface is analyzed. The results from seismic performance testing of the bearing are given, and a numerical analysis of a four span continuous girder bridge is performed. The numerical analysis compares the influence of three different bearing arrangement schemes on the structural seismic response, and the results show that the DSSI bearing is effective in increasing the vertical load bearing capacity, reducing the vertical displacement, and controlling the energy dissipation capacity within a certain range.     

考虑支座滑移及挡块破坏的中小跨径梁桥地震易损性研究

从板式橡胶支座及混凝土挡块抗震设计角度,以一座典型的3跨预应力混凝土连续梁桥为例,结合概率地震需求分析及桥墩、支座等抗震关键构件极限破坏状态,建立不同支座及挡块分析模型的中小跨径梁桥地震易损性曲线,研究考虑支座滑移效应及挡块破坏的中小跨径梁桥的易损性特征。研究结果表明:不考虑橡胶支座的滑移效应及混凝土挡块破坏,桥墩地震破坏概率明显增大,且会低估支座破坏概率;桥梁系统易损性受支座破坏状态的影响显著,需设置合理的限位装置;在中小跨径梁桥地震易损性分析中,考虑支座的滑移效应及混凝土挡块的破坏十分必要。     

公民科学素质视角下的防震减灾科普研究——以日本和美国为例

防震减灾科普教育是提升公民防震减灾科学素质的重要途经。日本和美国是在防震减灾科普教育方面走在世界前列的国家。本文通过研究日本和美国关于公民防震减灾科学素质建设文献资料,分类归纳日本和美国公民防震减灾科学素质建设的历史背景、发展特点及主要路径,由此对我国公民防震减灾科学素质建设提出思考和建议。     

Shake-table tests and numerical simulation of an innovative isolation system for highway bridges

Damage investigation of small to medium-span highway bridges in Wenchuan earthquake revealed that typical damage of these bridges included: sliding between laminated-rubber bearings and bridge girders, concrete shear keys failure, excessive girder displacements and even span collapse. However, the bearing sliding could actually act as a seismic isolation for piers, and hence, damage to piers for these bridges was minor during the earthquake. Based on this concept, an innovative solation system for highway bridges with laminated-rubber bearings is developed. The system is comprised of typical laminated-rubber bearings and steel dampers. Bearing sliding is allowed during an earthquake to limit the seismic forces transmitting to piers, and steel dampers are applied to restrict the bearing displacements through hysteretic energy dissipation. As a major part of this research, a quarter-scale, two-span bridge model was constructed and tested on the shake tables to evaluate the performance of this isolation system. The bridge model was subjected to a Northridge and an artificial ground motion in transverse direction. Moreover, numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of the bridge model. Besides the test bridge model, a benchmark model with the superstructure fixed to the substructure in transverse direction was also included in the numerical analyses. Both the experimental and the numerical results showed high effectiveness of this proposed isolation system in the bridge model. The system was found to effectively control the pier-girder relative displacements, and simultaneously, protect the piers from severe damage. Numerical analyses also validated that the existing finite element methods are adequate to estimate the seismic response of bridges with this isolation system.     

Seismic response of isolated bridges with soil–structure interaction

The modern transportation facilities demand that the bridges are to be constructed across the gorges that are located in seismically active areas and at the same time the site conditions compel the engineers to rest the pier foundation on soil. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI) on the peak responses of three-span continuous deck bridge seismically isolated by the elastomeric bearings. The emphasis has been placed on gauging the significance of physical parameters that affect the response of the system and identify the circumstances under which it is necessary to include the SSI effects in the design of seismically isolated bridges. The soil surrounding the foundation of pier is modelled by frequency independent coefficients and the complete dynamic analysis is carried out in time domain using complex modal analysis method. In order to quantify the effects of SSI, the peak responses of isolated and non-isolated bridge (i.e. bridge without isolation device) are compared with the corresponding bridge ignoring these effects. A parametric study is also conducted to investigate the effects of soil flexibility and bearing parameters (such as stiffness and damping) on the response of isolated bridge system. It is observed that the soil surrounding the pier has significant effects on the response of the isolated bridges and under certain circumstances the bearing displacements at abutment locations may be underestimated if the SSI effects are not considered in the response analysis of the system.     

Seismic performance of highway bridges with fusing bearing components for quasi‐isolation

Modern highway bridges in Illinois are often installed with economical elastomeric bearings that allow for thermal movement of the superstructure, and steel fixed bearings and transverse retainers that prevent excessive movement from service‐level loadings. In the event of an earthquake, the bearing system has the potential to provide a quasi‐isolated response where failure of sacrificial elements and sliding of the bearings can cause a period elongation and reduce or cap the force demands on the substructure. A computational model that has been calibrated for the expected nonlinear behaviors is used to carry out a parametric study to evaluate quasi‐isolated bridge behavior. The study investigates different superstructure types, substructure types, substructure heights, foundation types, and elastomeric bearing types. Overall, only a few bridge variants were noted to unseat for design‐level seismic input in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, indicating that most structures in Illinois would not experience severe damage during their typical design life. However, Type II bearing systems, which consist of an elastomeric bearing and a flat PTFE slider, would in some cases result in critical damage from unseating at moderate and high seismic input. The sequence of damage for many bridge cases indicates yielding of piers at low‐level seismic input. This is caused by the high strength of the fixed bearing element, which justifies further calibration of the quasi‐isolation design approach. Finally, the type of ground motion, pier height, and bearing type were noted to have significant influence on the global bridge response. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.