竖向地震动对滑动摩擦隔震桥梁结构地震反应的影响

利用接触摩擦单元建立了滑动摩擦隔震桥梁支座在竖向地震动作用下的有限元模型,通过算例讨论了竖向地震动对不同支座摩擦系数和不同刚度(墩径)滑动摩擦隔震桥梁地震反应的影响,初步探讨了竖向地震动的激励方向对分析结果的影响,分析结果表明,竖向地震动对滑动摩擦隔震桥梁结构的地震反应有较大的影响,在竖向地震动较为明显地区的滑动摩擦隔震桥梁结构设计时,应予以考虑。     

Dynamic performance analysis of a seismically isolated bridge under braking force

In order to study the dynamic performance of seismically isolated bridges under the most unfavorable loads in the longitudinal direction,a dynamic equation for vehicle braking in the longitudinal direction is established.A four or fiveorder Runge-Kutta method is adopted to obtain the time-history response of a wheel set under braking force.The quadratic discretization method is then used to transform this time-history into a braking and bending force time-history of a structural fixed node,and a dynamic response analysis of the seismically isolated bridge under the vehicle’s braking force is carried out using ANSYS,a universal finite element analysis software.According to the results,seismic isolation design results in a more rational distribution of braking force among piers;the influence of the initial braking velocity on the vehicle braking force is negligible;the location where the first wheel set leaves the bridge is the most unfavorable parking location;a seismic isolation bridge bearing constructed according to typical design methods enters into a yield stage under the braking force, while the shearing force at the bottom of the pier declines as the isolation period is extended;the design requirements can be met when the yield displacement of the seismic isolation bearing is less than 5 mm and the yield strength is greater than the braking force.     

Control of structures with friction controllable sliding isolation bearings

A friction controllable sliding isolation system was developed and experimentally and analytically investigated by Feng et al. (Feng, Q., Shinozuka, M. & Fujii, S. A. friction controllable sliding isolation system. J. Eng. Mech., ASCE, 1993, 119(6), in press), the control algorithm having been developed based on a key assumption that the structural motion is always in the sliding phase. However, this assumption may not be valid in cases where the sticking phase of the structural motion dominates. In this paper a new control algorithm is developed including the effects of stick—slip phases. Effect of time delay is included in the formulation. The developed algorithm is used to evaluate the accuracy and limitations of the algorithm with continuous sliding assumption. Response to various earthquake motions, simulated using the two control algorithms, is presented. Comparisons with experimental results are also presented. Effects of stick—slip phases on the response are evaluated.     

Restrain of a seismically isolated bridge by external stoppers

The current design of seismically isolated bridges usually combines the use of bearings and stoppers, as a second line of defence. The stoppers allow the development of the in-service movements of the bridge deck, without transmitting significant loads to the piers and their foundations, while during earthquake they transmit the entire seismic action. Despite the fact that stoppers, which restrain the transverse seismic movements of the deck, are used frequently in seismically isolated bridges, the use of longitudinal stoppers is relatively rare, mainly due to the large in-service constraint movements of bridges. The present paper proposes a new type of external longitudinal stoppers, which are installed in stiff sub-structures-boundaries, aiming at limiting the bridge seismic movements. The parametric investigation, which was conducted in order to identify the seismic efficiency of the external stoppers, showed that the interaction of the bridge with the stiff boundaries can lead to significant reductions in the seismic movements of the bridge. Serviceability is appropriately arranged in the paper by expansion joints and approach slabs.     

Behavior of a seismically isolated bridge crossing a fault rupture zone

The effect of the fault rupture zone traversing a seismically isolated bridge is investigated utilizing a finite element model of a section of the Bolu Viaduct and a set of synthetic broadband strong ground motions simulated for the Bolu Viaduct site due to the 1999 Duzce earthquake. Both the original and a potential retrofit seismic isolation system designs are considered in the analyses. The results show double isolation system demands when fault crossing is considered, as compared to the case where fault crossing is ignored. The pier drift demands, however, remain comparable in both cases. Furthermore, the location of fault crossing along the bridge length, as well as the fault orientation with respect to the bridge longitudinal direction are shown to influence substantially the response of the seismically isolated bridge. Isolation system permanent displacements are greatly influenced by the restoring force capability of the isolation system when fault crossing effects in the excitations are ignored. In the case of fault crossing, the permanent displacements of the isolation system are dominated by the substantial permanent tectonic displacement along the fault trace which is imposed upon the structure. The results of this study contribute to developing a better understanding of how seismically isolated bridges respond when traversed by fault rupture zones. The lack of analyses and design guidelines for bridges crossing faults in international standards renders this study a useful reference for the profession.     

拱桥在竖向地震波输入下的行波共振现象

以某大跨公路拱桥为例讨论了行波作用对拱桥地震反应的影响机理.采用有限元程序计算分析了该拱桥在竖向地震动行波输入和一致输入下的动力反应,通过结果对比反映出行波地震反应并不简单随波速单调变化的现象.经过分析进一步提出了行波共振的概念,阐述了行波共振效应的产生机理.数值分析结果表明了考虑行波效应对大跨拱桥地震反应分析的重要性.     

长联大跨摩擦摆支座隔震连续梁桥多维地震反应分析

结合长联大跨连续梁桥的特点,以1座(65+123+156+123+10×90+55)m长联大跨摩擦摆支座隔震连续梁桥为背景,建立了全桥三维有限元模型,运用非线性时程分析法,分析了地震动输入模式、地震动强度、摩擦摆支座参数对该桥内力、位移和能量响应的影响。研究结果表明:(1)长联大跨连续梁桥布置摩擦摆支座,可有效延滞固定墩顶有效主梁质量效应,实现全桥协同抗震。大部分地震能量可通过支座滞回耗能散耗,大幅降低了该桥固定墩地震能量耗散需求。(2)长联大跨连续梁桥减隔震设计中,建议采用水平单向+竖向地震组合进行内力设计,采用三向地震组合进行位移设计。(3)强震作用下,支座摩擦因数取0.029~0.034时该桥隔震性能最优。     

活动支座摩擦力对桥梁抗震性能的影响参数分析

利用摩擦单元模拟了活动支座摩擦力在桥梁地震反应分析中的作用,以一座6跨连续梁桥为例,通过改变其计算参数得到不同的计算模型,对各模型进行时程反应分析,得到不同参数模型的固定墩墩底弯矩的减震率。发现在某些情况下出现了负减震率并进行了原因分析。通过不同参数模型减震牢的对比,分析了各计算参数对固定墩墩底减震率的影响。建议对于考虑支座摩擦后自振周期接近场地卓越周期的桥梁考虑活动支座摩擦作用。     

Impact of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface on the isolation performance of friction pendulum bearings

A new equivalent center of mass model of FPBs(friction pendulum bearings) is introduced, and based on this model, coefficient j of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface is defined. It is thought in theory that j has a significant impact on the isolation parameter of FPBs, since the equivalent post-yielding stiffness and friction coefficients are not simply determined by sliding radius and sliding friction pairs. The results of numerical simulation analysis using ABAQUS conducted on two groups of FPBs support this viewpoint. For FPBs with the same sliding radius and sliding friction pairs, the FPB modules of structural analysis software such as ETABS could only distinguish the equivalent transformation using j one by one. The seismic response data obtained in a base isolation calculation example of FPBs are very different, which reveals that j's impact on the isolation effectiveness of FPBs cannot be ignored. The introduction of j will help improve the classical structural theory of FPBs and the weak points of structural analysis software based on this theory, which is important in achieving more accurate analyses in structural design.     

Seismic response analysis of bridges isolated with friction pendulum bearings

A systematic method is developed for the dynamic analysis of the structures with sliding isolation which is a highly non-linear dynamic problem. According to the proposed method, a unified motion equation can be adapted for both stick and slip modes of the system. Unlike the traditional methods by which the integration interval has to be chopped into infinitesimal pieces during the transition of sliding and non-sliding modes, the integration interval remains constant throughout the whole process of the dynamic analysis by the proposed method so that accuracy and efficiency in the analysis of the non-linear system can be enhanced to a large extent. Moreover, the proposed method is general enough to be adapted for the analysis of the structures with multiple sliding isolators undergoing independent motion conditions simultaneously. The superiority of the proposed method for the analysis of sliding supported structures is verified by a three-span continuous bridge subjected to harmonic motions and real earthquakes. In addition, the side effect of excessive displacement of the superstructure induced by the sliding isolation is eliminated by replacing one of the roller supports on the abutments with hinge support. Therefore, both reductions in the forces of the substructure and the displacements of the superstructure can be achieved simultaneously. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

L形连接件滑移摩擦柱脚节点抗震性能研究

柱脚节点是钢结构体系中的关键部位,其损伤将直接影响到结构体系的性能。基于损伤控制理念,提出了一种装配式L形连接件滑移摩擦柱脚节点。利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了柱脚节点模型,考虑摩擦界面是否设置填充板和外连接件是否设置加劲肋,以及改变轴压比、连接件竖肢和水平肢厚度等因素,分析不同参数对节点受力模式、滞回曲线、耗能能力和损伤特征的影响。结果表明:柱脚节点主要承受摩擦力和轴压荷载的作用,柱端在受力过程中发生滑移,通过摩擦机制耗能,避免主体结构发生塑性损伤。填充板的设置增强了结构的摩擦性能,且在不同轴压荷载下均具有良好的延性和转动性能。在设置填充板的结构中,合理设置连接件竖肢厚度、水平肢厚度和加劲肋,在保证了节点摩擦耗能性能实现的同时,充分发挥了保护主体结构优势,达到了损伤控制的预期。     

多点激励下LRB隔震桥梁地震反应分析

研究了地震地面运动多点激励,即空间变化效应对装有铅芯橡胶支座（Lead Rubber Bearing）的连续梁桥地震反应的影响。首先,利用三角级数法生成了拟合规范反应谱的多点人工地震动时程;然后利用非线性时程分析法数值仿真并比较了某五跨LRB隔震连续梁桥在一致激励、仅考虑地震动行波效应、仅考虑地震动部分相干效应、同时考虑行波和部分相干效应以及同时考虑行波、部分相干和局部场地土效应等七种工况下结构的减震效果。行波效应和部分相干效应对铅芯橡胶支座隔震桥梁影响不大,而局部场地土效应对该类桥梁的地震反应分析影响很大,应该引起重视。     

双向地震作用下高铁FPS隔震简支梁桥纵向地震碰撞反应研究

为了准确分析FPS隔震桥梁的纵向地震碰撞反应,针对一典型3跨FPS隔震简支梁桥,建立了考虑FPS双向耦合效应和梁缝处三维碰撞效应的非线性动力计算模型,分析双向地震作用下FPS隔震简支梁桥纵向地震碰撞反应;研究支座半径和摩擦系数对简支梁桥纵向地震碰撞反应的影响规律。研究结果表明:横向地震作用会增大简支梁邻梁间纵向地震碰撞次数和碰撞力,降低墩底纵向剪力;为减小地震碰撞反应,设计时可适当增大支座半径和支座摩擦系数。     

Polynomial friction pendulum isolators (PFPIs) for seismic performance control of benchmark highway bridge

The seismic response of a benchmark highway bridge isolated with passive polynomial friction pendulum isolators (PFPIs) is investigated and subjected to six bidirectional ground motion records. The benchmark study is based on a lumped mass finite-element model of the 91/5 highway overcrossing located in Southern California. The PFPI system possesses two important parameters; one is horizontal flexibility and the other is energy absorbing capacity through friction. The evaluation criteria of the benchmark bridge are analyzed considering two parameters, time period of the isolator and coefficient of friction of the isolation surface. The results of the numerical study are compared with those obtained from the traditional friction pendulum system (FPS). Dual design performance of the PFPI system suppressed the displacement and acceleration response of the benchmark highway bridge. The dual design hysteresis loop of the PFPI system is the main advantage over the linear hysteresis loop of the FPS. The numerical result indicates that the seismic performance of the PFPI system is better than that of the traditional FPS isolated system. Further, it is observed that variations of the isolation time period and coefficient of friction of the FPS and PFPI systems have a significant effect on the peak responses of the benchmark highway bridge.     

曲线桥梁摩擦滑移隔振试验及隔振机理研究

针对曲线桥梁在地震中因固定支座处及桥墩底部受力过大而破坏严重的现象,提出考虑支座摩擦滑移隔震的曲线桥梁抗震设计方法,通过大型振动台模型试验,研究曲线桥梁考虑支座摩擦滑移时的隔震机理。试验结果表明:支座摩擦滑移可有效减小地震作用下曲线桥梁的桥墩加速度响应,但同时会增加桥墩与梁体间的相对位移;曲线桥梁进行隔震设计后,桥墩的应变响应明显减小,证明该设计方法可有效避免地震作用下桥墩底部产生较大的损伤;最后,探讨了考虑支座摩擦滑移时曲线桥梁的隔震机理并与震害进行了对比验证。研究成果可为曲线桥梁的减震隔设计提供新的视角。     

System identification on the seismic behavior of an isolated bridge

Seismic isolation devices and technology have been developed in the last two decades and the first seismic‐isolated bridge, Bai‐Ho Bridge, in Taiwan was completed in 1999. This bridge was equipped with a seismic monitoring system under the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (TSMIP). On 22 October 1999, a moderate earthquake took place and struck the bridge. The seismic monitoring sensors were normally triggered and produced an intact time history for the health monitoring of the bridge system. The data set provided valuable records about the seismic response of the isolation bridge structure. This paper uses this data to explore the vibration mechanism of Bai‐Ho Bridge. The analysis includes (1) the global dynamic behavior identification and (2) the local component mechanism of the bridge such as the LRB and boundary condition between the deck and the abutments. Both the EMD+HHT method and the non‐linear parametric model were used to identify the model of the bridge structure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic seismic sliding of rigid mass supported through non-symmetric friction

The sliding behaviour of a rigid mass supported on a randomly vibrating foundation through a non-symmetric Coulomb-friction contact is studied both analytically and by numerical simulation. The analysis is based on a stationary solution of the associated Fokker-Planck equation, and makes use of equivalent linearization and of a suitable decomposition of the non-zero mean non-stationary sliding process. It is shown that the analytical results yield several exact asymptotic expansions for both small and large values of time. An extensive Monte Carlo type numerical simulation study produces non-stationary response statistics which are in very good accord with the analytical results. Furthermore, it is found that Gumbel's Extreme Value Distribution reproduces with remarkable accuracy the observed cumulative frequency of maximum slip displacement. The results of this paper may find application in seismic design of embankment dams, earth retaining walls and base ‘isolation’ systems.     

筒中筒结构内部摩擦连接消能减震体系的研究

提出利用筒中筒结构内筒和外筒的相对运动带动耗能装置耗能的的筒中筒结构内部摩擦连接消能减震体系。该体系将结构的内筒和框筒用专门设计的摩擦连接装置连接,罕遇地震下摩擦连接装置滑移产生滞回耗能。文中阐明了该体系的消能减震原理和构造特点,并通过对一栋40层筒中筒结构进行有限元分析,验证了该体系具有良好的抗震性能,可供工程实践参考。     

考虑支座摩擦滑移的非规则曲线桥梁抗震性能研究

为研究支座摩擦滑移对非规则曲线桥梁抗震性能的影响,建立考虑支座摩擦滑移的非规则桥梁空间耦联模型,研究支座刚度及支座摩擦系数对其地震响应的影响。结果表明:支座摩擦滑移可以明显消耗地震能量,降低墩底弯矩,有效避免桥墩墩底塑性铰的形成;支座摩擦系数和初始刚度的选择对非规则曲线桥梁加速度减震率及梁体位移影响较大,应根据参数最优匹配的方法选取其最优组合。