Optical closure of parameterized bio-optical relationships

An optical closure study on bio-optical relationships was carried out using radiative transfer model matrix operator method developed by Freie Universitt Berlin.As a case study,the optical closure of bio-optical relationships empirically parameterized with in situ data for the East China Sea was examined.Remote-sensing refl ectance(R rs)was computed from the inherent optical properties predicted by these biooptical relationships and compared with published in situ data.It was found that the simulated R rs was overestimated for turbid water.To achieve optical closure,bio-optical relationships for absorption and scattering coeffi cients for suspended particulate matter were adjusted.Furthermore,the results show that the Fournier and Forand phase functions obtained from the adjusted relationships perform better than the Petzold phase function.Therefore,before bio-optical relationships are used for a local sea area,the optical closure should be examined.     

Gaussian decomposition and component pigment spectral analysis of phytoplankton absorption spectra

The absorption spectrum of phytoplankton is an important bio-optical parameter for ocean color hyperspectral remote sensing;its magnitude and shape can be affected considerably by pigment composition and concentration.We conducted Gaussian decomposition to the absorption spectra of phytoplankton pigment and studied the spectral components of the phytoplankton,in which the package effect was investigated using pigment concentration data and phytoplankton absorption spectra.The decomposition results were compared with the corresponding concentrations of the five main pigment groups(chlorophylls a,b,and c,photo-synthetic carotenoids(PSC),and photo-protective carotenoids(PPC)).The results indicate that the majority of residual errors in the Gaussian decomposition are0.001 m~(-1),and R~2 of the power regression between characteristic bands and HPLC pigment concentrations(except for chlorophyll b)was0.65 or greater for surface water samples at autumn cruise.In addition,we determined a strong predictive capability for chlorophylls a,c,PPC,and PSC.We also tested the estimation of pigment concentrations from the empirical specific absorption coefficient of pigment composition.The empirical decomposition showed that the Ficek model was the closest to the original spectra with the smallest residual errors.The pigment decomposition results and HPLC measurements of pigment concentration are in a high consistency as the scatter plots are distributed largely near the 1:1 line in spite of prominent seasonal variations.The Wozniak model showed a better fit than the Ficek model for Chla,and the median relative error was small.The pigment component information estimated from the phytoplankton absorption spectra can help better remote sensing of hyperspectral ocean color that related to the changes in phytoplankton communities and varieties.     

曹妃甸近岸海域垂向悬沙含量遥感反演

利用遥感技术监测水体悬浮泥沙含量是海洋水色遥感的一个重要研究方向。本文以曹妃甸近岸海域4个剖面35个站点开展的现场光谱测量、同步采集的不同深度悬浮泥沙含量样品数据为基础,采用Landsat-5 TM遥感数据,建立水体表、中、底层悬沙含量遥感反演模型,并研究悬沙垂向上的空间分布规律。结果表明,曹妃甸近岸海域泥沙含量在垂向上有明显的相关性,以Landsat-5 TM影像反射率比值（R_TM3/R_TM2）为因子,构建优化的悬浮泥沙含量遥感反演模型,各层模型平均相对误差都在30%以内,表层和中层的平均绝对误差在6 mg/L以下,均方根误差小于10 mg/L,底层的精度略低于表层和中层。研究结果为进一步研究海洋环境泥沙运移规律、优化水动力作用下泥沙运移模型提供支持。     

真实感云的快速渲染算法的研究与实现

云是自然场景最常见的自然现象,然而其不规则的外观和复杂的运动使云的模拟难度很大。在分析和研究了元胞自动机建模方法的基础上,采用元胞自动机生成云的初始模型,通过billboard的自转简化云的运动算法,并将单向散射与多重散射相结合的方式构造云的光照模型。通过该方法提高了云渲染的效率,同时满足了云场景的真实性。实验结果表明,该算法能以较高的帧率实现云的仿真效果同时不失真实性。     

基于GNSS+R裸土延迟多普勒图理论研究

侧重散射机理研究,以GPS相关函数和相关功率模型为基础,主要通过对双站雷达散射截面计算模型进行修改,得到裸土的GPS散射信号模型。其中裸土的双站圆极化雷达散射截面采用双站随机粗糙面散射模型计算得到,利用极化合成的方法使模型具备全极化计算功能。通过修改后的模型,模拟分析不同极化下裸土参数（土壤水分和地表粗糙度）对延迟多普勒图DDM（delay Doppler map）的影响。该理论模型研究有助于机载/星载GNSS-R接收机数据解释、GNSS-R实验设计以及后向反演算法的开发。同时,延迟多普勒图模型的研究结果也为GNSS+R土壤水分遥感研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于局部维纳滤波的交通图像去雾霾算法

为了提高雾霾天退化交通图像的色彩保真度和清晰度,基于局部维纳滤波并结合暗通道先验理论提出一种快速去雾霾算法。传统的基于暗通道先验理论的去雾霾算法对单一户外场景图像取得了不错的效果,但在处理较高分辨率交通图像时,需要消耗大量的计算和存储资源;同时,不能很好处理图像中的一些白色区域,会导致该区域色彩失真。针对这两个问题展开研究:首先,基于局部维纳滤波并结合暗通道先验原则优化大气散射光,进而得到细化的透射率;其次,通过动态调节参数的大小以适应天空等明亮区域地去雾霾处理;最后,将所提算法用于实例验证,结果表明算法不但可以保证交通图像白色区域的色彩不失真,而且去雾霾效率提高4~25倍。     

The development of a new real-time subsurface mooring

Subsurface mooring allows researchers to measure the ocean properties suchas water te mperature,salinity,and velocity at several depths of the water column for a long period.Traditional subsurface mooring can release data only after recovered,which constrains the usage of the subsurface and deep layer data in the ocean and climate predictions.Recently,we developed a new real-time subsurface mooring(RTSM).Velocity profiles over upper 1 000 m depth and layered data from sensors up to 5 000 m depth can be realtime transmitted to the small surface buoy through underwater acoustic communication and then to the office through Beidou or Iridium satellite.To verify and refine their design and data transmission process,we deployed more than 30 sets of RTSMs in the western Pacific to do a 1-year continuous run during2016-2018.The continuous running period of RTSM in a 1-year cycle can reach more than 260 days on average,and more than 95% of observed data can be successfully transmitted back to the office.Compared to the widely-used inductive coupling communication,wireless acoustic communication has been shown more applicable to the underwater sensor network with large depth intervals and long transmission distance to the surface.     

Design and implementation of a 3D ocean virtual reality and visualization engine

In this study,a 3D virtual reality and visualization engine for rendering the ocean,named VV-Ocean,is designed for marine applications.The design goals of VV-Ocean aim at high fidelity simulation of ocean environment,visualization of massive and multidimensional marine data,and imitation of marine lives.VV-Ocean is composed of five modules,i.e.memory management module,resources management module,scene management module,rendering process management module and interaction management module.There are three core functions in VV-Ocean:reconstructing vivid virtual ocean scenes,visualizing real data dynamically in real time,imitating and simulating marine lives intuitively.Based on VV-Ocean,we establish a sea-land integration platform which can reproduce drifting and diffusion processes of oil spilling from sea bottom to surface.Environment factors such as ocean current and wind field have been considered in this simulation.On this platform oil spilling process can be abstracted as movements of abundant oil particles.The result shows that oil particles blend with water well and the platform meets the requirement for real-time and interactive rendering.VV-Ocean can be widely used in ocean applications such as demonstrating marine operations,facilitating maritime communications,developing ocean games,reducing marine hazards,forecasting the weather over oceans,serving marine tourism,and so on.Finally,further technological improvements of VV-Ocean are discussed.     

面向复杂城市场景的Sort-First并行绘制系统中负载平衡与性能分析

在高精度建模方法越来越丰富的背景下,三维城市场景往往具有较大的场景规模和较高的复杂性,因此,当单台计算机难以满足实时绘制的需求时,多采用更加适合超高分辨率大屏幕显示的Sort-First方式进行并行绘制。针对现有研究性能量化分析的缺乏,及自适应负载平衡方法的缺陷,本文通过Sort-First并行绘制系统的加速比模型,分析绘制节点数、显示分辨率、网络传输速度、任务划分等因素对系统性能的影响,以及将绘制时间和传输时间的和作为反馈,对现有负载平衡策略进行了改进。本文给出了系统达到最高加速比,即负载完全均衡理想情况下的一个量化的必要条件。最后,基于Sort-First的并行绘制实验验证上述分析。实验结果表明:本文的改进加强了各节点的负载平衡性,在一定程度上提高了性能。     

基于GPU的HASM动态模拟与实时渲染方法

 基于微分几何曲面论的高精度曲面模拟(high accuracy surface modeling, HASM)需要大量的复杂密集计算,在CPU上模拟极为耗时,使得在现有的硬件条件下,实时动态模拟曲面并实时可视化极具挑战性。论文提出了GPU加速的HASM方法,充分利用现代显示适配器(graphic processor unit, GPU)技术,运用GPU最新发展起来的并行计算能力,使用并行化的预处理共轭梯度方法解算曲面,完成曲面模拟,并同时利用GPU的高速缓存架构,对渲染操作进行充分优化,以实现高效实时可视化。HASM需要的有限差分离散和高速解算操作,均充分利用现代GPU架构,所具有的多处理器和众多的流处理器所产生的强大并行计算能力,可视化也用GPU高速缓存技术和三角条带方法进行充分优化。数值实验和实际项目区高程模拟实验均表明, 在GPU为NVIDIA quadro 2000和CPU为DualCore Intel Core 2 Duo E8400的硬件配置下,GPU并行化的曲面模拟方法比普通方法速度提高了约10倍,使得动态模拟与可视化算法可以达到交互式的帧速及实时可视化的要求。     

一种基于屏幕的三维地图线状符号渲染方法

作为地理信息系统中的重要组成部分,矢量数据在三维GIS中发挥着重要作用,如指示地理对象、解释空间关系和丰富图面信息等。随着图形硬件的迅速发展和虚拟地理环境的广泛应用,为了在三维地图中精确、高效地绘制出具有复杂样式的线性地图符号,本文提出了一种利用OpenGL Shader Language的三维地形表面线状符号渲染方法。该方法通过对矢量数据进行编码形成纹理数据,完成矢量数据在程序与GPU间的传输;将地形单元和矢量线段间的映射关系存储在索引纹理中,用于关联线段的实时查找;通过计算当前屏幕片元与关联矢量线段的空间位置关系,判断片元所属符号的区域,进而设置片元的颜色。实验表明,本方法可在三维地形上高质量地渲染出几种典型的复杂线状符号,并能保持较好的渲染性能。     

GPU accelerated marine data visualization method

The study of marine data visualization is of great value. Marine data, due to its large scale, random variation and multiresolution in nature, are hard to be visualized and analyzed. Nowadays, constructing an ocean model and visualizing model results have become some of the most important research topics of ‘Digital Ocean'. In this paper, a spherical ray casting method is developed to improve the traditional ray-casting algorithm and to make efficient use of GPUs. Aiming at the ocean current data, a 3D view-dependent line integral convolution method is used, in which the spatial frequency is adapted according to the distance from a camera. The study is based on a 3D virtual reality and visualization engine, namely the VV-Ocean. Some interactive operations are also provided to highlight the interesting structures and the characteristics of volumetric data. Finally, the marine data gathered in the East China Sea are displayed and analyzed. The results show that the method meets the requirements of real-time and interactive rendering.     

Improvement of scattering correction for in situ coastal and inland water absorption measurement using exponential fitting approach

The absorption coefficient of water is an important bio-optical parameter for water optics and water color remote sensing. However, scattering correction is essential to obtain accurate absorption coefficient values in situ using the nine-wavelength absorption and attenuation meter AC9. Establishing the correction always fails in Case 2 water when the correction assumes zero absorption in the near-infrared(NIR) region and underestimates the absorption coefficient in the red region, which affect processes such as semi-analytical remote sensing inversion. In this study, the scattering contribution was evaluated by an exponential fitting approach using AC9 measurements at seven wavelengths(412, 440, 488, 510, 532, 555, and 715 nm) and by applying scattering correction. The correction was applied to representative in situ data of moderately turbid coastal water, highly turbid coastal water, eutrophic inland water, and turbid inland water. The results suggest that the absorption levels in the red and NIR regions are significantly higher than those obtained using standard scattering error correction procedures. Knowledge of the deviation between this method and the commonly used scattering correction methods will facilitate the evaluation of the effect on satellite remote sensing of water constituents and general optical research using different scatteringcorrection methods.     

A bio-optical inversion model to retrieve absorption contributions and phytoplankton size structure from total minus water spectral absorption using genetic algorithm

We propose a bio-optical inversion model that retrieves the absorption contributions of phytoplankton and colored detrital matter(CDM),as well as the phytoplankton size classes(PSCs),from total minus water absorption spectra.The model is based on three-component separation of phytoplankton size structure and a genetic algorithm.The model performance was tested on two independent datasets(the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Dataset(NOMAD) and the northern South China Sea(NSCS) dataset).The relationships between the estimated and measured values were strongly linear,especially for aCDM(412),and the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) of the CDM exponential slope(SCDM) was relatively low.Next,the inversion model was directly applied to in-situ total minus water absorption spectra determined by an underwater meter during a cruise in September 2008,to retrieve the phytoplankton size structure in the seawater.By comparing the measured and retrieved chlorophyll a concentrations,we demonstrated that total and size-specific chlorophyll a concentrations could be retrieved by the model with relatively high accuracy.Finally,we applied the bio-optical inversion model to investigate changes in phytoplankton size structure induced by an anti-cyclonic eddy in the NSCS.     

太湖浮游藻类的后向散射分离及其叶绿素a浓度反演

浮游藻类的后向散射是水体光谱构成的重要组成部分,作为水体辐射传输模型中的重要参数,高精度的藻类后向散射系数对水体叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演精度至关重要。本文以简化的辐射传输模型-生物光学模型为基础,尝试性分离了太湖浮游藻类的后向散射系数。通过藻类后向散射规律分析,建立了浮游藻类吸收、后向散射特征的叶绿素a反演模型,改善了叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演精度。分析表明：藻类颗粒物的后向散射系数与吸收系数之间存在反比关系,且在560 nm、700 nm附近存在明显的散射峰,与叶绿素a浓度之间相关性显著;低密度藻类水体总悬浮颗粒的后向散射以非色素颗粒为主导,适合采用经典的指数模型模拟后向散射系数,而藻类密度较高的富营养化水体,水体总悬浮颗粒的后向散射以藻类颗粒为主导,传统的指数模型已不适用;采用分离藻类后向散射系数的方法,使得叶绿素a浓度的反演值与真实值相关系数从0.66提高到0.98,相对误差从55%降低到38%,均方根误差(RMSE)也由60.95 μg/L降低至13.98 μg/L。其真实性检验表明,与经典指数模型方法相比,利用藻类颗粒后向散射分离方法反演叶绿素a浓度,能够显著改善反演精度。     

Estimation of total suspended matter in the Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary from Hyperion imagery

Although remote sensing data have been used to estimate total suspended matter (TSM) in coastal waters, it has limitations when applied to estuary waters in low spatial resolution situations. The spatial resolution of ocean color satellites such as SeaWiFS and MODIS is usually ～1 km, and therefore is not adequate for small, local-scale areas such as the Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary. In contrast, 30 m-resolution EO-1 Hyperion imagery has potential for studying TSM in localized areas. We measured the surface spectral radiance reflectance of the river estuary water in the visible and near infra-red spectral range. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the ratio of remote sensing reflectance at 813 nm (Rrs(813)) to reflectance at 559 nm (Rrs(559)) could be used to estimate TSM concentration, and a linear relationship was established between the ratio and in-situ TSM concentration. We applied the linear relationship to Hyperion imagery to map TSM concentration in the estuary. The Hyperion imagery provided sufficient spatial resolution to detect spatiotemporal changes in TSM concentrations in the estuary small estuary area. This study demonstrated the usefulness of Hyperion imagery for mapping the distribution of TSM in estuary waters.     

Performance evaluation of operational atmospheric correction algorithms over the East China Seas

To acquire high-quality operational data products for Chinese in-orbit and scheduled ocean color sensors, the performances of two operational atmospheric correction(AC) algorithms(ESA MEGS 7.4.1 and NASA Sea DAS 6.1) were evaluated over the East China Seas(ECS) using MERIS data. The spectral remote sensing reflectance R_(rs)(λ), aerosol optical thickness(AOT), and ?ngstr?m exponent(α) retrieved using the two algorithms were validated using in situ measurements obtained between May 2002 and October 2009. Match-ups of R_(rs), AOT, and α between the in situ and MERIS data were obtained through strict exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis of R_(rs)(λ) showed a mean percentage difference(MPD) of 9%–13% in the 490–560 nm spectral range, and significant overestimation was observed at 413 nm(MPD72%). The AOTs were overestimated(MPD32%), and although the ESA algorithm outperformed the NASA algorithm in the blue-green bands, the situation was reversed in the red-near-infrared bands. The value of α was obviously underestimated by the ESA algorithm(MPD=41%) but not by the NASA algorithm(MPD=35%). To clarify why the NASA algorithm performed better in the retrieval of α, scatter plots of the α single scattering albedo(SSA) density were prepared. These α-SSA density scatter plots showed that the applicability of the aerosol models used by the NASA algorithm over the ECS is better than that used by the ESA algorithm, although neither aerosol model is suitable for the ECS region. The results of this study provide a reference to both data users and data agencies regarding the use of operational data products and the investigation into the improvement of current AC schemes over the ECS.     

基于光滑粒子流体动力学算法的海浪建模仿真研究

针对传统海浪建模方法中存在海洋表面真实感差、计算复杂的问题,本文进行了基于光滑粒子流体动力学算法（SPH）与移动立方体算法（MC）相结合的海浪建模仿真研究。通过基于空间网格的粒子分配,建立了粒子群单向列表存储结构,在海浪粒子物理量计算时,实现了其光滑核半径内粒子群的快速检索,并基于拉格朗日流体控制方程,进行了海浪粒子受力分析及状态计算;在模拟海浪与环境障碍物碰撞时,将碰撞问题简化为粒子在一定时间段内所经过的路径与障碍物表面三角面片是否相交来进行判定,并假设粒子为理想刚体,采用改进的欧拉方法实现了粒子新位置的动态计算;为增强海浪流体模拟的真实感,在移动立方体节点密度动态计算基础上,依据确定的海浪表面密度阈值,耦合MC算法进行了海浪表面的动态提取,从而实现了海浪三维表面建模与动态演变仿真。通过模拟验证了该算法的时效性与可行性,可为海洋环境信息三维可视化提供一定的参考。     

Research on strategy marine noise map based on i4ocean platform: Constructing flow and key approach

Noise level in a marine environment has raised extensive concern in the scientific community. The research is carried out on i4Ocean platform following the process of ocean noise model integrating, noise data extracting, processing, visualizing, and interpreting, ocean noise map constructing and publishing. For the convenience of numerical computation, based on the characteristics of ocean noise field, a hybrid model related to spatial locations is suggested in the propagation model. The normal mode method K/I model is used for far field and ray method CANARY model is used for near field. Visualizing marine ambient noise data is critical to understanding and predicting marine noise for relevant decision making. Marine noise map can be constructed on virtual ocean scene. The systematic marine noise visualization framework includes preprocessing, coordinate transformation interpolation, and rendering. The simulation of ocean noise depends on realistic surface. Then the dynamic water simulation gird was improved with GPU fusion to achieve seamless combination with the visualization result of ocean noise. At the same time, the profile and spherical visualization include space, and time dimensionality were also provided for the vertical field characteristics of ocean ambient noise. Finally, marine noise map can be published with grid pre-processing and multistage cache technology to better serve the public.     

一种新的ROAM算法及其在地形建模中的应用

地形建模是数字地形分析的重要基础工作。实时优化适应性网格算法（ROAM算法）是目前常用的地形建模方法。但ROAM算法应用于地形可视化实时渲染时要求原始数据为正方形,且渲染后常有裂缝产生,因而该法在地形建模实践中受到较大的限制。针对ROAM算法存在的上述不足,本文提出了基于内接正方形插值方法的改进ROAM算法。通过将多边形分割为一个内接正方形和多个边缘多边形,用多边形的一个顶点依次与其他顶点相连,使边缘多边形分割为多个三角形,并根据边缘三角形面积大小,确定是否对边缘多边形进行继续分割,由此解决数据源限定为正方形的问题,利用添加拆分点的方法消除地形渲染产生的裂缝。采用不规则地形的灰度图作为高程数据源进行地形模拟实验,结果表明：改进后的ROAM算法能够消除裂缝,且对数据源无约束性要求,降低了算法复杂度,提高了整体可视化性能,能够满足地形实时动态显示的要求。