LiMn_2O_4的溶液─凝胶─酯化法合成反应机制

本文以溶胶─凝胶─酯化法合成LiMn2O4尖晶石粉体材料，用FT—IR、TG—DTA以及XRD研究了LiMn2O4的形成机制。整个反应过程可分为凝胶的形成和干凝胶的分解两阶段，前体物在液相中经络合、酯化、聚合而形成凝胶，不同的投料Li／Mn（摩尔比）值使凝胶分解形成LiMn2O4经历不同的反应历程，也使产物具有不同的物相组成。     

城乡交错带土地利用研究──以北京市为例LandUseAnalysisinRural－urbanFringe──ACaseStudyonBeijing导师吴传钧作者

本文密切结合我国城乡关系的变化、城市化道路及其水平与特征、市场经济条件下的土地使用制度改革等实际，以北京市城乡交错带为例，探讨了城市与乡村土地利用类型之间的相互作用及其演变规律，进而研究其空间地域结构特征，分析目前土地利用所存在的主要问题及其原因，并在此基础上提出了北京市城乡交错带土地合理开发利用的对策与措施。全文共包括三大部分共７章。第一部分讨论了城乡交错带土地利用的有关理论问题。第二部分为实证研究部分。具体结合北京市城乡交错带，从土地利用的影响因素、演变动态、主要类型及其地域分异、现存问题与原因等方面进行了系统分析，划分了城市扩展区、园艺农业区、集约农业区、多样化农业区等４个圈层式的土地利用地域类型，充分揭示了北京市城乡交错带土地利用结构特征、水平与效益等的地域分异规律。第三部分为城乡交错带土地资源合理开发与利用的对策构想。提出了北京市城乡交错带土地合理利用的主要原则；针对目前土地利用的基本特征及其主要问题，从四个方面提出了合理开发利用城乡交错带土地资源的基本对策。（董双双辑录）     

2013年北京市PM_(2.5)的时空分布

对2013年北京市35个自动空气质量监测子站的PM2.5数据进行分析,探讨PM2.5的时间分布特征、空间分布特征以及与前体物和大气氧化性的相关性关系。结果表明,PM2.5浓度由高到低的季节依次是冬季、春季、秋季和夏季,平均浓度分别为122.8μg·m-3、85.1μg·m-3、84.9μg·m-3和79.1μg·m-3;各类监测站中浓度由高到低的依次是交通站、城区站、郊区站和区域站,平均浓度分别为102.2μg·m-3、91.8μg·m-3、89.1μg·m-3和88.7μg·m-3。PM2.5月均浓度呈波浪型分布,在1月份、3月份、6月份和10月份各出现一个峰值。全年来看,交通站PM2.5的日变化规律呈单峰型分布,其他站点呈双峰型分布。分地区来看,年均PM2.5浓度由高到低的依次是东南部、西南部、城六区、东北部和西北部。PM2.5浓度与NO2、SO2和OX浓度均为显著正相关,表明前体物和大气氧化性对PM2.5浓度有显著影响。     

北京市可吸入颗粒物的空间分布特征及与气象因子的CCA分析

利用93个不同下垫面上的空气监测网点数据、地统计分析工具和克里格(Kriging)方法,模拟北京市城区2008年夏季PM1.O、PM3.O、PM5.O以及气象因子的空间分布.分析北京市城区大气可吸入颗粒物的污染分布特征,同时采用同期气象资料进行典型相关分析(CCA),比较各气象因子对颗粒物浓度的影响大小.结果发现:实验半变异函数符合具有块金值的球状模型;北京城区空气可吸入颗粒物的污染范围主要集中在西南部,西北次之,城区中心污染程度相对较轻;3种不同粒径的可吸入颗粒物与各影响因子的空间相关性存在差异;气象因子方面,相对湿度为城区可吸入颗粒物浓度的主要影响因子,其次为地表温度,影响最弱的为风速.     

Na+, K+, Mg2+//NO3-, Cl-, SO42--H2O体系 25 ℃热力学模型和溶解度预 测Ⅳ:四元体系K+, Mg2+//NO3-, Cl--H2O的Pitzer混合参数及其应用

前三篇文章我们获得并讨论了用于六元体系溶解度计算合理的单独电解质Pitzer参数,及Na+,K+//Cl-,NO3--H2O四元体系混合参数和它们的应用。本文报道对K+,Mg2+//NO3-,SO42--H2O四元体系混合参数的研究及其在体系溶液热力学性质和溶解度预测中的应用。     

Na+,K+,Mg2+//NO3-,Cl-,SO42--H2O体系25 ℃热力学模型和溶解度预测Ⅲ:四元体系K+,Mg2+//NO3-,SO42--H2O的Pitzer混合参数及其应用

前两文我们获得并讨论了用于六元体系溶解度计算合理的单独电解质Pitzer参数,及Na+,K+∥Cl-,NO3--H2O四元体系混合参数和它们的应用。此次报道对K+,Mg2+∥NO3-,SO42--H2O四元体系混合参数的研究及其在体系溶液热力学性质和溶解度预测中的应用。     

甘肃河西地区大气沙尘成分及影响分析

 河西地区是中国西北干旱区沙尘暴活动比较频繁的地区之一,由沙尘暴引起的较高浓度的TSP严重污染城市空气质量。1999—2001年监测资料表明,河西走廊城市空气中TSP含量年平均值在沙尘事件和非沙尘事件期间的比率约为4~8倍。通过对2001年冬春季13次沙尘暴特征的统计分析,表明该区沙尘暴的特征主要体现在以下几个方面：①沙尘暴持续时间在1~3 d之间;②沙尘暴过程中的主导风向为NNW、NW和WNW;③1 h平均最大风速约为15.0 m·s-1,TSP最高含量约为62.53mg·m-3。沙尘颗粒表面的化学成分主要为地壳元素SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO、MgO、K2O、Na2O和TiO,而其中的微量元素Cu、V、Pb、Zn和As主要来源于工业尾矿及其他人为污染物。     

城乡交错带土地利用研究——以北京市为例

本文密切结合我国城乡关系的变化、城市化道路及其水平与特征、市场经济条件下的土地使用制度改革等实际,以北京市城乡交错带为例,探讨了城市与乡村土地利用类型之间的相互作用及其演变规律,进而研究其空间地域结构特征,分析目前土地利用所存在的主要问题及其原因,并在此基础上提出了北京市城乡交错带土地合理开发利用的对策与措施.全文共包括三大部分共7章.第一部分讨论了城乡交错带土地利用的有关理论问题.第二部分为实证研究部分.具体结合北京市城乡交错带,从土地利用的影响因素、演变动态、主要类型及其地域分异、现存问题与原因等方面进行了系统分析,划分了城市扩展区、园艺农业区、集约农业区、多样化农业区等4个圈层式的土地利用地域类型,充分揭示了北京市城乡交错带土地利用结构特征、水平与效益等的地域分异规律.第三部分为城乡交错带土地资源合理开发与利用的对策构想.提出了北京市城乡交错带土地合理利用的主要原则;针对目前土地利用的基本特征及其主要问题,从四个方面提出了合理开发利用城乡交错带土地资源的基本对策.     

Na^＋，K^＋，Mg^＋∥NO3^-，Cl^-，SO4^2-H2O体系25℃热力学模型和溶解度预测Ⅲ：四元体系K^＋，Mg^2＋／NO3^-，SO4^2——H2O的Pitzer混合参数及其应用

前两文我们获得并讨论了用于六元体系溶解度计算合理的单独电解质Pitzer参数,及Na^＋,K^＋/Cl^-,NO3^-H2O四元体系混合参数和它们的应用。此次报道对K^＋,Mg^2＋//NO3^-,SO4^2-H2O四元体系混合参数的研究及其在体系溶液热力学性质和溶解度预测中的应用。     

北京电子信息产业及其价值链空间分布特征研究

作为主导产业部门之一的电子信息产业在北京具有较强的产业实力及较好的发展前景。本研究通过分析电子信息产业和大型电子信息企业主要价值链环节在北京的分布情况, 总结了电子信息产业及其价值链的空间分布特征。研究发现:北京市电子信息产业郊区化趋势明显且呈集聚分布, 大型电子信息企业主要价值链环节也呈集聚分布, 生产环节的远郊化明显, 呈现多中心空间结构;北京市主要电子信息产业集聚区呈现明显的功能分工、大型电子信息企业主要价值链环节呈现明显的区域分工。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,