Integrating a Raster Geographical Information System with Multi‐Objective Land Allocation Optimization for Conservation Reserve Design

The multi‐objective land allocation problem is to optimize the selection of land for different uses based on a set of decision objectives. For most applications, a geographical information system (GIS) is either absent or loosely coupled through file exchange. In this article the evolutionary algorithm (EA), a heuristic solution method for optimization problems, is integrated with a raster GIS to form a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for multi‐objective conservation reserve design. The SDSS effectively combines the functions of a GIS for data management, analysis, and visualization, with the optimization capability of the EA; and provides a uniform way to solve conservation reserve design problems with different types of constraints and objectives. The SDSS is demonstrated through application to the creation of conservation reserves in Bolivia to protect 17 endemic mammals.     

An open source GIS‐based Planning Support System: Application to the land use plan of La Troncal,Ecuador

Planning Support Systems (PSS) comprise a wide variety of geo‐technological tools related to GIS and spatial modeling aimed at addressing land planning processes. This article describes the OpenRules system, a PSS based on a previous system called RULES. Among OpenRules new features are its architecture, based exclusively on free and open source software, and its applicability to all land use types, including rural and urban uses. In addition, OpenRules incorporates an unlimited number of land evaluation factors and a new objective in land use spatial allocation. OpenRules has been programmed in Java and implemented as a module of the free GIS software gvSIG, with full integration between the GIS and the decision support tools. Decision support tools include multicriteria evaluation, multiobjective linear programming and heuristic techniques, which support three basic stages of land use planning processes, namely land suitability evaluation, land use area optimization and land use spatial allocation. The application of OpenRules to the region of La Troncal, Ecuador, demonstrates its capability to generate alternative and coherent solutions through a scientific and justified procedure at low cost in terms of time and resources.     

基于ArcEngine的CAD图中GIS栅格影像数据的自动处理

CAD与GIS的交叉应用越来越多,国内有很多人对CAD与GIS的数据集成和功能集成做过研究,但主要集中在矢量数据的交叉使用方面,对于栅格数据的交叉使用研究较少。以管道完整性工程图为例,针对传统生成管道完整性工程图需要手工处理栅格影像、速度慢的问题,通过程序快速实现在生成管道施工图时自动切割GIS影像并插入CAD图中,提出了在CAD图中快速使用GIS栅格影像数据的方法。     

Characterization of agroecosystem based on land utilization indices using remote sensing and GIS

Information on various agricultural resource parameters at various levels is essential for proper management and efficient resource allocation for sustainable agricultural development. Limitations in ground-based method have encouraged the use of satellite data coupled with geographical information system (GIS) in providing spatial as well as temporal information over large and inaccessible areas. In the present study, an attempt has been made to generate raster maps using remote sensing and GIS techniques to characterize the agroecosystem of South 24 Paraganas district of West Bengal, based on land utilization indices. Information on multi-season landcover derived from the analysis of the multi-temporal RADARSAT-1 SAR and IRS-ID LISS III data as well as other ancillary information in GIS environment are the basic inputs used in the study. The present analysis shows that northern and northwestern parts are more diverse in terms of agricultural intensification as compared to the southern and northeastern parts whereas the central parts show moderate density. In terms of carrying capacity, the high carrying capacity has been observed in the southern to northeastern parts whereas the northwestern and central parts show moderate and northern parts show low carrying capacity. Overall, the characterization of agroecosystem using land utilization indices can be identified as major input to formulate a management plan for sustainable agriculture with concerns for the environment.     

Recent Literature

Development of a temporal geographic information system (GIS) and spatio-temporal data modeling are key to incorporating time into geographic information science. This paper describes how to design and develop temporal GIS that will work with spatio-temporal data represented in various data models, and it introduces a prototype temporal GIS with a case study. In temporal GIS, the integration of multiple spatio-temporal representations is based on common spatial and temporal reference systems. In other words, a map window of temporal GIS visualizes spatio-temporal data valid at the same time within one spatial area. To achieve such visualization, separate data editing and query modules are required for each spatio-temporal data model (STDM). In the temporal query interface, after a user specifies a time, the system automatically hires correspondent modules to retrieve spatio-temporal data valid at that time. Besides temporal queries common to all STDMs, each module may provide additional temporal query capabilities specific to that STDM. In the case study, I implement a prototype temporal GIS for three STDMs. The examples of query and visualization, which use three datasets (census data, land use/land cover, and elevation data) demonstrate the prototype temporal GIS can integrate multiple temporal representations.     

基于GIS的土地潜力评价方法研究

开展合理有效的土地潜力评价,缓解有限土地供给的矛盾,是目前迫切需要解决的问题。传统的土地潜力评价由于存在许多不足,需要探索新的土地潜力评价方法,以满足实时快速土地决策的需要。在地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下,根据土地评价的目的,选择恰当的评价指标体系和评价影响因子,确定合适的指标因子权重,利用GIS强大的空间分析和栅格叠加能力进行土地潜力评价是又一新的发展方向。     

面向服务的国土资源空间数据集成与共享

国土资源海量空间数据的集成与共享一直是国土资源信息化建设中的重要难点问题之一。SOA技术的发展及其在GIS中的应用,为地理空间数据的集成与共享提供了新的技术手段,本文从国土资源空间数据集成与共享的应用需求出发,对基于SOA的国土资源空间数据集成与共享的分层结构进行了分析,同时,对国土资源空间数据的多级集成及共享进行了探讨。     

Embedding production rules in a GIS

A long-standing issue in GIS has been the need to provide support for more complex spatial models that have specialized Operations, but at the same time to take advantage of generic functionality provided by the GIS for visualizing, querying, and manipulating spatial features. Two approaches may be used to incorporate domain-specific knowledge in computer software, namely object-oriented programming and logic-based programming. Based upon a commonly used data model and object-oriented application framework available in modern GIS software, this paper explores integrating rules as a generic approach to building more meaningful spatial representations for land use and land control planning.     

An integrated urban systems model with GIS

The main purpose of this paper is to explore a possible integration for the entire transportation modeling procedure – from data inventory to future demand forecasting – by implementing integrated land use and transportation models with a geographic information system (GIS). In order to make an integrated, procedural modeling system possible, Land Use and Transportation modeling system with GIS (LUTGIS) has been developed and presented in this paper.  There are four sub-systems in LUTGIS: (1) a data inventory system, (2) a traffic analysis zone generation system, (3) an integrated land use and transportation modeling system, and (4) a graphic user interface (GUI) system. Since the main target of this paper is to explore a possible way to create a viable system, LUTGIS integrates currently available and user-friendly computing technologies. For both transportation planners and administrative decision-makers, such an operable system is very desirable for sharing information so they may arrive at a consensus through the use of LUTGIS, an integrated land use and transportation modeling system. Received: 22 October 1998/Accepted 11 July 1999     

遥感分类栅格图的快速矢量化方法

遥感数据成为GIS愈来愈重要的一种数据源.栅格数据与矢量数据之间的快速转换是RS与GIS集成中的关键技术之一.本文通过分析遥感分类图栅格像元之间的关系,快速自动地提取矢量数据点及其连接信息,进而利用连接信息快速生成弧段,由弧段自动组建多边形并建立完整的拓扑关系.实验表明,该方法是一种由遥感分类图自动转换成GIS通用数据的高效方案.     

Modeling Situation Factors Used in MCE Procedures for Raster GIS

Multi‐criteria evaluation (MCE) procedures are widely used in raster‐based geographic information systems (GIS) to perform a variety of land use siting applications. Many of the criteria used in an MCE analysis are based on spatial relationships or situation characteristics. Situation factors measure the accessibility that each raster cell is to resources or land uses that generate spatial externalities for the activity being sited. This accessibility can be measured either in terms of distance to the nearest target cell containing resources or the overall level of resource availability as measured by a spatial interaction model. This paper examines the spatial structure of these situation factors to identify the set of critical target cells for which distance estimates are most sensitive. Critical target cells are especially important in the case of positive externalities in which an activity would be inclined to locate near these cells to use or consume the resources there. Critical target cells are useful for evaluating the utility of the final site selection with respect to resource/activity ratios.     

“三规合一”服务的空间信息技术:地理模拟与优化

中国的国民经济和社会发展规划、土地利用总体规划以及城乡规划都是法定规划,但由于规划主体、技术标准和编制办法、实施手段和监督机制等的不同,导致"三规分离"、各个规划之间相互冲突的问题较为突出。虽然国家为了消除冲突,正在开展"三规合一"的有关工作,但缺乏有关技术手段的支持。本文以地理信息科学为出发点,对地理过程建模在国内外研究中的应用进行了总结,阐述了地理模拟与优化的框架体系可以成为目前中国正在进行的"三规合一"工作的重要理论和方法支撑。     

Evaluation and development of sustainable urban land use plans through spatial optimization

Along with rapid global urbanization, cities are challenged by environmental risks and resource scarcity. Sustainable urban planning is central to address the dilemma of economic growth and ecosystem protection, where the use of land is critical. Sustainable land use patterns are spatially explicit in nature, and can be structured and addressed using spatial optimization integrating GIS and mathematical models. This research discusses prominent sustainability concerns in land use planning and suggests a generalized multi‐objective spatial optimization model to facilitate conventional planning. The model is structured to meet land use demand while satisfying the requirements of the physical environment, society and economy. Unlike existing work relying on raster data, due to its simple data structure and ease of spatial relationship evaluation, this research develops an approach for identifying land use solutions based on vector data that better reflects the actual shape and spatial layout of land parcels as well as the ways land use information is managed in practice. An evolutionary algorithm is developed to find the set of efficient (Pareto) solutions given the complexity of vector‐based representations of space. The proposed approach is applied in an empirical study of Dafeng, China in order to support local urban growth and development. The results demonstrate that spatial optimization can be a powerful tool for deriving effective and efficient land use planning strategies. A comparison to results using a raster data approach supports the superiority of land use optimization using vector data as part of planning practice.     

Generating and mapping population density surfaces within a geographical information system

Abstract

The spatially discontinuous choropleth map is a poor representation of the underlying continuous distribution of population density. A possible alternative is to derive dasymetric maps at a fine spatial resolution by making use of satellite imagery in a geographical information system. However, there are cartographic problems when these maps are displayed and further processing is needed in order to obtain approximations to a continuous density surface. Isarithmic maps of these density surfaces retain a high degree of spatial accuracy while providing pleasing and highly adaptable presentations.

The methods used to generate dasymetric and isarithmic maps are readily implemented in most raster based geographical information systems. For example, the classification of remotely sensed imagery, the subsequent processing and integration of data, and most of the cartographic display, were all undertaken in this work using the low cost IDRISI GIS that operates on standard IBM PC compatible hardware.     

多边形拓扑关系构建的栅格算法

矢量数据拓扑关系的自动建立是GIS软件的核心模块之一，也是技术难点之一。简要分析传统算法的优缺点，在此基础上，借鉴基栅格的种子点填充算法和矢量数据求交的栅格探测法的思想，提出建立图幅多边形与弧段所属关系的栅格算法，给出算法的各主要步骤和实现方法。分析与试验表明，新算法在特殊情况处理、多边形内点自动建立、处理效率、简化编程等方面有一定优势。     

九十年代GIS软件系统设计的思考

ＧＩＳ应用领域的拓宽与计算技术的进步，对ＧＩＳ的系统设计不断提出新的挑战。本文站在发展角度，讨论了矢－栅一体化的概念，数据结构的功能设计，ＳＱＬ语言局限性，面向对象技术的应用，ＧＩＳ全局检索以及ＧＩＳ智能化等问题，作者认为采用面向对象技术实现多数据类型的混合操作，是ＧＩＳ登越决策应用阶段的技术关键。     

Database structure for the integration of RS with GIS based on semantic network

The integration of remote sensing (RS) with geographical information system (GIS) is a hotspot in geographical information science. A good database structure is important to the integration of RS with GIS, which should be beneficial to the complete integration of RS with GIS, able to deal with the disagreement between the resolution of remote sensing images and the precision of GIS data, and also helpful to the knowledge discovery and exploitation. In this paper, the database structure storing the spatial data based on semantic network is presented. This database structure has several advantages. Firstly, the spatial data is stored as raster data with space index, so the image processing can be done directly on the GIS data that is stored hierarchically according to the distinguishing precision. Secondly, the simple objects are aggregated into complex ones. Thirdly, because we use the indexing tree to depict the relationship of aggregation and the indexing pictures expressed by 2-D strings to describe the topology structure of the objects, the concepts of surrounding and region are expressed clearly and the semantic content of the landscape can be illustrated well. All the factors that affect the recognition of the objects are depicted in the factor space, which provides a uniform mathematical frame for the fusion of the semantic and non-semantic information. Lastly, the object node, knowledge node and the indexing node are integrated into one node. This feature enhances the ability of system in knowledge expressing, intelligent inference and association. The application shows that this database structure can benefit the interpretation of remote sensing image with the information of GIS.