三倍体和二倍体合浦珠母贝育珠比较初步研究

利用人工诱导培育的三倍体合浦珠母贝Pinctada martensii(D.)进行插核育珠试验,并同处理组内的二倍体同胞进行比较。结果表明:三倍体合浦珠母贝的留核率和正圆珠比率分别为81.0％和58.8％,而二倍体则为71.3％和37.8％;在非正圆珠中两者的污珠率差别不大,但三倍体的尾巴珠和素珠的比率明显低于二倍体;三倍体的正圆珠珍珠层平均厚度和平均重量分别为381μm和163mg,二倍体分别为265μm和105mg,两者差异极显著(P<0.01)。初步表明,利用三倍体合浦珠母贝培育珍珠,能缩短育珠期,提高珍珠的产量和质量。     

珍珠生长激素在合浦珠母贝育珠中的作用

以合浦珠母贝Pinctadamartensii（Dunker）作为珠母贝进行插核育珠试验,分别以其左、右边外套膜作为小片,并用珍珠生长激素浸泡小片。两个试验组用珍珠生长激素浸泡的小片各插核育珠贝200个,空白对照组用海水浸泡小片括核育珠贝207个,育珠时间为6个多月。试验结束时,实验组珍珠的正圆珠率、白色珍珠比例以及珠层厚度比空白对照组分别提高了9.28％,22．57％和52μm。     

珍珠生长激素在合浦珠母贝育珠中的作用

以合浦珠母贝Ｐｉｎｃｔａｄａ ｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉｉ （Ｄｕｎｋｅｒ）作为珠母贝进行插核育试验,分别以其左、右边外套膜作为小片,并用珍珠生长激素浸泡小片,两个试验用珍珠生长激素浸光怕小片各插核育珠贝２００个,空白对组用海水浸泡小片插核育珠贝２０７个,育珠时间为６个多月。试验结束时,实验组珍珠的正圆珠率,白色珍珠比例以及珠层厚度在比空白对照组分别提高了９．２８％,２２．５７％和５２μｍ。     

马氏珠母贝术前处理与育珠研究

为了规范养殖行为,提高马氏珠母贝手术贝的成活率、成珠率和珍珠质量。2008年8月~2009年11月,在广东省湛江市徐闻龙之公司珍珠养殖基地,采用箩筐抑制法、塑料桶抑制法、变层法和淡水浸泡法进行了马氏珠母贝术前处理技术的研究。结果表明,术前处理结束后,各组间的成活率存在显著性差异(P0.05)。休养期育珠贝的成活率和留核率存在显著性差异(P0.05),成活率和留核率分别为57.1%~84.0%和54.9%~79.1%;育珠期育珠贝成活率和成珠率存在显著性差异(P0.05),成活率和成珠率分别为63.1%~75.1%和51.1%~70.1%。本实验结果表明经过淡水浸泡处理1h育珠效果最好。     

马氏珠母贝养殖与育珠笼具的改进

马氏珠母贝（ＰｉｎｏｔａｄａｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉＤｕｎｋｅｒ）生长于亚热带海区 ,主要分布在我国的广东、广西、海南及日本等沿海地区 ,是目前世界上生产海水人工养殖珍珠的最主要种类。我国马氏珠母贝的珍珠产量 ,占整个海水珍珠产量的９５ %以上 ,居海水珍珠生产的主导地位。因此 ,从养殖生产的各个方面、各个阶段和各个环节 ,对马氏珠母贝的养殖和育珠进行有效的技术改进 ,对于提高海水珍珠的产量、质量有着极其重要的意义。笔者于１９９６～１９９７年在海南陵水县黎安港湛江海洋大学试验站进行了马氏珠母贝人工养殖及育珠笼具改进的试…     

细胞小片处理对马氏珠母贝育珠效果影响

以马氏珠母贝选系F2为实验材料,按照马氏珠母贝常规技术进行插核手术,并经过池塘休养和海区养殖过程,比较了细胞小片黏液处理和保养对马氏珠母贝育珠效果影响.实验设为4组:细胞小片黏液处理组(A)、细胞小片保养组(B)、同时进行细胞小片黏液处理和保养组(C),对照组(D),同时利用H E染色观察比较A和D组细胞小片显微结构的...     

企鹅珍珠贝游离珠插核效果的初步观察

借鉴马氏珠母贝插核技术培育企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria(Magnaxicula)pengui Roding)游离珠时，死亡率为23％，留核率为11．1％，死亡高峰出现在施术后的第2～7天，脱核高峰出现在施术后第2～10天，生理状态在施术后17d左右进入稳定期。70～90d后基本恢复，可结束休养进入珍珠育成。另外，为提高成珠率和成活率，植核用贝要经人工养殖驯化，采用开放式与笼养相结合的养殖方式；术后可采用室内与海区相结合的休养方式。     

几种抗生素和手术季节对马氏珠母贝育珠贝成活率、留核率和商品珠率的影响

为了提高马氏珠母贝珍珠培养的效益,比较几种抗生素和手术季节对马氏珠母贝育珠贝成活率、留核率和商品珠率的影响。实验1,使用浓度500、1 000和1 500 mg/L头孢克肟、四环素、阿奇霉素和罗红霉素对手术工具、珠核和移植小片进行消毒处理;实验2,在春季(4月)、夏季(6月)和秋季(10月)进行植核手术。结果是,抗生素的浓度对育珠贝的成活率具有显著影响(P<0.05),1 500 mg/L抗生素处理组的育珠贝成活率最高,500 mg/L最低,抗生素种类和浓度对育珠贝成活率无显著交互作用;抗生素的种类和浓度对育珠贝留核率具有显著影响(P<0.05),抗生素种类和浓度对育珠贝留核率存在显著交互效应,1 000 mg/L头孢克肟组、1 500 mg/L四环素组和1500 mg/L阿奇霉素组育珠贝留核率显著高于其它处理组;抗生素种类和浓度对育珠贝商品珠率存在显著影响(P<0.05),抗生素种类和浓度之间无显著交互效应。手术季节对育珠贝留核率和商品珠率无显著影响(P>0.05),但对育珠贝成活率具有显著影响(P<0.05),秋季(10月)植核的育珠贝成活率最高,夏季...     

促进珍珠生长的研究

在合浦珠母贝Ｐｉｎｃｌａｌａｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉ（Ｄｕｎｋｅｒ）插核时，以珍珠生长刺激素浸洮 外套膜小片，进行插核手术。同时分析了珍珠的重量，粒径，珠层重量珍珠颜色和形状的频率分布。     

大珠母贝游离珍珠培育研究

2008~2010年,在广西涠洲岛进行了大珠母贝(Pinctada maxima Jameson)游离珍珠培育实验。实验过程中采用解剖法优选植核核位、几种术前处理方法和低温处理小片贝制备外套膜小片等技术,旨在提高育珠贝留核率、成珠率和优珠率。结果表明,在大珠母贝内脏囊缩足肌左右两侧各有一个适合培育游离珍珠的核位,分别称为左袋和右袋,实际操作中只有左袋可以植入珠核培育游离珍珠;不同术前处理实验组的植核贝休养期成活率差异不显著(P>0.05),但留核率、成珠率显著差异(P<0.05),其中采用传统术前处理和低温处理相结合的综合术前处理方法可有效提高留核率、成珠率平均达78.2%和80.1%;低温处理小片贝与传统方法制备的大珠母贝外套膜小片的育珠效果(成珠率、优珠率、正圆珠比例)存在显著差异(P<0.05),且在实验温度范围内,成珠率、优珠率、正圆珠比例随处理温度的降低而增高,在4~8℃达到最好育珠效果,成珠率、优珠率和正圆珠比例分别达到98%、53%和30%左右;在术后休养期,植核贝吐核高峰出现植核后5~15 d,手术伤口愈合时间为15~20 d,育珠贝的死亡高峰出现在术后的第20~30天。在水温25~30℃条件下,珠核表面形成珍珠层的时间为45 d左右。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.