美国军事地质发展和启示

加强国外军事地质发展历史研究,充分吸取国外军事地质工作经验教训,对做好我国军事地质发展规划和顶层设计,加速军事地质技术发展,提升信息化条件下联合作战地质保障能力具有重要意义。美国作为世界超级大国和头号军事强国,军事地质调查能力世界领先,目前已经形成军民融合深度发展格局,其发展壮大的历史经验值得研究借鉴。通过对美国军事地质发展研究,系统梳理了美国军事地质孕育兴起、成长壮大、高速发展3个阶段的发展历程,分析总结了美国军事地质经验借鉴、军民融合、任务目标、学科发展、学术交流和成果保密6个方面的发展特点,并结合我国军事地质工作实际,就下一步工作提出了5点启示建议。     

陆域军事地质要素的提取及成果表达

军事地质是军事行动和国防建设与地质信息实现军民融合的有效途径,通过对区域地质、工程地质、水文地质、灾害地质、地球物理与现代陆域军事行动的关系研究,提取与军事活动有关的地质、地球物理要素,改化为军事地质要素,与军事目标、军事地形和军事行动相结合,形成军事人员能够使用的军事用图,是军事地质研究重点。按照地质资料类型提取改化为军事地质要素的过程划分5大类、若干小类和子类军事地质要素指标。军事地质成果按照提取过程和使用对象分为军事地质改化类和应用类成果,改化类地质成果为军事地质要素成果,供军事地质改化人员使用,是地质成果向军事地质成果改化中间成果;应用类成果分为供一线作战人员使用的军事地质地形成果和供一线指挥员使用的军事地质专题成果。本研究为民用地质向军用地质转化和表达、民用地质术语向军事术语转化提供思路。     

回顾冶金地质钻探的发展和今后的展望

回顾了冶金地质钻探的发展历程，划分为４个阶段，对前３个阶段的主要技术进步作了概括性的论述。并对今后的发展提出了几点看法。     

现代战争特点及军事地质调查

作为地质学研究对象的地形、地貌、工程地质和地质灾害在传统的接触式战争中发挥过重要的作用,创造了许多战争奇迹,但在以精确全球打击,前线与后方界线模糊、陆军作战作用弱化的现代战争,地质对战争是否还有影响?本文围绕这一问题,通过对战争阶段演化及地质应用历史分析,从现代战争特点和对军事地质需求分析人手,利用军事学思维,讨论了地质学的地质体力学性质、地球化学性质、地球物理性质和地质灾害等内容在现代战争中的作用,主要包括精确打击和重点防御目标的优选、打击地面工事的武器选配、目标侦测和靶区选择、海洋战争环境建设和战争评估、地面临时机动路线规划和工事选址等方面;探讨了军事地质调查的重点区域、方法手段、比例尺选择问题,以及在区域地质、工程地质、水文地质、灾害地质、地球物理调查基础上开展军事地质调查的工作流程及成果表达问题,分析了未来军事地质重点研究发展方向,为地质学在现代战争中的应用提供思路。     

军事遥感地质编图方法

军事地质成果产品体系是军事地质工作展示应用业绩的重要平台,而军事遥感地质调查成果图件是军事遥感地质调查的核心成果,其编图方法尤为重要.为了满足特殊遥感地质调查需求及规范成果图件编图标准,提出了军事遥感地质编图方法,并对其精度要求、图形编辑方法以及制图工作技术流程进行了初步探讨.通过对编图方法的规范,提高军事遥感地质图件的专业性与适用性,从而为战场建设、军事行动保障和非战争行动等方面提供信息支撑.     

军事地质及其在现代战争中的作用

军事地质及其相关知识在人类战争历史中发挥着重要的作用,创造了许多战争奇迹。在以深地、深海、深空为特点的"三深"现代化信息战争中,战场环境的利用与评估、打击防御目标的优选排序、战争对人类生存环境影响评估等方面的需求凸显出来,以上都需要与地质密切相关的知识来协助解决。通过梳理与地质密切相关的专业知识在军事上的运用,结合现代战争特点与需求,系统厘定军事地质定义、内容和方向,以及各专业在军事上应用的联系与区别,提出了军民融合地质与军事的三种形式,即"民为军用"、"军为民用"和"军民联合",为现代战争中军事地质研究及基础地质的军民融合提供思路。     

国外军事地质工作现状与发展趋势

军事地质伴随着军事活动而生,并伴随军事活动和地质科学的发展而发展。通过对国外军事地质的发展历史和现状进行系统的研究,将国外军事地质分为早期孕育期、快速发展期和稳定发展期3个阶段,介绍了国外在军事工程地质、军事水文地质、军事矿产地质、军事海洋地质、军事地球物理和军事遥感地质六大研究方向取得的进展,总结了国外军事地质工作的3个特点,分别为军民共同推进军事地质工作、地质工作与国防建设统筹部署,及军民联合攻关技术成果双向转化应用。提出了未来军事地质的三大趋势,大数据和云计算将成为军事地质工作的重要支撑技术、军事地质将由资源保障走向空间拓展、现代军事地质的保障工作由国内(局部)扩展到全球(全时域),为中国国内军事地质工作发展提供借鉴和参考。     

美国地质及水文地质工作考察印象

1991年笔者随国家科委京津水资源考察团赴美国进行考察.本文仅就美国地质机构和水文地质工作做一简单介绍.     

解读美国矿山地质环境标准

与矿山环境标准相关的主要环境标准 美国的环境标准体系庞大,主要以环境水质标准、国家环境空气质量标准和固体废弃物管理标准为依据,各行业根据行业特点制定相关的环境标准。美国环境保护局颁布的标准属于联邦法规,这些标准具有很强的法律约束力。     

Regional development and the natural resources of the U.S.S.R.

The recent experience of the rising cost of exploiting new material resources in the U.S.S.R. has led to exploration of alternative methods, particularly greater intensification of exploitation. The regional variations in the balance between intensive and extensive methods is considerable and is consequently an important aspect of Soviet geographical research. This paper discusses the criteria and methodology for this crucial economic/resource regionalization of the U.S.S.R.     

现代军事遥感地质学发展及其展望

为了进一步拓展地质学的研究和应用领域,促进现代军事科学技术与地质学的融合发展,通过梳理总结军事地质发展简史,结合现代高技术战争特点,探索性地提出了“军事遥感地质学”这一学科概念,初步定义了军事遥感地质学的内涵与外延,探讨了学科的研究方法和工作任务,并对未来学科建设提出了一些建议和设想。     

国外军事地质学热点问题

近年来以美国为代表的西方军事强国在军事地质学领域已取得了很大进展,尤其在应对未来战争方面作了许多准备。通过系统搜集国际军事地球科学会议(ICMG)和美国地质学会(GSA)有关军事地质学的最新专题研讨会论文与其他公开出版资料,梳理了当前国外军事地质学研究的热点问题并阐述了其新进展,其中作战领域包括地形情报研究、军事基地选址、潜在特殊战场环境调查、地下重要设施评价、非常规作战环境调查;非作战领域则包括抢险救灾、生态环境保护和环境安全评价等。最后分析了当前军事地质学研究存在的问题,并指出了其未来发展趋势。     

The selenium content of U.S.G.S. standard rocks

Selenium was determined in duplicate portions from three bottles of six U.S.G.S. standard rocks by a spect rofluorimetric procedure. The following averages, as p.p.m. Se, were obtained: PCC-1, 0.031; GSP-1, 0.088; BCR-1, 0.12; SCo-1, 0.91; MAG-1, 1.3; and SGR-1, 3.7. One-way analysis of variance of the several sets of data showed no significant differences in the selenium content among bottles of any specific rock; these samples may be accepted as homogeneous for their selenium contents by this analytical method.     

Uraniferous waters of the Arkansas River valley,Colorado, U.S.A.: a function of geology and land use

The effect of local geology and land-use practices on dissolved U was investigated by analysis of surface water and some springs in the Arkansas River valley of southeastern Colorado. Water samples were collected during a 2 week period in April, 1991. The rate of increase of U concentration with distance downriver increased markedly as the river flowed from predominantly undeveloped lands underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks to agriculturally developed lands underlain by marine shale and limestone. An additional abrupt increase in dissolved U was observed along the section of river where discharge is often greatly reduced because of extensive diversions for irrigation and where remaining flow is largely composed of irrigation return water. Dissolved U in this last section of river and in most of its tributaries exceeded the proposed U.S. drinking water standard of 20 μ/L In water samples collected from agricultural areas dissolved U showed strong positive correlation with major dissolved constituents Na, Ca, Mg, and SO₄ that increase as a result of sulfate mineral dissolution and clay mineral ion-exchange reactions in weathered shale bedrock and shaley soils. Highly soluble minor and trace elements Cl, Li, B, Sr, and Se that are not subject to strong sorptive uptake or precipitation in this setting also correlated positively with U. These combined observations indicate that natural leaching of U-bearing shale bedrock and derivative soils, additional leaching of rock and soil by irrigation water, and evaporative concentration in a semi-arid climate can produce concentrations of dissolved U in surface water and shallow ground water that may threaten nearby drinking water supplies. Other agriculturally developed areas of the semi-arid Western U.S. with similar geology are likely to contain high concentrations of U in irrigation drain water.     

Large-scale farming as a cultural dilemma in U.S. rural development— The role of capital

Although agressive economic traditions have benefited U.S. agricultural fortunes enormously in the past, expanding farming scale now also seriously threatens equally-prized rural traditions extolling the values of family farming. To see in detail how strongly and in what ways large-scale farming is exerting its influence across the nation, a multivariate model was applied to county census data. Emphasized were forces of capital accumulation rather than traditional single criteria like farm size or incorporation. Results uniformly dispute the argument for continued vigor of the family farm. Smaller operators are not only disadvantaged in all production factors, but also are no longer protected by such traditional recourses as labor intensification and production efficiency. Far more farmers are also subjected to large-scale farming pressures well beyond the “factory farm” areas, and in several places to pressures as intense. One of these centers is the Western Corn Belt, a bastion of both technology and rural tradition, and thus quite possibly the place where the foremost dilemma in American agriculture is finally resolved.