巴里坤小加山鹤矿床的成矿流体及矿床成因

小加山钨矿床位于新疆巴里坤地区,属石英脉型钨矿床。矿体赋存于邻近海西晚期花岗岩侵入体附近的中泥盆统大南湖组第一亚组第二段(D_2d_1~2)的变晶屑凝灰岩中。黑钨矿石英脉分为灰色含钨石英脉和白色含钨石英脉两种。岩相学观察认为,含矿石英脉中流体包裹体主要为两相水溶液包裹体,EW走向的灰色石英脉包裹体气液比大,SN走向的白色石英脉包裹体气液比较小。显微测温结果显示灰色石英脉均一温度(Th)范围为143~354℃,白色石英脉Th范围为154~312℃。激光拉曼探针显示小加山钨矿床含黑钨矿石英脉中流体包裹体含有少量CO_2组分。H、O同位素研究表明:钨矿床成矿流体来源以岩浆水为主。成矿演化过程为:岩浆岩侵入活动→岩浆水运移分离→含钨络合物迁移搬运→冷却富集成矿,成矿晚期流体有大气降水的混合。与赣南钨矿的对比研究表明,小加山钨矿床与赣南钨矿床的成矿流体特征相似;在构造环境上,小加山钨矿床位于东准噶尔造山带和东天山成矿带的交汇复合部位,与位于武夷山和南岭两大成矿带的交汇复合部位的赣南钨矿床成矿环境相似。     

巴里坤小加山钨矿床的成矿流体及矿床成因

小加山钨矿床位于新疆巴里坤地区,属石英脉型钨矿床。矿体赋存于邻近海西晚期花岗岩侵入体附近的中泥盆统大南湖组第一亚组第二段(D2d12)的变晶屑凝灰岩中。黑钨矿石英脉分为灰色含钨石英脉和白色含钨石英脉两种。岩相学观察认为,含矿石英脉中流体包裹体主要为两相水溶液包裹体, EW 走向的灰色石英脉包裹体气液比大, SN 走向的白色石英脉包裹体气液比较小。显微测温结果显示灰色石英脉均一温度(Th)范围为143~354℃,白色石英脉 Th 范围为154~312℃。激光拉曼探针显示小加山钨矿床含黑钨矿石英脉中流体包裹体含有少量 CO2组分。H、O 同位素研究表明：钨矿床成矿流体来源以岩浆水为主。成矿演化过程为：岩浆岩侵入活动→岩浆水运移分离→含钨络合物迁移搬运→冷却富集成矿,成矿晚期流体有大气降水的混合。与赣南钨矿的对比研究表明,小加山钨矿床与赣南钨矿床的成矿流体特征相似;在构造环境上,小加山钨矿床位于东准噶尔造山带和东天山成矿带的交汇复合部位,与位于武夷山和南岭两大成矿带的交汇复合部位的赣南钨矿床成矿环境相似。     

湖南宜章瑶岗仙黑钨矿石英脉成矿流体性质的探讨

对于黑钨矿石英脉的成因,历来都认为是高中温热液充填而成。本文根据石英脉与细晶岩、伟晶岩过渡;围岩蚀变种类及强度的变化;石英脉中晶洞特征的研究;矿物包裹体研究及测温资料;金属矿物局部大量集中的不规律性;石英脉中黑钨矿的产出特点;产在角岩中的石英脉内出现花岗岩角砾;黑钨矿中MnO/FeO比值变化特征:含钨石英脉中矿物组合和化学成分变化特征,认为形成黑钨矿石英脉的成矿流体是一种粘稠的、密度较大、成分以SiO_2为主的熔浆—热液过渡性流体,它具有上部偏液、下部偏浆的特点。     

江西东坪石英脉型黑钨矿矿床地质特征、控矿因素及找矿标志

东坪钨矿床是近年在赣北地区新发现的首个超大型石英脉型黑钨矿矿床,位于长江中下游成矿带幕阜山地区东坪-香炉山钨矿找矿远景区东部。矿床赋矿层位为新元古代双桥山群安乐林组浅变质岩系,北东向断裂及其两侧的次级裂隙为区内主要控矿构造、容矿构造,隐伏的燕山晚期黑云母二长花岗岩为成矿岩体,与区内钨多金属成矿关系密切的为石英脉状硅化;两个矿带的钨矿体均产于成矿岩体外接触带,呈现了石英脉型黑钨矿矿床典型的"五层楼"分带特征,矿石工业类型主要为黑钨矿矿石;明确了构造和岩浆岩等主要控矿因素;总结出地表微细裂隙云英岩化-黄铁矿化蚀变带、含硫化物石英细脉带、石英脉、重砂及地球化学异常为区内主要找矿标志。     

湖南瑶岗仙石英脉型钨矿床成矿系统

湖南瑶岗仙石英脉型钨矿床是南岭成矿带具有代表性的矿床。长期以来,对脉型钨矿床的成矿岩体特征及各种不同类型矿化的空间与演化关系一直存在争论。文章以瑶岗仙石英脉型钨矿床为研究对象,在野外地质调查的基础上,针对成矿岩体、含钨石英脉及与之相关的矿化开展地质地球化学研究工作,探讨了岩浆-热液演化过程中形成的各类矿化现象,从而建立了脉型钨矿床成矿系统。在瑶岗仙钨矿床中,成矿地质体即成矿花岗岩为碱长花岗岩,主要矿化类型包括岩浆岩型、云英岩析离体、云英岩脉、石英脉和毒砂黄玉层等,分布于岩体顶部接触带附近。成矿作用可划分为岩浆晚期阶段、岩浆热液过渡阶段、岩浆期后热液阶段,岩浆岩型矿石形成于岩浆晚期,云英岩析离体和云英岩脉等形成于岩浆-热液过渡阶段,石英脉和毒砂黄玉层主要形成于热液阶段,岩浆阶段→热液阶段的演化是连续的。成矿花岗岩侵位深度约为2~3 km,提供了主要成矿物质与成矿流体。成矿系统相对封闭,外来成矿物质和流体较少,含钨石英脉主要以快速充填的形式形成于岩浆固结之后。瑶岗仙矿床含钨石英脉控制垂深达1300 m,"五层楼"垂向分带不明显,顶部未出现细脉带和线脉带,而在石英大脉的顶部出现横向交代形成的毒砂黄玉层。研究表明,瑶岗仙矿区脉型钨矿床成矿系统保存较完整,代表系统顶部的毒砂黄玉层保存完好,剥蚀水平正好达到岩体顶部。     

新疆巴里坤小加山钨成矿岩体地球化学特征及找矿前景

小加山钨矿床位于新疆东准噶尔成矿区,侵入岩主要岩石类型为黑云母花岗岩,赋矿围岩主要为蚀变闪长岩和变晶屑凝灰岩。对侵入岩及其围岩主量、微量和稀土元素的地球化学特征进行分析,充分认识侵入岩浆的性质、成矿物质来源及构造背景。花岗岩蚀变过程中钾长石大量分解,W元素在热液作用下由花岗岩进入矿脉,使蚀变围岩中W含量降低。黑云母花岗岩是晚古生代海西期岩浆活动的产物。该矿床构造背景是后碰撞伸展花岗岩,岩体形成于伸展构造环境。在海西期构造活动影响下含钨花岗质岩浆侵入地层,富含W元素岩浆过渡性流体沿裂隙向上流动,在上部地层中引发硅化和绢云母化。随着大气降水的加入,成矿流体温度降低,成矿物质与石英沉淀形成石英脉型钨矿床。结合矿化富集规律、控矿断裂构造,以及异常带区域W含量等值线,分析认为矿区西部外围、深部的成矿潜力大。     

江西大吉山钨多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

大吉山钨矿床是赣南地区的一个大型钨多金属矿床,由石英脉型钨矿体和花岗岩浸染型钨、钽、铌、铍矿体构成.在详细的岩相学观察的基础上,文章采用“流体包裹体组合”法,对石英脉型矿体和花岗岩浸染型矿体石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温和拉曼探针分析.研究表明,与石英脉型矿体成矿相关的流体为中-高温、中-低盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2-CH4±N2体系,与花岗岩浸染型矿体成矿相关的流体为高温、中-低盐度的NaCl-H2O±CO2±CH4体系,两者流体的性质不同.笔者认为,在流体体系冷却过程中,所发生的以CO2逸失为特征的流体不混溶作用是石英脉型矿体的主要形成机制,而花岗岩浸染型矿体中金属元素的沉淀则主要由流体体系的冷却作用所致,这两类矿体的成矿流体的来源可能不同.     

赣北石门寺超大型钨多金属矿床地质特征

赣北石门寺钨矿床为最近查明的大湖塘超大型钨矿床的北矿段。矿体呈似层状、筒状、脉状分布于燕山期酸性花岗岩体上部及与晋宁期黑云母花岗闪长岩外接触带附近。主要工业矿物为白钨矿、黑钨矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿,矿石组构类型主要有交代结构、固溶体分离结构、脉状构造、浸染状构造及块状构造。常见围岩蚀变有碱性长石化、云英岩化、绿泥石化、硅化,矿床成因类型属岩浆期后热液型。根据矿体特征、矿物组合、矿石组构、矿化分带与围岩蚀变等方面的差异,又可将主要矿体划分为细脉浸染型、热液隐爆角砾岩型和石英大脉型。这3类矿体围绕燕山期酸性花岗岩体共生交织,形成了石门寺“一区三型”钨-铜-钼矿床。石门寺矿区黑云母花岗闪长岩中细脉浸染状白钨矿的发现,改变了以往只专注评价石英大脉型黑钨矿的找矿思路,为矿区及九岭矿集区实现钨矿找矿突破指明了新的方向。     

湘西沃溪矿床中黑钨矿的地质特征及微量元素地球化学

沃溪矿床位于湖南雪峰山金锑(钨)成矿带中段,是该带最大的、也是惟一发育Au-Sb-W成矿元素组合的矿床。尽管该矿的研究程度较高,但人们对该矿中重要的含钨矿物——黑钨矿的研究很少。在详细的野外地质调研基础上,对该矿黑钨矿的地质特征和微量元素进行了研究,以期揭示其矿床成因、成矿流体性质及物质来源等信息。沃溪矿床黑钨矿矿脉以顺层的含矿石英脉为主,同时发育各种节理脉;节理脉常相互交错,表现出多阶段成矿特征。矿脉中黑钨矿常与石英、碳酸盐及硫化物共生,形成具有热液充填特征的矿石构造。该矿黑钨矿的REE含量很低(1.62~4.58μg/g),明显低于南岭与花岗岩有关的黑钨矿;其HREE相对富集,并具有Eu、Sm、Gd、Tb异常及MW复合型四分组效应等特征,这可能与成矿流体的氧逸度及络合物的稳定性有关。同时,该矿黑钨矿的Y/Ho值均小于28,指示其成矿流体中以CO2-3(HCO-3)络合物为主。与南岭地区黑钨矿相比,该矿黑钨矿中Sc含量高而Nb和Ta含量很低,这可能与该区黑钨矿形成时的物理化学条件以及成矿流体对深部岩石的淋滤作用有关。沃溪矿床中黑钨矿的地质特征、化学成分及微量元素组成明显有别于南岭石英脉型黑钨矿,为其成矿作用与岩浆活动无直接成因关系提供了新的证据。     

泰国西部比洛克(Pilok)锡钨矿流体包裹体研究及矿床成因

对泰缅毗邻区比洛克锡钨矿区含矿石英脉进行了流体包裹体分析。包裹体岩相学研究表明,流体主要为富液相包裹体和H2O-CO2三相包裹体。显微测温分析结果显示,均一温度为200~350℃,盐度(w(Na Cl))为0.43%~12.42%,石英脉中H2O-CO2三相包裹体成矿压力为102~350m Pa,估算成矿深度在0.34~1.37 km。这些数据表明,石英脉型钨锡矿主要形成于岩浆演化晚期的中高温岩体顶部。结合前人稳定同位素等分析结果,认为比洛克锡钨矿存在4个矿化阶段:(1)早期高温产于细粒花岗岩内的黑钨矿±锡石±黄铁矿矿化;(2)与石英±钾长石脉有关的黑钨矿矿化;(3)叠加在中期钾化和钨矿化上的云英岩型锡矿化;(4)晚期中高温(220~350℃)低盐度(5%Na Cleq.)混合流体为主的石英脉型钨锡矿化。结合研究区的区域构造演化及岩浆演化特征研究,建立了比洛克锡钨矿的找矿模型,并对该区进一步找矿提出建议。     

Ore Genesis and Tectonic Significance of the Xiaojiashan Tungsten Deposit,Eastern Tianshan,Xinjiang, China: Evidence from Geology,Fluid Inclusions,and Stable Isotope Geochemistry

The Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is located about 200 km northwest of Hami City, the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China, and is a quartz vein‐type tungsten deposit. Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry, host rock geochemistry, and H–O isotopic compositions are used to constrain the ore genesis and tectonic setting of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. The orebodies occur in granite intrusions adjacent to the metamorphic crystal tuff, which consists of the second lithological section of the first Sub‐Formation of the Dananhu Formation (D₂d ₁²). Biotite granite is the most widely distributed intrusive bodies in the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. Altered diorite and metamorphic crystal tuff are the main surrounding rocks. The granite belongs to peraluminous A‐type granite with high potassic calc‐alkaline series, and all rocks show light Rare Earth Element (REE)‐enriched patterns. The trace element characters suggest that crystallization differentiation might even occur in the diagenetic process. The granite belongs to postcollisional extension granite, and the rocks formed in an extensional tectonic environment, which might result from magma activity in such an extensional tectonic environment. Tungsten‐bearing quartz veins are divided into gray quartz vein and white quartz veins. Based on petrography observation, fluid inclusions in both kinds of vein quartz are mainly aqueous inclusions. Microthermometry shows that gray quartz veins have 143–354°C of T_h, and white quartz veins have 154–312°C of T_h. The laser‐Raman test shows that CO₂ is found in fluid inclusions of the tungsten‐bearing quartz veins. Quadrupole mass spectrometry reveals that fluid inclusions contain major vapor‐phase contents of CO₂, H₂O. Meanwhile, fluid inclusions contain major liquid‐phase contents of Cl^?, Na⁺. It can be speculated that the ore‐forming fluid of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is characterized by an H₂O–CO₂, low salinity, and H₂O–CO₂–NaCl system. The range of hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions indicated that the ore‐forming fluids of the tungsten deposit were mainly magmatic water. The ore‐forming age of the Xiaojiashan deposit should to be ~227 Ma. During the ore‐forming process, the magmatic water had separated from magmatic intrusions, and the ore‐bearing complex was taken to a portion where tungsten‐bearing ores could be mineralized. The magmatic fluid was mixed by meteoric water in the late stage.     

Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopic Characteristics of the Yaoling Tungsten Deposit in South China: Metallogenetic Constraints

The Yaoling tungsten deposit is a typical wolframite quartz vein‐type tungsten deposit in the South China metallogenic province. The wolframite‐bearing quartz veins mainly occur in Cambrian to Ordovician host rocks or in Mesozoic granitic rocks and are controlled by the west‐north‐west trending extensional faults. The ore mineralization mainly comprises wolframite and variable amounts of molybdenite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, fluorite, and tourmaline. Hydrothermal alteration is well developed at the Yaoling tungsten deposit, including greisenization, silicification, fluoritization, and tourmalinization. Three types of primary/pseudosecondary fluid inclusions have been identified in vein quartz, which is intimately intergrown with wolframite. These include two‐phase liquid‐rich aqueous inclusions (type I), two‐ or three‐phase CO₂‐rich inclusions (type II), and type III daughter mineral‐bearing multiphase high‐salinity aqueous inclusions. Microthermometric measurements reveal consistent moderate homogenization temperatures (peak values from 200 to 280°C), and low to high salinities (1.3–39 wt % NaCl equiv.) for the type I, type II, and type III inclusions, where the CO₂‐rich type II inclusions display trace amounts of CH₄ and N₂. The ore‐forming fluids are far more saline than those of other tungsten deposits reported in South China. The estimated maximum trapping pressure of the ore‐forming fluids is about 1230–1760 bar, corresponding to a lithostatic depth of 4.0–5.8 km. The δD_H2O isotopic compositions of the inclusion fluid ranges from ?66.7 to ?47.8‰, with δ¹⁸O_H2O values between 1.63 and 4.17‰, δ¹³C values of ?6.5–0.8‰, and δ³⁴S values between ?1.98 and 1.92‰, with an average of ?0.07‰. The stable isotope data imply that the ore‐forming fluids of the Yaoling tungsten deposit were mainly derived from crustal magmatic fluids with some involvement of meteoric water. Fluid immiscibility and fluid–rock interaction are thought to have been the main mechanisms for tungsten precipitation at Yaoling.     

松树岗钽铌钨锡矿床石英脉的矿物学研究——云母和黑钨矿成分对热液成矿过程的制约

矿石矿物和脉石矿物的成分演化蕴含了热液成矿过程的详细信息。本文基于岩相学观察,从云母和黑钨矿着手,利用电子探针和LA-ICP-MS分析技术,对赣东北松树岗Ta-Nb-W-Sn矿床的浅部热液成矿过程开展了研究。结果表明,松树岗矿床浅部的钨锡矿体的石英脉,从早到晚,由深至浅,可以划分为黑钨矿石英脉、锡石石英脉、硫化物石英脉和贫矿石英脉。4类石英脉中都含有早期的铁锂云母和晚期的白云母与铁的氧化物集合体,深部早期脉中的云母以铁锂云母为主,而浅部晚期脉中的云母以白云母为主。与早期铁锂云母相比,晚期白云母具有明显较低的Ti、Na、Rb、Cs、W、Nb、Zn、Li_2O含量和明显较高的Pb、Cu、B含量。从深部早期脉到浅部晚期脉,云母成分存在如下演化趋势:Ti、Na、W、Nb含量降低,Pb、Zn、Cu、Li_2O、B含量增高。不同深度的黑钨矿石英脉中含有两种不同成分的黑钨矿,属同一期演化早晚形成。相对于热液流体早期沉淀的黑钨矿,晚期黑钨矿具有明显较低的Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti、Sn、U、In、Sc含量和明显较高的Mo含量和Fe O/MnO值。云母和黑钨矿主微量元素成分的演化揭示了在松树岗矿床浅部的热液成矿早期以岩浆热液为主,晚期由于水岩反应的加强有较多围岩物质贡献。     

Geology and Genesis of the Ta'ergou Skarn - Quartz Vein Tungsten Deposit in the North Qilian Caledonian Orogenic Belt, Northwest China

Abstract. The Ta'ergou tungsten deposit in Gansu province, northwestern China, is located in the western part of the North Qilian Caledonian orogen, and consists of scheelite skarn bodies and wolframite quartz veins. The tungsten‐bearing skarn developed by the replacement of carbonate layers intercalated in the Precambrian schist and amphibolite whereas wolframite‐quartz ore veins developed along a group of fractures that cut through horizontal skarns. The Ta'ergou tungsten deposit is genetically related to the Caledonian Yeniutan granodiorite intrusion and occurs ca. 500 m wide in the exo‐contact zone 300 ～ 500 m apart from the intrusion. The granodiorite displays a lower grade of differentiation, low content of SiO₂ and high contents of mafic components. There are three types of fluid inclusions in the wolframite‐quartz vein systems, i. e. aqueous, CO₂‐H₂O and CO₂‐rich. The homogenization temperature of aqueous inclusion ranges from 140 to 380d?C and their salinities from 6.4 to 17.4 equivalent wt% NaCl. Laser Raman spectroscopy shows that the inclusions contain a relatively high content of CO₂. The δ³⁴S values of skarn type sulfides range from +8.1 to +12.7 per mil and those of quartz vein sulfides from +9.3 to +14.9 per mil, similar to sulfides of the granodiorite with from +6.0 to +11.7 per mil. The δ¹⁸O values of quartz are between +10.5 and +13.3 per mil and those of wolframite between +3.4 and +5.1 per mil. The δ¹⁸O water values of ore forming fluids range from +0.6 to +6.4 per mil and suggest the mixture of magmatic fluids with meteoric water formed the ore‐forming fluids. It has been proved that Precambrian strata in the west sector of North Qilian region are enriched in tungsten. We propose the strata were remelted to be tungsten‐granitoid during subduction. The polymetallic tungsten was gradually accumulated into the roof pendants of the granite intrusion by fractional crystallization and then was deposited by hydrothermal fluids during metasomatism and infilling along fractures. On the other hand, the granite intrusion also acted as “heating machine” to make hydrothermal fluids leach out the metals from Precambrian strata and these metals joined the ore‐forming hydrothermal system.     

Genesis of the Bangbu Orogenic Gold Deposit,Tibet: Evidence from Fluid Inclusion,Stable Isotopes,and Ar-Ar Geochronology

The Bangbu gold deposit is a large orogenic gold deposit in Tibet formed during the AlpineHimalayan collision. Ore bodies(auriferous quartz veins) are controlled by the E-W-trending Qusong-Cuogu-Zhemulang brittle-ductile shear zone. Quartz veins at the deposit can be divided into three types: pre-metallogenic hook-like quartz veins, metallogenic auriferous quartz veins, and postmetallogenic N-S quartz veins. Four stages of mineralization in the auriferous quartz veins have been identified:(1) Stage S1 quartz+coarse-grained sulfides,(2) Stage S2 gold+fine-grained sulfides,(3) Stage S3 quartz+carbonates, and(4) Stage S4 quartz+ greigite. Fluid inclusions indicate the oreforming fluid was CO_2-N_2-CH_4 rich with homogenization temperatures of 170–261°C, salinities 4.34–7.45 wt% Na Cl equivalent. δ~(18)Ofluid(3.98‰–7.18‰) and low δDV-SMOW(-90‰ to-44‰) for auriferous quartz veins suggest ore-forming fluids were mainly metamorphic in origin, with some addition of organic matter. Quartz vein pyrite has δ~(34)SV-CDT values of 1.2‰–3.6‰(an average of 2.2‰), whereas pyrite from phyllite has δ~(34)SV-CDT 5.7‰–9.9‰(an average of 7.4‰). Quartz vein pyrites yield 206Pb/204 Pb ratios of 18.662–18.764, 207Pb/204 Pb 15.650–15.683, and ~(208)Pb/204 Pb 38.901–39.079. These isotopic data indicate Bangbu ore-forming materials were probably derived from the Langjiexue accretionary wedge. 40Ar/39 Ar ages for sericite from auriferous sulfide-quartz veins yield a plateau age of 49.52 ± 0.52 Ma, an isochron age of 50.3 ± 0.31 Ma, suggesting that auriferous veins were formed during the main collisional period of the Tibet-Himalayan orogen(~65–41 Ma).     

Post-Variscan hydrothermal vein mineralization,Taunus, Rhenish Massif (Germany): Constraints from stable and radiogenic isotope data

Post-Variscan hydrothermal base-metal mineralization of the Taunus ore district, SE Rhenish Massif (Germany), has been studied through combination of stable (S, C, O) and radiogenic (Pb) isotope geochemistry. Based on field and textural observations, five hydrothermal mineralization types can be distinguished. These are (1) tetrahedrite–tennantite bearing quartz–ankerite veins, (2) quartz veins with Pb–Zn–Cu ores, (3) giant quartz veins, (4) metasomatic dolomite in Devonian reef complexes, and (5) calcite–(quartz) mineralization in Devonian reefs. The δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW quartz values of base-metal veins are in the range of 18.0–21.5‰, whereas those of giant quartz veins have lower values of 15.9–18.6‰. This difference reflects the higher fluid fluxes and smaller extent of rock-buffering for the giant quartz veins. Hydrothermal carbonates from the tetrahedrite and Pb–Zn–Cu veins have variable but distinctly negative δ¹³C_V-PDB values. They can be explained by contributions from fluids that had picked up low δ¹³C_V-PDB carbon via oxidation of organic matter and from fluids that interacted with Devonian reef carbonate having positive δ¹³C_V-PDB. Metasomatic dolomite has positive δ¹³C_V-PDB values that closely reflect those of the precursor limestone. By contrast, carbonates of calcite–(quartz) mineralization have negative δ¹³C_V-PDB values which are negatively correlated with the δ¹⁸O values. This pattern is explained by fluid mixing processes where contributions from descending cooler fluids with rather low salinity were dominant. The isotope data suggest that tetrahedrite veins, Pb–Zn–Cu veins, and giant quartz veins formed from fluid mixing involving two end-members with contrasting chemical features. This is supported by fluid inclusion data (Adeyemi, 1982) that show repeated alternation between two different types of fluid inclusions, which are hotter intermediate- to high-salinity NaCl–CaCl₂ fluids and cooler low-salinity NaCl-dominated fluids. The metal-rich saline fluids were likely generated at the boundary between the pre-Devonian basement and the overlying Devonian–Carboniferous nappe pile. Fault activation resulted in strong fluid focusing and upward migration of large volumes of hot Na–Ca brines, which mixed with cooler and more dilute fluids at shallower crustal levels. Variable contributions from both fluid types, local fluid fluxes, temperature variations, and variations in pH and oxidation state have then controlled the vein mineralogy and metal inventory.     

Characterization and timing of the different types of fluids present in the barren and ore-veins of the W-Sn deposit of Panasqueira,Central Portugal

The Panasqueira W-Sn deposit is the largest quartz-vein type deposit of the Iberian Peninsula and the most important wolframite deposit in Western Europe. The ore-veins are almost exclusively sub-horizontal. Besides ore-bearing sub-horizontal veins, the Panasqueira mine also contains barren quartz veins. There are essentially two generations of barren quartz: quartz, contemporaneous with the earliest regional metamorphism (QI), and recrystallized quartz, contemporaneous with the thermal metamorphism related to the granite intrusion (QII). Fluid inclusion studies (microthermometry and Raman) were undertaken in order to distinguish fluids contemporaneous with the barren quartz from those contemporaneous with the ore-bearing quartz (QIII). Fluid inclusion data indicate that the barren and ore-bearing quartz fluids are dominantly aqueous (93 to 98 mol% H₂O), with a nearly constant bulk salinity (8 to 12 wt% eq. NaCl), with the quantity of volatile component (determined by Raman spectrometry) higher in QIII, but never greater than 5 mol%. However, the CO₂/CH₄ + N₂ ratio is different for each type of quartz. Volatiles are dominated by CH₄ (10 to 96 mol% ZCH₄ and/or N₂ (3 to 87 mol% ZN₂) in the barren quartz and by CO₂ (60 to 73 mol% ZCO₂) in ore-bearing quartz. The bulk chemical composition of the fluids in QIII is comparable to that found commonly in hydrothermal fluids associated with wolframite mineralization, where Na>K>Ca and HCO₃>Cl>SO₄. A dispersion in TH (226 to 350 °C) found in QIII, together with a variation in the degree of filling (0.5 to 0.7) and with the consequent variation of fluid densities (0.70 to 0.79), may result from changes in the fluid pressure regime below lithostatic pressure, suggesting vein filling related to tectonic events.     

江西黄沙石英脉型钨矿床流体包裹体研究

黄沙钨矿床是赣南地区一大型石英脉型钨多金属矿床。本文采用"流体包裹体组合"的研究方法,对黄沙钨矿床主成矿阶段早期的黑钨矿-石英脉和晚期的硫化物-(黑钨矿)-石英脉石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温和拉曼探针的分析。研究表明,黑钨矿-石英脉中包裹体主要为水溶液包裹体和含CO₂水溶液包裹体,硫化物-(黑钨矿)-石英脉中主要发育水溶液包裹体。黑钨矿-石英脉中包裹体的均一温度明显高于硫化物-(黑钨矿)-石英脉中的包裹体,但两者水溶液包裹体的盐度相差不大。激光拉曼探针测试表明,两期矿脉中水溶液包裹体的组分主要为水,在黑钨矿-石英脉中的含CO₂水溶液包裹体,除CO₂外,还检测到CH₄和N₂组分。研究表明,以CO₂逸失为特征的流体不混溶作用是早期黑钨矿-石英脉含矿流体中的金属络合物分解并沉淀成矿的主要机制,晚期硫化物-(黑钨矿)-石英脉中矿质的沉淀则主要是流体的混合作用导致。     

Structural setting,style and timing of vein-hosted gold mineralization at the Pogo deposit,east central Alaska

Gold-bearing veins within the Liese zone of the Pogo deposit display a two-stage evolutionary history that records temporal variation in kinematics, fluid chemistry and temperature. Several stacked shallow northwest-dipping shear veins are developed at Pogo, and collectively comprise the Liese Zone. Veins consist of: (1) early, narrow biotite-bearing shear veins; (2) white quartz veins with pyrite-arsenopyrite bands, referred to as main stage quartz veins, that have sericite-Fe-Mg carbonate alteration envelopes and which exploit the early shear veins; and (3) extension veins that form as steeper offshoots from the main stage veins. The presence and orientation of oblique fabrics developed in the older biotite-bearing shear veins are indicative of top-to-the-south displacement under ductile to semi-brittle conditions at higher temperatures. In contrast, the orientation of the extension veins and local sigmoidal shapes indicate a component of top-to-the-northwest normal displacement on the main stage veins in their present orientation, and brittle to semi-brittle conditions of formation. Dolomite-sericite alteration surrounding main stage veins may represent late to post-mineral hydrothermal fluid exploitation of vein margins during ongoing normal displacement along vein systems. All types of veining overprint 107–106 Ma, post-metamorphic granitic dykes. Molybdenite in main stage quartz assemblages has returned Re-Os ages of 104.2±1.1 Ma, significantly older than 96 to 91 Ma ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages obtained from vein alteration assemblages that may reflect thermal resetting during post-mineral fault related hydrothermal activity, magmatism and/or retrograde cooling of the lithologic sequence. Unlike typical mesothermal shear vein hosted gold systems, Pogo is temporally and tectonically separated from metamorphic deformation events, and has a comparable kinematic and geometric architecture to Cretaceous plutonic gold deposits in the region. We interpret the deposit to have formed during a regional Cretaceous extensional event during multi-stage exploitation of extensional fault surfaces by hydrothermal fluid from a cooling magmatic source.Editorial handling: S.G. Hagemann