压磁套芯三维原地应力测量研究

压磁套芯解除法是20世纪50年代开始发展起来的原地应力测试技术。为了实现在单一钻孔中进行三维地应力测量研制了单孔全应力计。在简单介绍压磁全应力计结构和计算原理的基础上,通过现场测试,对在锦屏二级水电站地下厂房洞群区压磁套心解除3孔交汇法三维地应力测量和单孔三维地应力测量及水压致裂地应力测量进行了比较分析研究。测量结果表明,在探洞浅部,受局部地形影响,测点的应力分布主要受自重和地形地貌控制,形成特有的“V”型河谷岸坡内的局部应力状态,最大主应力为11 MPa左右,作用方向NNW基本近水平;在探洞深部地应力应力值较高,最大主应力为40 MPa左右,作用方向近直立;随水平埋深的增大最大主应力由近水平状态转变为近直立状态,说明在洞深部自重应力起主导作用。通过三种方法测量结果的对比分析,说明压磁套心解除单孔三维地应力测试技术与压磁套心解除3孔交汇法和水压致裂地应力测试技术具有相同测试精度。     

风积沙对青藏铁路块碎石路基降温效果的影响

风沙危害正在威胁着青藏铁路的安全营运. 通过数值方法研究了风积沙填堵和覆盖青藏铁路块碎石路基后, 块碎石层降温机理以及降温效果的变化特征. 结果表明:开放条件下块石路基具有较强的强迫对流效应; 风积沙填堵后, 块碎石层降温效果减弱. 封闭条件下, 冷季路基坡脚处自然对流较强, 冻土上限抬升; 路基内部自然对流较弱, 由于路基填土作用, 路基中心处冻土上限抬升较大, 但随时间增长而降低; 沙层覆盖后, 块碎石层降温效果减弱, 路基下部冻土上限下降. 在气候变暖背景条件下, 封闭块碎石层自然对流减弱, 冻土上限下降, 不利于冻土路基的热稳定. 因此, 建议对沙害路段的块碎石路基采取补强措施.     

V型排导槽内泥石流流速横向分布探讨

V型排导槽内泥石流流速的横向分布是一个与设计密切相连的非线性分布,直接关系到排导槽横断面各位置泥石流冲击力、磨蚀力等特征参数的定量计算。但目前流速公式多针对矩形槽,规范中没有关于该流速横向分布相应条款,因而导致部分已建V型排导槽因磨蚀或淤积而防治失效。鉴于此,本文试图通过合理假设,推导出泥石流流速横向分布计算公式,并以在建雅(安)泸(沽)高速公路沿线的某沟泥石流防治为工程背景,验证其具有一定的适用性,可供相关研究与设计参考。     

季节冻土区埋地管道水温的变化规律及其影响因素分析

埋地管道是减少寒冷地区冬季冻害的常用铺设方式,深入认识埋地管道的水温变化规律可以为减小管道埋设深度、降低管道冻害提供理论依据,对当前季节冻土区农牧民集中式供水工程的推进具有指导意义. 采用仿三维数值方法建立了管道水温的计算模型,讨论了含水量、地表温度、管道埋深等6个主要因素对埋地管道最不利水温的影响. 分析结果表明,无论上述因素如何变化,管道最不利水温均随输送距离的增加而下降. 首先,随着含水量的增加、地表温度的升高以及管道埋深的加深,管道的降温速率不断减小并具有先快后慢的特点;其次,随着管径的减小、流速的降低,管道降温速率增大,且降温速率和流速之间具有近似的倒数关系. 另外,随着入口温度的升高,管道降温速率将呈指数形式不断增加.     

A new, instantaneous aeolian sand trap design for field use

A new aeolian sediment trap is described which can give up to 1 Hz measurement frequency in field conditions. The trap adopts a circular, horizontal trap design with a load cell connection to give continuous, unobtrusive trap measurement of sediment flux. Simultaneous velocity recording is carried out using an anemometer. Trap construction costs are approximately £200. Initial results in field conditions using a direct comparison of wind velocity data, sampled at an equivalent frequency, have given a first-order relationship between sediment flux and velocity. The trap enables simultaneous sampling of wind velocity and sediment flux at a sufficiently short interval to enable investigation of sediment transport dynamics under a variety of field conditions.     

冰盖下水流垂线流速分布规律研究

河道中冰盖显著改变了水流流动结构.采用k-ε紊流模型建立了冰盖下水流流动垂向二维数值模型;根据量纲分析理论提出了流速分布规律的影响因素;针对各种因素的不同组合进行了数值计算,并对其流动特性如最大流速点位置、冰区及床面区平均流速等进行了分析研究;对冬季封冻河道的二点测流法精度进行了理论分析.研究结果表明,冰盖下水流的纵向流速在流动核心区并不遵循对数分布规律,同时揭示了冰盖底部与河床的相对粗糙比、河床相对粗糙度及雷诺数对流速分布规律的影响.     

遇水冷却的高温大理岩力学与波动特性分析

岩石经历高温作用冷却后工程特性的变化情况,直接影响着地下深部空间及资源的开发与利用、核废料的存储以及突发性高温灾害后地下工程的稳定性评价。以大理岩为研究对象,对遇水冷却和自然冷却后的高温岩样进行单轴压缩试验和声波测试,分析和比较岩样在不同状态下峰值强度、弹性模量、衰减系数、纵波波速和主频的变化情况。结果表明：随着温度的不断升高,遇水冷却高温大理岩的峰值强度、弹性模量和纵波波速总体上均呈现减小趋势;低于400 ℃时,随着温度的升高,衰减系数逐渐增大,主频逐渐减小;但高于400 ℃时,随着温度的升高,衰减系数和主频并未完全呈现单调递增或递减趋势,出现了高温拐点;在经历相同高温作用后,遇水冷却大理岩的峰值强度、弹性模量和主频均低于自然冷却,而纵波波速、衰减系数均高于自然冷却。研究结果可以为遇水冷却的高温岩石工程性状的检测和稳定性的评价提供参考,对经历高温作用的岩石冷却方式的选择具有指导意义。     

块石路基对流特性实验研究

利用块石层调控冻土路基地温是冻土工程主动冷却路基的一种重要措施,并在青藏铁路重大工程建设中得到广泛应用.通过块石层中空气流动特性的深入研究,对其结构优化和效能提升具有重要意义,而不同温差条件下块石层中空气的流动特性,以及微风速的实际测定一直是其中亟待解决的问题.通过高精度微风速探测,首次获得封闭条件下块石层的空气流动特征.结果表明:在边界温度波动条件下,块石层内的降温过程与其内部自然对流过程密切相关,在对流作用下快速完成降温过程;升温过程则在相对较长时段内主要由内部的热传导换热完成,由此导致温度变化曲线非对称这一特殊现象的出现,并随深度增加而愈加明显.块石层上下端面的温差是对流发生及强度的关键控制因素,当温差达到一定量值时流速随温差的增加而加大,同时空气温度的变化也会对空气流动过程产生影响;块石层内整个空气流动过程是一个传递过程,也是热量传递的过程.该实验研究结果将对该种工程措施机理的进一步认识和改进、相关模拟计算参数的选取,以及在冻土区高等级公路等重大工程建设中的进一步有效应用均具有重要意义.     

热液汉体泵吸上浸管流动力学模拟及其预测意义

地球流体相在各种地质过程中的行为和作用,是地球物质科学的核心课题。通过对山西义兴寨脉状金矿热液流体上侵动力学的模拟计算证明,构造泵吸驱动的矿液流动具有有压管流的性质,并探索引入柏努利方程对其流动状态进行描述。论证了地质流体因其性质和所处地质环境的不同,可划分为多孔介质中的渗流和较宽阔裂隙中的管流（流动）两种。赋 于地壳中深部或由岩浆冷却分异形成的成矿流体,在张前性断裂活动中,主要由构造泵吸机制驱使     

热液流体泵吸上侵管流动力学模拟及其预测意义

地球流体相在各种地质过程中的行为和作用 ,是地球物质科学的核心课题。通过对山西义兴寨脉状金矿热液流体上侵动力学的模拟计算证明 ,构造泵吸驱动的矿液流动具有有压管流的性质 ,并探索引入柏努利方程对其流动状态进行描述。论证了地质流体因其性质和所处地质环境的不同 ,可划分为多孔介质中的渗流和较宽阔裂隙中的管流 (流动 )两种。赋存于地壳中深部或由岩浆冷却分异形成的成矿流体 ,在张剪性断裂活动中 ,主要由构造泵吸机制驱使其上侵成矿。热液在相对封闭 (未喷出地表 )的较宽阔的断裂系统中受应力驱动上侵流动 ,其性质接近于流体力学中的有压管流 ,可以用柏努利方程进行描述。推导出了描述热液管流上侵动力学特征的柏努利方程关系式 ,表明热液的流速与所处构造压力差、流体的性质 (温度和密度等 ) ,以及流动通道的结构特征有关。对义兴寨脉状金矿进行的计算结果证明 ,热液上侵流速场的空间变化与金矿化分布格局相吻合 ,流体的高流速地段指示含矿石英脉密集区 ,因此具有成矿预测意义。针对热液管流上侵过程建立的动力学总方程中 ,每一个变量都有明确的地质意义 ,并可以在矿区实际测量 ;绘制的几组理论关系曲线有助于具体分析各种地质和地球化学条件对成矿的控制作用。     

块石路基层中对流过程与温度特性关系试验研究

利用块石层调控路基地温是主动冷却路基的一种重要措施,块石层内部对流换热过程是冻土工程应用研究的重要内容之一,块石层中由低压或温差引起的空气流动的实际测定一直是其中亟待解决的问题。通过高精度微风速探测仪器,首次获得由温差引起的块石层空气流动特征。研究发现：块石层中对流过程和温度变化过程相互影响,在加速区和稳定区实现快速降温之后呈现缓慢降温过程;块石层内温差大于空气对流的启动温差时,自然对流速度和温差具有线性相关性;随着降温过程在相同温差条件下具有不同的对流特性;块石层上表面温度波动对内部温度波动的影响随深度而减弱,温度延迟性与深度呈线性相关性,块石层不同层位温度变化的非对称性由不同的传热方式和传热效率导致;在热传导期块石层存在热传导影响范围,为保证降温效果块石层厚度需大于热传导范围。研究成果为理论分析和数值模拟提供直接的有力支持以及对该种措施降温机制的进一步认识和改进都具有重要意义。     

深厚黏土层多圈管冻结壁温度场发展规律

多圈管冻结法施工已在深厚地层矿井中广泛应用,为了研究多圈管冻结壁温度场发展规律,以淮南某矿为研究对象,利用现场实测数据和FLAC3D软件2种方式对比分析研究多圈管冻结壁温度场发展规律。研究结果表明:冻结壁中圈孔最先开始交圈,其次是外圈孔,最后是内圈孔,测温孔温度和冻结壁平均温度随冻结时间的延长均呈对数关系下降,最终趋于稳定,冻结壁有效厚度在交圈后增长明显,随冻结时间的延长呈对数关系增大,主面和界面温度场曲线在冻结管处近似呈V形发展,主面和界面温度随冻结时间的延长逐渐降低,对比分析验证了冻结壁温度场模型数值模拟的可行性,数值模拟对工程施工具有参考指导价值。      

多要素相关法提高潮流量测验精度的探讨

在珠江三角洲潮流量巡测资料的分析基础上，探讨了提高潮流量测验精度的方法。采用代表线流速、潮位、潮位涨落率等多要素进行相关的方法，提高了潮流量代表线流速定线精度，不但能降低潮流量测验强度和成本，而且还能提高测验、整编质量和经济效益。     

Prediction of Shale Gas Pressure based on Multi-channel Seismic Inversion in Fuling

The accurate prediction of formation pressure is important in oil/gas exploration and development. However, the achievement of this goal remains challenging, due to insufficient logging data and the low predictive data accuracy from seismic data. In this work, a case study was carried out in the Baima area of Wulong, in order to develop a workflow for accurately predicting shale gas formation pressure. The multi-channel stack method was first used, as well as the inversion of single-channel seismic data, to construct velocity and density models of the formation. Combined with the existing well-logging data, the velocity and density models of the whole well section were established. The shale gas formation pressure was then estimated using the Eaton method. The results show that the multi-channel seismic stacking method has a higher accuracy than the inversion of the formation velocity obtained by the single-channel seismic method. The discrepancies between our predicted formation pressure and the actual formation pressure measurement are within an acceptable range, indicating that our workflow is effective.     

风沙流中沙粒浓度分布的实验研究

利用粒子图像测速技术（PIV）,在风洞内对与天然沙接近的石英沙风沙流沙颗粒浓度沿高度分布进行了研究。对 3种不同轴线风速研究结果表明,风沙流中沙粒浓度沿水平方向基本不变,而随高度呈指数衰减,而且其衰减速率与风速密切相关。风速越大,衰减速率越慢;风速越小,衰减速率越快。风沙运动一旦发生时,靠近沙床表面的沙粒浓度随风速变化很小,可以认为趋于稳定,达到最大值。     

Quantitative modeling of compaction in the Holyoke flood basalt flow,Hartford Basin,Connecticut

Compaction in the Holyoke flood-basalt flow is modeled using a quantitative phase equilibrium routine based on the MELTS algorithm that is coupled with compaction-driven heat and mass transport equations. For a crystal-liquid mush that is cooling from both the top and the bottom, the compaction is qualitatively different in the upper and lower parts of the flow. The solid fraction in the lower part increases as a result of concurrent compaction and solidification. In contrast, cooling from the upper boundary results in an increase in viscosity and a decrease in permeability toward the top. This causes the velocity of the solid matrix to increase downward and the upper part to undergo dilation of the solid matrix. The result is an "S"-shaped profile for compatible elements, and an inverse profile for incompatible elements. The region of modeled maximum dilation matches the location of segregation sheets in the Holyoke flow. Discrepancy between observed deformation, as calculated from textural deformation of plagioclase chain networks versus compositional profiles, suggest some crystal accumulation and/or compaction prior to the formation of the plagioclase chains.     

冻土地区三角形块石路基与水平块石路基的保冷效果研究

Time varying temperatures and pore-air velocities in two gravel embankments, horizontal and triangular gravel embankments, are studied using the "Rock-Block model" and the results are visualized in the form of isotherms and velocity vectors for different times of the year. Simulation results show that for both the two embankments there is a counter-clockwise rotation of pore-air extending throughout most of the embankment during winter months, whereas in summer the pore-air rotation changes to the opposite. The pore-air velocities in the triangle gravel embankment are somewhat higher than those obtained from the horizontal gravel embankment. The stronger convection in winter enhances the upward transport of heat out of the triangle gravel embankment, thus having more apparent cooling effect than the horizontal gravel embankment. During summer months, the pore-air velocities are nearly the same for both the two embankments. The results of the present study show that though the two gravel embankments have the effect of cooling the permafrost beneath, the temperature fields in the triangle gravel embankment are a little lower and more stable compared with those gotten from the horizontal gravel embankment, showing that the triangle gravel embankment has more apparent cooling effect than the horizontal one.     

基于微纳气泡示踪的拖曳法ADCP流速测试

声学多普勒剖面流速仪(ADCP)设备在水文领域保有量大、应用广,但如何对其进行量值溯源,确保现场测量数据准确可靠是用户非常关注的问题.分析ADCP的测试现状,阐述ADCP的6个测试参数,分析出流速测试是核心;利用微纳气泡作为示踪粒子,尝试解决静止水体无反射粒子的问题,为ADCP流速测试提供支撑;以TRDI的WHR600...     

Metallographic cooling rates of the IIIAB iron meteorites

An improved computer simulation program has been developed and used to re-measure the metallographic cooling rates of the IIIAB irons, the largest iron meteorite chemical group. The formation of this chemical group is attributed to fractional crystallization of a single molten metallic core during solidification. Group IIIAB irons cooling rates vary by a factor of 6 from 56 to 338 °C/My. The cooling rate variation for each meteorite is much smaller than in previous studies and the uncertainty in the measured cooling rate for each meteorite is greatly reduced. The lack of correction for the orientation of the kamacite-taenite interface in the cooling rate measurement of a given meteorite in previous studies not only leads to large cooling rate variations but also to inaccurate and low cooling rates. The cooling rate variation with Ni content in the IIIAB chemical group measured in this study is attributable, in part, to the variation in nucleation temperature of the Widmanstatten pattern with Ni content and nucleation mechanism. However, the factor of 6 variation in cooling rate of the IIIAB irons is hard to explain unless the IIIAB asteroidal core was exposed or partially exposed in the temperature range in which the Widmanstatten pattern formed. Measurements of the size of the island phase in the cloudy zone of the taenite phase and Re-Os data from the IIIAB irons and the pallasites make it hard to reconcile the idea that pallasites are located at the boundary of the IIIAB asteroid core.     

Shear wave propagation in granular assemblies

Shear wave velocity is a fundamental property of a granular assembly. It is a measure of the true elastic stiffness of a bulk specimen of discrete grains. Shear wave velocity is typically measured in the laboratory (e.g., using bender elements) or in-situ (e.g., using a seismic cone penetrometer, sCPT). In the current work, shear wave propagation is modeled numerically using the discrete element method (DEM). First, an appropriate method for measuring wave velocity is identified. Then the effects of particle size and elastic properties are investigated. Specimen fabric is then quantified before and after wave excitation and the elasticity of the response at the scale of the particle contacts is investigated. The results show that shear wave velocity may be robustly measured for discrete numerical specimens. The ability to measure shear wave velocity using DEM simulations may provide another tool for researchers seeking to link results from physical and numerical experiments.