黄海暖流源区海表面温度锋面的结构及季节内演变

利用1985～2002年月均和每8天平均的AVHRR Pathfinder卫星海表面温度数据,分析了黄海暖流源区海表面温度锋面的分布特征及其季节和季节内演变过程的规律.分析结果表明,黄海暖流源区海表面温度锋面只在冬季及其前后出现,且是一个包含南北两支锋面的锋面系统,其北支锋面位于33°～34°N之间,大体呈东西走向,南支锋面沿长江浅滩边缘,呈西北东南走向,作者称之为黄海暖流源区锋面.该锋面从11月下旬于济州岛西部生成并向西北方向扩展,至1,2月份达到最大程度,于2月下旬后向东南方向退缩并在3月份至5月份之间消失.在该锋面系统的生长期和衰退期,其南北两支锋面有时于西端连接在一起而形成指向西北的舌状锋面.黄海暖流源区锋面的演变过程与黄海暖流的演变过程紧密相关,也对黄东海的质量和热量交换有重要影响.     

南黄海中部悬浮体垂直分布及其季节变化

南黄海中部悬浮体浓度垂直分布及其季节变化对该海域泥质区的生成有重要意义,为研究黄东海物质交换、南黄海中部泥质区生成机制,利用2006年至2009年四季节的温度、盐度数据,结合水样抽滤获得的悬浮体质量浓度数据和LISST观测到的悬浮体体积浓度数据分析南黄海中部断面悬浮体浓度垂直分布及其季节变化。结果表明,悬浮体LISST体积浓度和抽滤质量浓度具有较好的相关性,并将夏冬两季悬浮体体积浓度转换为质量浓度。四季节悬浮体浓度整体上表层低于底层,潮流是控制南黄海悬浮体分布的重要动力因素,秋季大潮期悬浮体浓度高于冬季小潮期,冬春两季悬浮体浓度分布相类似;受到强台风影响,夏季悬浮体浓度高于秋冬季,以温跃层为界,底层悬浮体浓度较高,最高达26.9mg/L,以细粉砂粒级为主,上层悬浮体浓度低于2mg/L,悬浮颗粒粒径大于31.6μm。夏季,黄海冷水团西边界锋面处为粉砂为主的高悬浮体浓度区,与南黄海中部泥质区西侧厚沉积带位置对应。冬季,黄海西部沿岸流流经区域悬浮体以极细砂粒级为主,黄海暖流海域各个粒级悬浮体浓度都比较高,以粉砂粒级以上为主,整个断面中较粗颗粒的悬浮体含量较多。     

南黄海表层沉积物粒度特征季节变化及其影响因素

通过对南黄海春季和秋季27个相同站位表层沉积物的粒度分析,并结合水文观测资料,研究了南黄海表层沉积物粒度的季节变化,参考文献资料初步讨论了粒度变化的影响因素。研究结果显示,按照Folk分类,南黄海表层沉积物可以分为粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂和泥四种类型。秋季与春季相比,总体上砂和粉砂的含量增加,黏土含量降低,相应地平均粒径相对变粗,分选系数和峰态的变化较小,而偏态表现为更加正偏。季节性变化还表现出明显的区域差异,主要是受环流系统、河流来沙及波浪的季节性变化的影响。     

北黄海冷水团季节变化特征分析

利用2006—2007年春、夏、秋、冬4个航次的CTD数据,对北黄海冷水团的季节变化及其消长过程进行了分析.结果显示:春季,冷水团特征开始出现,6℃冷水占据了调查区域的1/3,冷水团中心的盐度值大于32 psu.成山头以东的高盐水舌主轴从冬季的124°E西移至123.3°E处;夏季,北黄海冷水团特征最为明显,核心温度约6℃,盐度高于32 psu,盘踞在50 m等深线以深的深槽中,温、盐呈现明显的双峰结构.与前人的结果相比,本文低温中心的位置偏东;秋季,北黄海冷水团强度减弱,但仍存在2个低温中心,并且高盐中心位于38.5°N,122.5°E附近;在垂直方向上,冷水团与上层水之间以温跃层为分界:温跃层春季时形成,位于20～30m;夏季达到最强,跃层在10～20m;秋季减弱,跃层深度降至30～40m;至冬季温跃层完全消失.     

北黄海冷水团季节变化特征分析

基于2006至2007年“908”项目执行期间春夏秋冬共四个航次的CTD温盐数据,针对四个季节底层大面及大连一成山头断面温度和盐度的分布特征,分析了北黄海冷水团的季节变化,初步探讨了其消长过程,并与历史资料相比较,发现了关于北黄海冷水团的新问题。研究表明：夏季,北黄海冷水团温度和盐度与历史资料相比,低温中心位置存在东偏,但低温中心温度和盐度变化不大。春季,32．8psu高盐水舌主轴位置较冬季偏西约75km,123．5°E以东的原冬季盐度高值区的范围向北延伸的势力大减,退化为较弱的小高盐水舌冬。冬季,北黄海冷水团已经消失,黄海暖流呈舌状向北延伸。秋季,减弱的北黄海冷水团存在两个中心温度约9℃的低温中心。     

冬季黄海暖流区的空间变化和年际变化特征

利用了多年连续的冬季水文调查数据,以黄海暖水舌作为黄海暖流的示性指标,采用经验函数正交分解及相关分析的方法,探讨了黄海暖流的年际变化特征,结果表明:1)黄海暖流的强弱存在4～7 a的年际变化周期,并与冬季局地季风的经向分量具有较好的相关关系;2)黄海暖流的流轴存在一个3～6 a的变化周期,而且其流轴的摆动明显受冬季季风纬向分量的影响;3)季风增强,黄海暖流增强且流轴西移.     

黄海暖流区SST年际变化分析

基于2003—2019年黄渤海冬季(1月)微波遥感SST,分析其年际变化特征和黄海暖流对SST年际变化的影响,进一步分析黄海暖流流轴摆动与强弱的年际变化。分析结果表明:冬季黄海暖流区SST整体处于上升趋势(0.07℃/a),黄海暖流对黄海中部SST具有一定的稳定作用;该区域SST年际变化是在北太平洋年际震荡背景下,主要受黄海暖流、大陆气候和地表径流等近岸过程影响,黄海暖流流轴年际变化与ENSO显著相关,受纬向风作用明显,而黄海暖流强弱年际变化与经向风关系显著。     

南黄海暖流水附近冷水块的分析研究

在南黄海东南部，呈现高温、高盐特征的南黄海暖流水(以下简称暖流水)终年入侵。冬半年，暖流水自济州岛东南沿西北方向大量涌入南黄海，并盘踞其大部海区，因此，该海域水文要素场(温度、盐度、密度)等值线的分布大多呈舌形。但在济州岛西北，朝鲜半岛西南海域外的水文状况则呈现低温、高盐特征。夏半年，黄海冷水团与南黄海沿岸流强盛，暖流水势力锐减，南黄海温、盐度等值线的分布不再大片地呈现明显舌形，舌状分布仅出现在34°N以南，124°E以东海区。此时，在暖流水附近，济州海峡西北部，朝鲜半岛西南海岸外，经常出现一个具有高盐特性的冷水块。此冷水块的出现与南黄海暖流水的变异有关，并且存在时间较长，因此，其温、盐性质构成了南黄海水文特征的一部分。本文试图分析研究这一冷水块的基本水文特征并对其成因提出初步看法。 本文主要引用1976-1979年在南黄海海域调查的部分观测资料以及朝鲜1934-1938年的近海观测资料。     

冬季南黄海浮游动物群落结构及其对黄海暖流的指示

2009年12月和2010年1月对南黄海进行浮游动物采集, 以了解冬季浮游动物群落结构及其对黄海暖流的指示作用。结果表明, 南黄海冬季仍然以温带和暖温带种为主, 中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、强壮滨箭虫Aidanosagitta crassa、细足法Themisto gracilipes等温带和暖温带种类在浮游动物数量组成中具有较大优势。与此同时, 一些暖水种在调查海域局部出现。2009年12月暖水种仅分布在南黄海东南部黄海暖流源地附近。位于黄海中部的调查区东侧温盐层化现象明显, 近底层低温、高盐、高营养盐的水文特征体现了黄海冷水团的残留; 2010年1月在35°—36°N区域暖水种种类明显增加, 截平头水蚤Paracandacia truncata、长尾基齿哲水蚤Clausocalanus furcatus出现的位置与暖流路径相吻合, 海洋真刺水蚤Euchaeta rimana数量相比12月有明显向北推进的趋势。主成分分析显示暖水种的分布与温度有良好的相关性。Shannon-Weaver指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数等没有呈现明显的分布规律, 对黄海暖流的指示作用不如种类明显。     

冬季黄海暖流西偏机理数值探讨

利用海洋数值模式(MITgcm)模拟了冬季黄海流场并对冬季黄海暖流西偏的机理进行了探讨。冬季黄海流场模拟试验表明,黄海暖流由济州岛以西约32.5°N,125°E附近进入黄海,然后沿着黄海深槽西侧70 m等深线附近向北偏西运动;海面高度调整对黄海暖流路径具有重要影响,沿着黄海暖流路径的海面高度梯度比周围海区大,由海面高度梯度产生的地转流引起的北向体积输运占总的北向体积输运的78%。狭长海湾地形控制试验表明,单纯的黄海地形分布不足以引起黄海暖流西偏。黄海典型断面试验与渤海、黄海、东海地形控制试验说明,黄海暖流进入黄海的地理位置对流场分布有重要影响,黄海暖流进入黄海的位置恰好位于深槽西侧地形坡度较大区域,在位涡守恒的约束下黄海暖流受地形捕获沿70 m等深线附近向北偏西运动;试验还表明,黄海暖流进入黄海的位置与东海北部环流和地形分布有关,在冬季风的作用下东海北部环流的一部分沿着地形陡坡进入黄海形成黄海暖流。由此认为,黄海、东海环流在其特殊地形的约束下对冬季风的响应和调整,是引起黄海暖流西偏的主要原因。     

Recent advances in ocean-circulation research on the Yellow Sea and East China Sea shelves

Recent advances in ocean-circulation research on the Yellow Sea and East China Sea shelves are summarized. Observations using acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) suggest that the connectivity of mean-volume-transports is incomplete between the Tsushima (2.6 Sverdrups; 1 Sv = 10⁶ m³/s) and Taiwan Straits (1.2 Sv). The remaining 1.4-Sv transport must be supplied by onshore Kuroshio intrusion across the East China Sea shelf break. The Yellow Sea Warm Current is not a persistent ocean current, but an episodic event forced by northerly winter monsoon winds. Nevertheless, the Cheju Warm Current is detected clearly regardless of season. In addition, the throughflow in the Taiwan Strait may be episodic in winter when northeasterly winds prevail. The throughflow strengthens (vanishes) under moderate (severe) northeasterly wind conditions. Using all published ADCP-derived estimates, the throughflow transport (V) in the Taiwan Strait is approximated as

冬季黄海暖流的诊断计算

采用ECOMSED三维水动力模式，诊断计算了冬季渤海、黄海和东海的近海环流状况，重点分析了黄海暖流的演变过程及其垂直结构，并探讨了黄海暖流的形成机理。结果表明，黄海暖流于12月初步形成，次年2月发展最强盛，3月开始衰退。黄海暖流在表层和次表层（0-30m）并不是一支持续稳定的流，其持续稳定性仅在近底层得到很好的体现。对黄海暖流形成机理的分析表明，压强梯度力、垂向摩擦力和柯氏力占主要地位。在表层及次表层，主要表现为风的正压作用，而在近底层，则由海平面起伏造成的正压梯度力和密度场引起的斜压梯度力形成的总压强梯度力与柯氏力基本平衡，因而黄海暖流可基本认为是准地转流。     

Winter heat budget in the Huanghai Sea and the effect from Huanghai Warm Current (Yellow Sea Warm Current)

Four sources of surface heat flux (SHF) and the satellite remote sensing sea surface temperature (SST) data are combined to investigate the heat budget closure of the Huanghai Sea (HS) in winter. It is found that heat loss occurs all over the HS during winter and the area averaged heat content change decreases with a rate of -106 W/m². Comparing with the area averaged SHF of -150 W/m^-2 from the four SHF data sets, it can be concluded that the SHF plays a dominant role in the HS heat budget during winter. In contrast, the heat advection transported by the Huanghai Warm Current (Yellow Sea Warm Current, HWC) accounted for up to 29% of the HS heat content change. Close correlation, especially in February, between the storm events and the SST increase demonstrates that the HWC behaves strongly as a wind-driven compensation current.     

黄海暖流的路径及机制研究

利用NASA/AVHRR 反演的每日海表面温度资料, 法国航天局AVISO 发布的海表面高度资料,中国气象科学数据共享服务网成山头台站的日均风场资料, 首先对黄海海表面温度分布进行了分析,揭示了表征黄海暖流的暖水舌存在两个分支。然后对1981 年10 月～2010 年5 月这两个分支发生情况进行了统计, 得出两个分支并...     

对马暖流“东海段”的流路与流速

本文全面地分析了此段海流的流路与流速结构，首次提出研究海域近底层的环流示意图。指出在夏季，韩国南岸和日本九州北岸均存在着一支南下的逆流，九州西岸出现两种或多种形式的流路。对马暖流在源地流速很弱，流向不稳定，流路时隐时显不明显，只有离开源地后才逐渐显示出一支海流轮廓；强流区在朝鲜海峡附近。该海流可明显地划分为三段。流速夏强冬弱，夏季流幅宽约８０ｋｍ。     

On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current Water

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The Current System in the Yellow and East China Seas

During the 1990s, our knowledge and understanding of the current system in the Yellow and East China Seas have grown significantly due primarily to new technologies for measuring surface currents and making high-resolution three-dimensional numerical model calculations. One of the most important new findings in this decade is direct evidence of the northward current west of Kyushu provided by satellite-tracked surface drifters. In the East China Sea shelf region, these recent studies indicate that in winter the Tsushima Warm Current has a single source, the Kuroshio Branch Current in the west of Kyushu, which transports a mixture of Kuroshio Water and Changjiang River Diluted Water northward. In summer the surface Tsushima Warm Current has multiple sources, i.e., the Taiwan Warm Current, the Kuroshio Branch Current to the north of Taiwan, and the Kuroshio Branch Current west of Kyushu. The summer surface circulation pattern in the East China Sea shelf region changes year-to-year corresponding to interannual variations in Changjiang River discharge. Questions concerning the Yellow Sea Warm Current, the Chinese Coastal Current in the Yellow Sea, the current field southwest of Kyushu, and the deep circulation in the Okinawa Trough remain to be addressed in the next decade. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Seasonal Variation of the Cheju Warm Current in the Northern East China Sea

The Cheju Warm Current has been defined as a mean current that rounds Cheju-do clockwise, transporting warm and saline water to the western coastal area of Cheju-do and into the Cheju Strait in the northern East China Sea (Lie et al., 1998). Seasonal variation of the Cheju Warm Current and its relevant hydrographic structures were examined by analyzing CTD data and trajectories of satellite-tracked drifters. Analysis of a combined data set of CTD and drifters confirms the year-round existence of the Cheju Warm Current west of Cheju-do and in the Cheju Strait, with current speeds of 5 to 40 cm/s. Saline waters transported by the Cheju Warm Current are classified Cheju Warm Current water for water of salinity greater than 34.0 psu and modified Cheju Warm Current for water having salinity of 33.5–34.0 psu. In winter, Cheju Warm Current water appears in a relatively large area west of Cheju-do, bounded by a strong thermohaline front formed in a "" shape. In summer and autumn, the Cheju Warm Current water appears only in the lower layer, retreating to the western coastal area of Cheju-do in summer and to the eastern coastal area sometimes in autumn. The Cheju Warm Current is found to flow in the western channel of the Korea/Tsushima Strait after passing through the Cheju Strait, contributing significantly to the Tsushima Warm Current.     

Supply of Heat by Tsushima Warm Current in the East Sea (Japan Sea)

A significant surface net heat loss appears around the Kuroshio and the Tsushima Warm Current regions. The area where the surface heat loss occurs should require heat to be supplied by the current to maintain the long-term annual heat balance. Oceanic heat advection in these regions plays an important role in the heat budget. The spatial distribution of the heat supply by the Tsushima Warm Current near the surface was examined by calculating the horizontal heat supply in the surface layer of the East Sea (the Japan Sea) (ESJS), directly from historical sea surface temperature and current data. We have also found a simple estimation of the effective vertical scale of heat supply by the current to compensate net heat loss using the heat supplied by the current in the surface 10 m layer. The heat supplied by the current for the annual heat balance was large in the Korea/Tsushima Strait and along the Japanese Coast, and was small in the northwestern part of the ESJS. The amount of heat supplied by the current was large in the northwestern part and small in the south-eastern part of the ESJS. These features suggest that the heat supplied by the Tsushima Warm Current is restricted to near the surface around the northeastern part and extends to a deeper layer around the southeastern part of the ESJS. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.