高精度国际地球参考框架的研究进展

针对地球动力学等对毫米级国际地球参考框架的需求,介绍了国际地球参考框架的最新研究进展,探讨了现今顾及测站非线性运动的国际地球参考框架的局限性,并在毫米级国际地球参考框架建立的方法和技术改进方面提出了一些见解,对高精度国际地球参考框架的实现具有一定的参考价值。     

2015年测绘地信跑步嘉年华在浙江开跑

本书由党亚民、章传银、陈俊勇、张鹏、薛树强著。主要介绍现代大地测量基准理论和现代大地测量基准建立与维持方法,涵盖现代大地测量基准的特点及地球动力学影响因素、地球参考系统与参考框架、地球重力场基本理论、高程基准与深度基准、地球参考框架建立与维持、垂直参考系统、垂直参考框架建立与维持等内容。     

《现代大地测量基准》内容简介

正本书由党亚民、章传银、陈俊勇、张鹏、薛树强著。主要介绍现代大地测量基准理论和现代大地测量基准建立与维持方法,涵盖现代大地测量基准的特点及地球动力学影响因素、地球参考系统与参考框架、地球重力场基本理论、高程基准与深度基准、地球参考框架建立与维持、垂直参考系统、垂直参考框     

国际地球参考框架建立与维持的研究进展

针对现代大地测量学对毫米级国际地球参考框架的需求,该文简单回顾了国际地球参考框架的发展概况,系统地介绍了国际地球参考框架建立方法及基准约束的演变情况;在此基础上,详细阐述了两种国际地球参考框架维持方法,即线性模型和非线性模型维持方法的框架点坐标位移模型改进情况、地球质心运动模型改进情况,及监测网和并置站的布设情况;最后,给出了国际地球参考框架的改进计划,指出了动态实时维持是下一步的研究重点,对参考框架维持方法的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

顾及非线性变化的地球参考框架建立与维持的思考

介绍了全球及区域参考框架(ITRF)的发展现状,探讨了国际地球参考框架(ITRF)的不足,给出了使用顾及非线性变化的速度模型建立和维持参考框架的思路,并分析了解决不同类型非线性变化的处理方法。在此基础上,探讨了区域参考框架建立与维持的方法。最后展望了全球大地观测系统背景下的未来ITRF发展趋势。     

浅谈地球坐标系及2000国家大地坐标系

介绍了地球坐标参考系统和国际地球参考系及参考框架;阐述了2000国家大地坐标系,指出2000国家大地坐标系可按精度划分为国家级连续运行基准站、GPSA、B级网、天文大地网三个层次。     

毫米级地球参考框架的建立方法与展望

地球参考框架是地理空间数据基础设施的重要组成部分。地球参考框架的不断完善为人类更好地认知地球提供了技术基础。随着空间大地测量等技术的发展以及地球科学及相关学科间的渗透交叉融合,建立顾及基准站非线性变化的毫米级地球参考框架已经成为可能。首先,探讨了毫米级地球参考框架的定义及建立的必要性,阐述了地球参考框架的研究进展;然后,提出了顾及基准站非线性变化的毫米级地球参考框架的构建方法;最后,围绕解决建立毫米级地球参考框架的几个关键问题进行了展望。     

COMPASS地球参考框架的建立和维持

探讨了COMPAAS地球参考框架所对应的地球参考系统的定义、地球参考框架的建立和维持方案,并选取我国现有的COMPASS跟踪站和IGS跟踪站数据进行了一系列的仿真验证。分析了跟踪站分布对地球参考框架的影响以及多分析中心组合对参考框架周解稳定性和可靠性的影响。试验结果表明,全球均匀分布的跟踪站在20个左右时就能基本满足建立地球参考框架的需求,为了保障地球参考框架的长期稳定性和精度,全球均匀分布的跟踪站应为30个左右;引入多个分析中心组合处理生成最终解不但可以探测出单个数据处理中心所引入的粗差,也可进一步增强周解的稳定性和可靠性。     

地球参考框架的建立和维持

详细总结了ITRF等参考框架的原理,分析了其优缺点和特性并分析了不同地球参考框架的区别。本文在协议研究的基础上,结合我国实际,提出了建立我国新一代地球参考系统的若干建议。     

毫米级地球参考框架动态维持技术研究进展

毫米级地球参考框架的实现需要毫米级的动态维持技术。目前的动态维持技术主要有基于线性速度的线性维持技术、综合考虑基准站非线性运动和地心运动的非线性维持技术以及历元参考框架技术。首先简要总结了线性维持技术的发展现状,从影响机制和坐标时间序列两个角度,围绕坐标非线性变化的建模方法,重点梳理了非线性维持技术的研究进展;然后对历元参考框架的实现过程及其在参考框架维持中的应用进行了介绍;最后基于对现状的分析,提出了实现毫米级地球参考框架动态维持需要解决的几个关键问题。     

Local effects of redundant terrestrial and GPS-based tie vectors in ITRF-like combinations

Tie vectors (TVs) between co-located space geodetic instruments are essential for combining terrestrial reference frames (TRFs) realised using different techniques. They provide relative positioning between instrumental reference points (RPs) which are part of a global geodetic network such as the international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF). This paper gathers the set of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI)–global positioning system (GPS) local ties performed at the observatory of Medicina (Northern Italy) during the years 2001–2006 and discusses some important aspects related to the usage of co-location ties in the combinations of TRFs. Two measurement approaches of local survey are considered here: a GPS-based approach and a classical approach based on terrestrial observations (i.e. angles, distances and height differences). The behaviour of terrestrial local ties, which routinely join combinations of space geodetic solutions, is compared to that of GPS-based local ties. In particular, we have performed and analysed different combinations of satellite laser ranging (SLR), VLBI and GPS long term solutions in order to (i) evaluate the local effects of the insertion of the series of TVs computed at Medicina, (ii) investigate the consistency of GPS-based TVs with respect to space geodetic solutions, (iii) discuss the effects of an imprecise alignment of TVs from a local to a global reference frame. Results of ITRF-like combinations show that terrestrial TVs originate the smallest residuals in all the three components. In most cases, GPS-based TVs fit space geodetic solutions very well, especially in the horizontal components (N, E). On the contrary, the estimation of the VLBI RP Up component through GPS technique appears to be awkward, since the corresponding post fit residuals are considerably larger. Besides, combination tests including multi-temporal TVs display local effects of residual redistribution, when compared to those solutions where Medicina TVs are added one at a time. Finally, the combination of TRFs turns out to be sensitive to the orientation of the local tie into the global frame.     

利用北斗系统建立和维持国家大地坐标参考框架的方法研究

2000中国大地坐标系统（China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000,CGCS2000）的建立和维持主要依赖于GPS技术,不利于保障国家时空信息安全。中国北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS）提供亚太区域服务,可满足中国及周边地区高精度定位导航应用需求,对建立和维持国家大地坐标参考框架具有重要意义。研究利用已建成的北斗基准站网观测数据,实现基于BDS技术、并与国际地球参考框架（International Terrestrial Reference Frame,ITRF）一致的国家大地坐标参考框架,为今后国家级和全球性北斗坐标参考框架（BeiDou Terrestrial Reference Frame,BTRF）的建立和维持提供理论基础和方法支撑。初步计算结果表明,积累2 a以上的观测数据,利用单独BDS数据可以获得与GPS精度相当的水平速度场,精度约为2~3 mm/a。基于单独BDS数据,测站残差平面和高程的重复性分别可优于0.8 cm和1.7 cm。利用BDS数据已可监测到测站高程方向的季节性变化。此外,还对单独BDS与GPS数据计算的坐标可能存在的与经纬度相关的系统误差进行了分析。总体来说,目前的北斗系统可满足建立和维持中国cm级大地坐标框架的需求。     

Assessment of the possible contribution of space ties on-board GNSS satellites to the terrestrial reference frame

The realization of the international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF) is currently based on the data provided by four space geodetic techniques. The accuracy of the different technique-dependent materializations of the frame physical parameters (origin and scale) varies according to the nature of the relevant observables and to the impact of technique-specific errors. A reliable computation of the ITRF requires combining the different inputs, so that the strengths of each technique can compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This combination, however, can only be performed providing some additional information which allows tying together the independent technique networks. At present, the links used for that purpose are topometric surveys (local/terrestrial ties) available at ITRF sites hosting instruments of different techniques. In principle, a possible alternative could be offered by spacecrafts accommodating the positioning payloads of multiple geodetic techniques realizing their co-location in orbit (space ties). In this paper, the GNSS–SLR space ties on-board GPS and GLONASS satellites are thoroughly examined in the framework of global reference frame computations. The investigation focuses on the quality of the realized physical frame parameters. According to the achieved results, the space ties on-board GNSS satellites cannot, at present, substitute terrestrial ties in the computation of the ITRF. The study is completed by a series of synthetic simulations investigating the impact that substantial improvements in the volume and quality of SLR observations to GNSS satellites would have on the precision of the GNSS frame parameters.     

Concepts for reference frames in geodesy and geodynamics: The reference directions

Modern high accuracy measurements of the non-rigid earth are to be referred to four-dimensional, i.e., time- and space-dependent reference frames. Geodynamic phenomena derived from these measurements are to be described in a terrestrial reference frame in which both space- and time-like variations can be monitored. Existing conventional terrestrial reference frames (e.g. CIO, BIH) are no longer suitable for such purposes. The ultimate goal of this study is the establishment of a reference frame, moving with the earth in some average sense, in which the geometric and dynamic behavior of the earth can be monitored, and whose motion with respect to inertial space can also be determined. The study is conducted in several parts. In the first part problems related to reference directions are investigated, while subsequent parts deal with positions, i.e., with reference origins and scale. Only the first part is treated in this paper. The approach is based on the fact that reference directions at an observation point on the earth surface are defined by fundamental vectors (gravity, earth rotation, etc.), both space and time variant. These reference directions are interrelated by angular parameters, also derived from the fundamental vectors. The interrelationships between these space- and time-variant angular parameters are illustrated in a commutative diagram, tower of triads, which makes the derivation of the various relationships convenient. In order to determine the above parameters from observations using least squares techniques, a model tower of triads is also presented to allow the formation of linear observation equations. Although the model tower is also space and time variant, its variations are described by adopted parameters representing our current knowledge of the earth.     

地球参考标架和动态地球

本文首先对天球参考标架和地球参考标架作了一般叙述。其次较详细地说明地球参考标架究竟是什么,它是如何形成的,直到现在它的发展情况。最后说明了地球参考标架在有关学科中的应用。     

坐标参考框架长期解内约束模型

地球参考框架是一切测绘活动、地球科学研究的物理基础。目前,地球参考框架常采用长期解的形式,即利用一组全球分布的基准站在某一参考历元的坐标和速度来表示。由于观测有误差,且各基准站又具有非线性变化,故需要对不同历元的瞬时地球参考框架进行累积,形成稳定的长期参考框架。以不同历元观测数据得到的瞬时参考框架成果为输入,构建了一种基于多历元观测数据建立参考框架长期累积解的融合模型。从坐标转换模型和测站坐标的时变模型出发,详细推导了建立长期解的函数模型,依据该函数模型的秩亏数设计了转换参数的内约束基准。采用2010-08—2014-12的国际全球导航卫星系统服务第2次处理结果进行试算,并与国际地球参考框架2014成果进行了对比。结果表明,X、Y、Z方向标准偏差分别为3.45 ?mm、4.04 mm、2.84 mm,速度精度分别为1.53 mm/a、1.46 mm/a、1.21 mm/a,X、Y、Z方向的加权均方根误差优于3 ?mm。     

The reference frames of Mercury after the MESSENGER mission

We report on recent refinements and the current status for the rotational state models and the reference frames of the planet Mercury. We summarize the performed measurements of Mercury rotation based on terrestrial radar observations as well as data from the Mariner 10 and the MESSENGER missions. Further, we describe the different available definitions of reference systems for Mercury and obtain the corresponding reference frame using data provided by instruments on board MESSENGER. In particular, we discuss the dynamical frame, the principal-axes frame, the ellipsoid frame, as well as the cartographic frame. We also describe the reference frame adopted by the MESSENGER science team for the release of their cartographic products, and we provide expressions for transformations from this frame to the other reference frames.     

顾及时变的参考框架转换研究

在传统的大地坐标参考框架转换中,参考点都被固定在同一个历元。由于各种地球动力学现象的存在,以大地测量为目的的静态参考系统已不存在,同时随着高精度参考框架的连续观测和测定,参考框架的转化必须顾及时变性。本文讨论了时变参考框架转换中2个互逆的过程,采纳了相似转换中参考点之间的内在约束来克服转换中人为的公式简化和秩亏问题。通过数值计算分析,该方法成功实现了坐标框架之间的转换,并保持了尺度、旋转和平移参数及其变化率精度的独立性。     

利用SLR与伪距资料综合定轨

以GPS伪距为观测量对GPS35卫星进行定轨 ,然后将SLR与GPS伪距资料综合起来进行定轨 ,并将计算的轨道与IGS精密轨道进行了比较